Pallithode | |
---|---|
Village | |
Coordinates: 9°46′42″N76°16′51″E / 9.778352°N 76.280782°E Coordinates: 9°46′42″N76°16′51″E / 9.778352°N 76.280782°E | |
Country | India |
State | Kerala |
District | Alappuzha |
Taluka | Chertala |
Gram Panchayat | Kuthiathode |
Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+06:30 |
[1] |
Pallithode is a village in the Alappuzha district, in the state of Kerala, India, on the shores of the Arabian Sea. [1] [2] Pallithode is within the Gram Panchayat of Kuthiathode, [3] Pattanakad Block, [4] of Cherthala Taluk. During the 20th century, more than half of its width was eroded away by the action of river backwaters and the sea. The village is very densely populated and has a wet, maritime tropical climate. It has an important role in the fishing industry.[ citation needed ]
In ancient times, Pallithode was a border post marking the northern border of the Kingdom of Travancore (16th century to 1947), adjacent to Chellanam, a southern border post of the Kingdom of Cochin (Kochi) (12th century to 1947) and which now marks the southern border of Ernakulam district. [5] The border posts demarcated the kingdom boundaries and controlled trade between the kingdoms, [nb 1] which competed with each other for dominance and territory by means of war and diplomacy. [7] Pallithode, as a border village, felt these struggles more intensely.
The arrival of foreign traders, starting with the Portuguese in 1498, followed by the Dutch, and then the British, made the situation more complex. [8] The kingdoms received military aid from the foreigners to fight one another, and ended up being ruled by them, finally as princely states under the British. Under British administration, trade restrictions continued, and the border checkpoints were maintained for collection of trade taxes, part of which went to British coffers.
Stability was finally achieved—with the independence of India in 1947, and with the formation of the State of Travancore-Cochin (Thiru-Kochi) in 1949—by the merger of these two princely states of British India. [9] Pallithode became a village of Alappuzha district bordering Ernakulam district. [nb 2]
Pallithode is a green, palm-fringed, scenic village in the coastal region of Kerala, on a narrow strip of land, with white, sandy beaches bordering the Arabian Sea to the west, and a lake (kayal)—the Pallithode Pozhi, a part of the Cochin estuary—to the east, as well as extensive, interconnected paddy fields and backwaters to the east of the Pozhi. [11] In the old days the only access to Pallithode was by water but this has changed today with modern roads, bridges and State Highway 66 (Kerala) (SH66) passing through Pallithode. Chappakadavu beach, in South Pallithode, provides local fishing boats access to the sea. [12] Chellanam is to the north; Valiathode, Parayakad, Chavadi, and Thuravoor are to the east; Andhakaranazhy (4 kilometres (2.5 mi) west of National Highway 66 at Pattanakad), Manokkam Harbor, Azheekal, and Ottamassery are to the south. [13]
The coastal land masses are formed or modified both by action of the sea currents and tides, and by the rainwater flow through the estuaries, from the rivers and backwater systems, supplying sediments. [14] Deposition or erosion of coastal areas are common and dynamic. [15] Sea erosion claims land in some areas with the eroded soil being deposited in other areas. [16] Severe floods and tidal changes have caused more abrupt and drastic transformations at times. [17] The Cochin estuary itself is said to have resulted from the floods of 1341, which caused the silting up of the ancient harbor of Muziris and the opening of the channel at Cochin Azhi. [18] [19]
Chellanam, on Pallithode's northern border, [20] extends from Kattiparambu (near Thoppumpady) in the north to St. George's Church at the Pallithode border, where a channel known as Andhakaranazhy once passed through to the sea at the church's current location. [21] The channel connected Pallithode Pozhi to the sea. This channel closed later naturally and reformed at a more southern location and came to be known as the present Andhakaranazhy. Although Pallithode Pozhi is no longer an estuary, but a kayal, or lake, no longer connected directly to the sea except by canals, the name remains. [nb 3] . [22]
Recent sea erosion has caused loss of more than half the width of the village in the 20th century. [23] This recent erosion, in many geological analyses, is considered to be an indirect result of the man-made development of the Cochin estuary into Cochin harbor. [24] Sea erosion has been controlled for the last three decades by seawalls. [25] The price paid is the loss of the once long and beautiful white sandy beaches, except in a few areas left free of seawalls. Mechanized gates, where the backwaters flow into the Arabian Sea, regulate the flow of seawater entering the paddy fields of Pallithode, Thuravoor, Pattanakad, and Ezhupunna, and they also prevent flooding of paddy fields during heavy rainfalls.[ clarification needed ]
Pallithode's has a wet and maritime tropical climate, classified as a tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification. Temperatures differ very minimally through the year, with average maximum highs between 29 °C (84 °F) and 33 °C (91 °F).
The population is mainly Christian with a minority of Hindus.St.Sebastian’s Catholic Church in Pallithode is built in Portuguese architectural style and dates from 1880. [26] The nearest major Hindu temple is the ancient Thuravoor Mahakshetram. [27]
The local employment is mainly in the fishing industry or agriculture.
Pallithode is in the Kerala Legislative Assembly constituency of Aroor and the Indian Parliamentary constituency of Alappuzha. [nb 4]
Pallithode village is connected to the nearest towns by NH-47, Thuravoor-Ezhupunna Road, and the Pallithode-Chellanam-Kochi Beach Road (State Highway 66 (Kerala)). The Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC), and a number of private bus operators, provide bus service connecting the village to Ernakulam and Alappuzha.
The Alapuzha-Ernakulam Railway has a crossing station at Thuravoor providing access to the national railways.[ citation needed ] The Ernakulam-Kayamkulam coastal railway line connects to the national railways at Kayamkulam Junction railway station.
Inland waterway canals and backwaters with chains of lakes connect Pallithode with Kochi in the north and Alappuzha (Alleppey) in the south through National Waterway 3. A canal links Pallithode Pozhi to Chappakadvu.
Pallithode is a densely populated village [1] with important fishing and tourism industries. [11]
The Kerala state government has designated Pallithode as a fishing village for development and has allocated funds. [29] The Manakkodam minor fishing harbor is projected for up-gradation. Chappakadavu in Pallithode is among the major fish landings on the Kerala coast. [30] The Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), the Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT), and the Fisheries ministry of Kerala use Pallithode as a field station for research and development of fisheries projects. [31] [32] Pallithode is also a model village in the pilot project of rainwater harvesting sponsored by the Center for Science and Environment to supplement sources of drinking water. [33]
Tourism is a fast developing industry of increasing importance in the Kerala economy. Pallithode with its indisputable scenic beauty is playing its part in the tourism industry. [34] There are cruises on offer in Pallithode Pozhi and surrounds, including excursions to Andhakaranazhy. The sandy beaches are attractive to visitors. Resorts in the backwaters of Pallithode cater to Indian and international tourists. [35] The Kerala government has developed infrastructure at Andhakaranazhy and its beaches to cater to tourists. Ecotourism is being promoted by the Kerala State Tourism Department and nongovernmental agencies. [36] Kumbalangi, the first model tourism village in India, is close by. [37] [38] Help and guidance in setting up ecotourism ventures is provided by tourism offices. It's common to have visitors housed with local families, to gain insights into local culture and lifestyle. Apart from local excursions and cultural events, this may include agricultural or fish farm activities. NGO’s, including Women’s Initiative groups (WIN Society), and Farmer’s Co-operatives, give assistance and financial support in setting up homestays and associated activities.
The Pallithode Pozhi is a backwater lake that is situated very close to the sea, less than two to three hundred meters in many spots. Its network of canals connects it to the Arabian Sea at Andhakaranazhy, as well as to the Kerala backwaters system, and by the Kuthiathode Canal to Vembanad Kayal. The Pozhi, lined with Chinese fishing nets (cheenavala), and the neighboring paddy fields are important sources of freshwater fish, as well as a scenic lake important to tourism.[ citation needed ]
The action of the sea and backwaters have caused changes in geography through the ages, changes in the nature and location of the sea outlets of the backwater system in the remote past, [21] and the loss of land mass due to sea erosion in the more recent times. [39]
Andhakaranazhy means "Azhi of darkness". [nb 5] It is a part of the Kerala backwater system at the Arabian Sea.[ citation needed ] There are sandy beaches at Andhakaranazhy. The area has been developed by the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation into a tourist spot. [40] There are Restaurants and an aerial walkway. [41] It is a natural harbor rated as a minor port by the Central Port Authority. The Kerala government, the Indian Ports Association, and the Inland Waterways Authority of India are planning its development jointly. [42]
Manakkodam fishing harbor, with its lighthouse, is at Andhakaranazhy, and is designated as a minor port and a green field site. [43]
Chappakadavu [nb 6] is the mainstay of the fishing industry in the area. [30] Earlier it was a unique place close to the sea, with a canal having quick and easy access to the backwater system and thence to the consumers.[ citation needed ] Now transport is mainly overland, but the prominence of this fish processing area and market continues. The provision of the fishing gap has helped to retain the importance of Chappakadavu. [30] [ clarification needed ]
Vembanad is the longest lake in India, as well as the largest lake in the state of Kerala. With an area of 2033 square kilometers, it is the second largest Ramsar site in India only after the Sunderbans in West Bengal. Spanning several districts in the state of Kerala, it is known as Vembanadu Lake in Kottayam, Vaikom, Changanassery, Punnamada Lake in Alappuzha, Punnappra, Kuttanadu and Kochi Lake in Kochi. Several groups of small islands including Vypin, Mulavukad, Maradu, Udayamperoor, Vallarpadam, Willingdon Island are located in the Kochi Lake portion. Kochi Port is built around the Willingdon Island and the Vallarpadam island.
Cherthala is a Municipal town and a Taluk located in the district of Alappuzha, in the state of Kerala, India. Town is 31 km to Kochi and Kottayam and 22 km north of Alappuzha town, on the Kochi-Alappuzha National Highway NH 66, as well as the coastal rail route. The coastal town is also about 20 kilometers from the historical town of Vaikom Via Ullala -Chempakassery house and the popular tourism destination Kumarakom.
Vypin is one of the group of islands that form part of the city of Kochi, in the Indian state of Kerala. Vypin forms a barrier island which lies between the Arabian Sea in the west and the Cochin backwaters formed by the various distributaries of Periyar river, in the east. The northernmost end of the island lies on the estuary of the Periyar river in Muziris (Kodungallur) and the southernmost end in the mouth of the Cochin Backwaters in Kalamukku near Fort Vype.The island is about 27 kilometres (17 mi) long and is connected to mainland Kochi by a series of bridges known as the Goshree bridges, which start at Kalamukku in Vypin, touch other two islands and then finish at Marine Drive covering a total distance of around 3 km (1.9 mi).Vypin is 58th most densely populated islands in the world. Njarakkal, one of the ,most densely populated locations within Vypin. The western coast of Vypin has the longest beaches in Kochi namely, the Cherai Beach, Kuzhuppilly Beach and the Puthuvype Beach. Munambam, at par the northern tip of Vypin, is home to the Munambam Fishing Harbour, the largest fishing harbour in Kochi. Puthuvype has become the major industrial hub in Kerala and the fastest growing city suburb due to the SPM project run by Kochi Refineries(it is a pumping station offshore of Kochi Port,) the Puthuvyp LNG Terminal, the IOC Bottling Plant and the proposed Oceanarium.
North Paravur, formerly known as Parur, is a municipality in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is a northern suburb of the city of Kochi and is situated around 20 km from the city centre. It is also the first place in India to use electronic voting machine during the by-elections in 1982.
Alappuzha, also known by its former name Alleppey, is the administrative headquarters of Alappuzha District in the Indian State of Kerala. Alappuzha is a city and a municipality in Kerala with an urban population of 174,164 and ranks third among the districts in literacy rate in the State of Kerala. In 2016, the Centre for Science and Environment rated Alappuzha as the cleanest town in India. Alappuzha is considered to be the oldest planned city in this region and the lighthouse built on the coast of the city is the first of its kind along the Laccadive Sea coast.
Marine Drive is a picturesque promenade in Kochi, India. It is built facing the backwaters, and is a popular hangout for the local populace. Ironic to its name, no vehicles are allowed on the walkway. Marine Drive is also an economically thriving part of the city of Kochi.With several shopping malls it is as an important centre of shopping activity in Kochi. Major fast food joints, including Marrybrown, DiMark, Coffee Bar are present along the walkway. The view of the setting and rising sun over the sea mouth, and the gentle breeze from the Vembanad Lake has made Marine Drive an important tourist destination in Kochi. Hundreds of people throng the walkway during the evenings. The walkway starts from the High Court Junction and continues until the Rajendra Maidan. There are also several boat jetties along the walkway.
Kochi is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. Kochi is located in the district of Ernakulam. Old Kochi loosely refers to a group of islands including Willingdon Island, Fort Kochi, Mattancherry and Mundamveli In Mundamveli there is an Ancient Portugal Significant church named St.Louis church and the Biggest celebration of this church is related to the feast of St.Jacob which is celebrate every year on 30 December. Lakh of people even from different parts of India. Today Kochi includes Ernakulam, old parts of Kochi, Kumbalangi, and outlying islands. For many centuries up to and during the British Raj, the city of Kochi was the seat of the eponymous princely state — the Kingdom of Cochin, which lay between 9.48° and 10.50° latitude and 76.5° and 76.58° E longitude.
Aroor is a census town at the northern end of Alappuzha district and the southern end of the Ernakulam district in the state of Kerala, India. It is a seafood related industrial area of Alleppey district
Chellanam is a village and a suburb of Kochi city in the Indian state of Kerala.
Thanneermukkom is a village in Alappuzha District of Kerala, India.
Ezhupunna is a village in the taluk of Cherthala in Alappuzha district in the Indian state of Kerala. It lies between Alappuzha and Kochi, near National Highway 47. It is at a distance of 23 km from Kochi. There is also a railway station, where only passenger trains halt. This is a panchayat which come under the Aroor Assembly constituency and the Alappuzha Parliamentary constituency. The village have borders with Kumbalangy and Chellanam, suburbs of the city of Kochi.
Kuthiathode is a gram panchayat in Alappuzha district in the Indian state of Kerala.
Thycattusserry is a village in the Cherthala taluk of the Alappuzha district in the Indian state of Kerala.
Thuravoor Thekku is a village in Alappuzha district in the Indian state of Kerala. Thuravoor lies between the towns of Alappuzha and Kochi along the NH 47.
Eramalloor is a village in Alappuzha district in the Indian state of Kerala.
Kumbalangi is an island village in the outskirts of Kochi city in the state of Kerala, India. Situated amidst backwaters, around 12 km (7.5 mi) from the city center, Kumbalangi is a major tourist attraction and is famous for its Chinese fishing nets.
Andhakaranazhy (Andhakaranazhi) is a coastal village located 4 km west of Pattanakkad under Pattanakkad Panchayath under Cherthala Taluk. It is famous for its beach which draws a number of domestic and international tourists.
Thuravoor is a gram panchayat in the Pattanakkad Block of Cherthala Taluk of the Alappuzha District, State of Kerala, India. It comes under Aroor Assembly constituency. Thuravoor lies exactly between Kochi and Alappuzha. A four lane National Highway 47 passes through the village, which along with a railway station gives it excellent connectivity with the remainder of the state. Thuravoor is famous for the Narasimha Swamy temple which is dedicated to the fourth incarnation (avatara) of Vishnu, the Narasimha. The temple has two main deities, the Vadakkanappan and the Tekkanappan, which is rare among the temples of Kerala.
Parayakad, Alappuzha is a village in Kuthiathode gram panchayat, India. in Cherthala Taluk in Alappuzha district in the Indian state of Kerala. There is another place known as Parayakad or Parayad in Ernakulum District. This is a small area / block (muri) in Chittattukara Village in North Paravoor. Parayakad Village in Alleppey district is listed in the Central Government Indian Village Directory. Kuthiathode comes under the Pattanakad Block in Aroor Assembly constituency.
Waterways have always been an important mode of transport in Kerala. The total length of navigable route in Kerala was 1,900 kilometres and the navigable rivers constitute about 54 per cent of the waterways. The 41 West-flowing rivers together with the backwaters are an integrated part of the inland navigation system in Kerala. In Kerala water transportation through these channels are mainly small distant passenger services, informal country boats,freight transportation to PSU's such as Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore, Kochi etc.