Pancreatic pseudocyst

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Pancreatic pseudocyst
Pancreaticpseudocyst.png
A pancreatic pseudocyst as seen on CT
Specialty Gastroenterology   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Symptoms Abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting and lack of appetite [1]
Complications Infection, hemorrhage, obstruction
CausesPancreatitis (chronic), Pancreatic neoplasm [2]
Diagnostic method Cyst fluid analysis [3]
Differential diagnosis Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
Treatment Cystogastrostomy [4]

A pancreatic pseudocyst is a circumscribed collection of fluid rich in pancreatic enzymes, blood, and non-necrotic tissue, typically located in the lesser sac of the abdomen. Pancreatic pseudocysts are usually complications of pancreatitis, [5] although in children they frequently occur following abdominal trauma. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for approximately 75% of all pancreatic masses. [6]

Contents

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms of pancreatic pseudocyst include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting and lack of appetite. [1]

Complications

Complications of pancreatic pseudocysts include infection, hemorrhage, obstruction of nearby hollow structures, and rupture. For obstruction, it can cause compression in the GI tract (from the stomach to the colon), urinary system, biliary system, and arteriovenous system.[ medical citation needed ]

Causes

Pancreatic pseudocyst can occur due to a variety of reasons, among them pancreatitis (chronic), pancreatic neoplasm and/or pancreatic trauma. [2]

Pathophysiology

Pancreatic pseudocysts are sometimes called false cysts because they do not have an epithelial lining. The wall of the pseudocyst is vascular and fibrotic, encapsulated in the area around the pancreas. Pancreatitis or abdominal trauma can cause its formation. [7] Treatment usually depends on the mechanism that brought about the pseudocyst. Pseudocysts take up to 6 weeks to completely form. [8]

Diagnosis

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CT scan

Diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst can be based on cyst fluid analysis: [3]

The most useful imaging tools are:

Treatment

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TPN formula

Pancreatic pseudocyst treatment should be aimed at avoiding any complication (1 in 10 cases become infected). They also tend to rupture, and have shown that larger cysts have a higher likelihood to become more symptomatic, even needing surgery. [12] If no signs of infection are present, initial treatment may include conservative measures such as bowel rest (NPO), parenteral nutrition (TPN), and observation. If symptoms do not improve, then endoscopic drainage may be necessary. The majority of pseudocysts can be treated endoscopically; surgical intervention is rarely necessary. [13]

In the event of surgery:

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Pancreatic pseudocyst: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
  2. 1 2 Atluri, Pavan (2005-01-01). The Surgical Review: An Integrated Basic and Clinical Science Study Guide. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN   9780781756419.
  3. 1 2 "Pancreatic Pseudocysts: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology". 2023-06-13. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  4. 1 2 Rosenthal, Raul J. (1995). Phillips, Edward H. (ed.). Operative strategies in laparoscopic surgery. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. p. 136. ISBN   978-3-540-59214-3 . Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  5. Habashi S, Draganov PV (January 2009). "Pancreatic pseudocyst". World J. Gastroenterol. 15 (1): 38–47. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.38 . PMC   2653285 . PMID   19115466.
  6. Beger, Hans G.; Buchler, Markus; Kozarek, Richard; Lerch, Markus; Neoptolemos, John P.; Warshaw, Andrew; Whitcomb, David; Shiratori, Keiko (2009-01-26). The Pancreas: An Integrated Textbook of Basic Science, Medicine, and Surgery. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   9781444300130.
  7. Ignatavicius, Donna (2016). Medical surgical nursing. Elsevier. p. 1226. ISBN   978-1-4557-7255-1.
  8. Lillemoe, Keith (2013). Master techniques in Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 147. ISBN   978-1-60831-172-9.
  9. Aghdassi AA, Mayerle J, Kraft M, Sielenkämper AW, Heidecke CD, Lerch MM (2006). "Pancreatic pseudocysts - when and how to treat?". HPB (Oxford). 8 (6): 432–41. doi:10.1080/13651820600748012. PMC   2020756 . PMID   18333098.
  10. Aghdassi A, Mayerle J, Kraft M, Sielenkämper AW, Heidecke CD, Lerch MM (March 2008). "Diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts in chronic pancreatitis". Pancreas. 36 (2): 105–12. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e31815a8887. PMID   18376299. S2CID   1964674.
  11. Khanna, A. K.; Tiwary, Satyendra K.; Kumar, Puneet (2012). "Pancreatic Pseudocyst: Therapeutic Dilemma". International Journal of Inflammation. 2012: 1–7. doi: 10.1155/2012/279476 . PMC   3345229 . PMID   22577595.
  12. "Pancreatic pseudocyst Treatment". Medscape.com. eMedicine. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  13. Elta, GH; Enestvedt, BK; Sauer, BG; Lennon, AM (April 2018). "ACG Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Pancreatic Cysts". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 113 (4): 464–479. doi:10.1038/ajg.2018.14. PMID   29485131. S2CID   3584079.
  14. Hughes, Steven (2015-03-26). Operative Techniques in Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN   9781496319067.
  15. Skandalakis, Lee J.; Skandalakis, John E. (2013-11-08). Surgical Anatomy and Technique: A Pocket Manual. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   9781461485636.
  16. Scott-Conner, Carol (2009). Scott-Conner & Dawson: Essential Operative Techniques and Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 455. ISBN   978-1-4511-5172-5.

Further reading