Passport Act of 1782

Ministers plenipotentiary passport for the United States to deliberate amity and peace with Great Britain while signing the Treaty of Paris

Passport Act of 1782 was enacted by the Congress of the Confederation on February 11, 1782. The Act was recorded in the twenty-second volume of the Journals of the Continental Congress. The passport article was a letter from Thomas Smith of Virginia to George Clymer, Samuel Osgood, and James Madison regarding the nautical trade between tobacco colonies. The Act of Congress states safe passage for the Commonwealth of Virginia traders capitulants seeking to transport tobacco from Yorktown, Virginia to New York.

Passport Act, 1782

Resolved, That the secretary of Congress be, and hereby is empowered to grant letters of passport and safe conduct for the exportation of such tobacco to New York, on the conditions and under the limitations which shall, to the said Secretary and to the Superintendant of the finances of the United States, appear most proper and beneficial to the said states, being consistent with the said capitulation: provided always, that permission be not given for the exporting of tobacco, beyond the amount of the produce of the sales of the said goods belonging to the capitulants abovementioned.

- Congress of the Confederation ~ Journals of the Continental Congress, Volume 22 (Monday, February 11, 1782) ^[1]

Tobacco Cargo Passport, 1783

The committee, consisting of Mr. Thomas Fitzsimmons, Mr. Oliver Ellsworth, Mr. John Lewis Gervais, Mr. Nathaniel Gorham and Mr. Alexander Hamilton, to whom were referred resolutions of the general assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia, dated 28 December, 1782, respecting the shipment of a quantity of tobacco, under passports granted by the secretary of Congress;

- Congress of the Confederation ~ Journals of the Continental Congress, Volume 24 (Monday, February 10, 1783) ^[2]

United States laws governing passports

United States federal statutes establishing authorities, powers, and rulings with regards to passports and sea letters awarded within the United States.

U.S. statutes related to passports

Date of Enactment Public Law No. U.S. Statute Citation U.S. Bill No. U.S. Presidential Administration December 31, 1792 P.L. 2-1 1  Stat.   287 Chapter 1 George Washington June 1, 1796 P.L. 4-45 1  Stat.   489 Chapter 45 George Washington April 14, 1802 P.L. 7-26 2  Stat.   153 Chapter 26 Thomas Jefferson February 28, 1803 P.L. 7-9 2  Stat.   203 Chapter 9 Thomas Jefferson March 2, 1803 P.L. 7-16 2  Stat.   208 Chapter 16 Thomas Jefferson March 2, 1803 P.L. 7-18 2  Stat.   209 Chapter 18 Thomas Jefferson March 26, 1810 P.L. 11-19 2  Stat.   568a Chapter 19 James Madison February 12, 1831 P.L. 21-20 4  Stat.   441 Chapter 20 Andrew Jackson August 18, 1856 P.L. 34-127 11  Stat.   52 Chapter 127 Franklin Pierce March 3, 1863 P.L. 37-79 12  Stat.   744 Chapter 79 Abraham Lincoln May 30, 1866 P.L. 39-102 14  Stat.   54 Chapter 102 Andrew Johnson February 8, 1870 Pub.Res. 41-8 16  Stat.   368 Resolution 8 Ulysses Grant April 30, 1878 P.L. 45-74 20  Stat.   40 Chapter 74 Rutherford Hayes June 14, 1902 P.L. 57-158 32  Stat.   386 Chapter 1088 William McKinley March 2, 1907 P.L. 59-193 34  Stat.   1228 H.R. 24122 Theodore Roosevelt March 4, 1909 Pub.Res. 60-60 35  Stat.   1170 H.J.Res. 235 Theodore Roosevelt June 15, 1917 P.L. 65-24 40  Stat.   217 H.R. 291 Woodrow Wilson May 22, 1918 P.L. 65–154 40  Stat.   559 H.R. 10264 Woodrow Wilson November 10, 1919 P.L. 66-79 41  Stat.   353 H.R. 9782 Woodrow Wilson June 4, 1920 P.L. 66-238 41  Stat.   739 H.R. 11960 Woodrow Wilson July 3, 1926 P.L. 69-493 44  Stat.   887 H.R. 12495 Calvin Coolidge June 20, 1941 P.L. 77-113 55  Stat.   252 S. 913 Franklin Roosevelt July 26, 1968 P.L. 90-428 82  Stat.   446 S. 1418 Lyndon Johnson September 17, 1974 P.L. 93-417 88  Stat.   1151 H.R. 15172 Gerald Ford January 10, 2006 P.L. 109-167 119  Stat.   3578 H.R. 4501 George W. Bush

1776-1799 treaties of trade with Old World

In June 1775, John Adams and George Wythe orchestrated the eminent attributes for international accord known as a Model Treaty.

Colonial America consented to terms with European dominions for respective commerce, maritime trade, and navigation regulations upon the conclusion of the American Revolution. During the cessation of the 18th century, mediterranean basin treaties were settled upon by the North African Barbary Coast and the Iberian Peninsula foreign states.

The multinational protocol documents or treaties endorse the use of passports and sea-letters for state sovereignty identification of merchant ships navigating the seven seas. The safe-conduct permits were allocated in the event of a declaration of war between nations while sequestering manners of dissension and quarrels. The travel dockets governed the full-rigged ship name, bulk and cargo aboard sailing ship, and the identity of commanders or shipmasters including their place of habitation.

1776 Model Treaty
Date of Ratification Artisan Treaty with Colonial America Sovereign State Source Journal Pages July 18, 1776 Confederation Congress Plan of Treaties (original draft) Foreign Nations Continental Congress Journals, 1774-1789 576-589 September 17, 1776 Confederation Congress Plan of Treaties Foreign Nations Continental Congress Journals, 1774-1789 768-779

1778 Treaty of Alliance
Date of Ratification Artisan Treaty with Colonial America Sovereign State Source Journal Pages February 6, 1778 Confederation Congress Treaty of Alliance Foreign Nations (France) Continental Congress Journals, 1774-1789 6-11

1778-1794 European commerce and trade Treaties

Date of Ratification Artisan Treaty with Colonial America Sovereign State Source Journal Pages February 6, 1778 Confederation Congress Amity and Commerce France Continental Congress Journals, 1774-1789 12-30 October 8, 1782 Confederation Congress Amity and Commerce United Netherlands Continental Congress Journals, 1774-1789 32-50 April 3, 1783 Confederation Congress Amity and Commerce Sweden Continental Congress Journals, 1774-1789 60-79 1785 Confederation Congress Amity and Commerce Prussia Continental Congress Journals, 1774-1789 84-99 November 19, 1794 Confederation Congress Amity, Commerce, and Navigation Great Britain Continental Congress Journals, 1774-1789 116-132

1791-1799 Mediterranean amity and peace treaties

Date of Ratification Artisan Treaty with Colonial America Sovereign State Source Journal Pages March 3, 1791 Confederation Congress Peace and Friendship Morocco Continental Congress Journals, 1774-1789 100-105 September 5, 1795 Confederation Congress Peace and Amity Algeria Continental Congress Journals, 1774-1789 133-137 October 27, 1795 Confederation Congress Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Spain Continental Congress Journals, 1774-1789 138-153 November 4, 1796 Confederation Congress Peace and Friendship Libya Continental Congress Journals, 1774-1789 154-156 1797-1799 Confederation Congress Peace and Friendship Tunisia Continental Congress Journals, 1774-1789 157-161

See also

Arnold Cipher	Impressment
British America	Jay Treaty
Carriage of Passengers Act of 1855	Passenger Act of 1882
Cocket	Passport Act of 1926
Crimes Act of 1790	Stamp seal
Foreign Ship Registry Act	Steerage Act of 1819
HM Customs	Wartime Measure Act of 1918

Articles of Foreign Transit

Bill of lading	Ship's articles
Letter of marque	United Nations laissez-passer
Mediterranean pass	United States passport

Maritime Navigation and trade

Age of Sail	Nautical almanac
Bowditch's American Practical Navigator	Shipbuilding in the American colonies
British timber trade	Smuggling
Celestial navigation	Transatlantic crossing
Jack Tar	Winds in the Age of Sail

Origins of Passport

Biblical Old Testament Canon	England in Late Middle Ages	Safe Passage in Medieval England
Artaxerxes I of Persia	Henry V of England	British passport
Nehemiah 2	St Crispin's Day Speech	Safe Conducts Act 1414

Gallery

United States Passport Forms

• 
  Passport allowing passage of ship signed by President John Adams. Passport for Ambrose Davis, Captain of Brig Minerva of Newburyport, Massachusetts, August 15, 1797
• 
  U.S. passport awarded by John Quincy Adams in London on July 24, 1815 for William Story to enter France
• 
  U.S. passport awarded to Ernest Hemingway (circa 1921)
• 
  Cover of a United States passport (circa 1927)
• 
  U.S. passport awarded by John F. Kennedy to Winston Churchill (circa 1963)
• 
  Cover of a United States passport (circa 1976)

References

1. Confederation Congress (February 11, 1782). "Continental Congress Passport Act, 1782". Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789. 22 (Monday, February 11, 1782). United States Library of Congress: 70–71.
2. Confederation Congress (February 10, 1783). "Tobacco Cargo Passport, 1783". Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789. 24 (Monday, February 10, 1783). United States Library of Congress: 121–122.

Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789

• Richard Montgomery, Continental Army (November 12, 1775). "Articles of Capitulation ~ Citizens and Inhabitants of Montreal". Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789. United States Library of Congress. LCCN   90898002.
• Confederation Congress (May 2, 1780). "Instructions to the Captains and Commanders of Private Armed Vessels". Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789. United States Library of Congress. LCCN   90898062.
• Confederation Congress (March 27, 1781). "An Ordinance - Capture and Condemnation of Prizes". Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789. United States Library of Congress. LCCN   90898065.
• Confederation Congress (April 7, 1781). "Instructions be Observed by the Captains or Commanders of Private Armed Vessels". Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789. United States Library of Congress. LCCN   90898104.
• Confederation Congress (December 4, 1781). "An Ordinance - Captures On Water Shall Be Lawful". Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789. United States Library of Congress. LCCN   90898114.
• Confederation Congress (February 12, 1788). "Minister Plenipotentiary Sea Letters for Courts of London and the Hague". Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789. 34 (Tuesday, February 12, 1788). United States Library of Congress: 39–41.

Articles of 18th Century

• John Adams (June 18, 1776). "I. A Plan of Treaties, 18 June 1776" [original draft]. Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
• John Adams (August 27, 1776). "II. Committee Report on A Plan of Treaties, 27 August 1776". Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
• John Adams (September 17, 1776). "III. Plan of Treaties as Adopted (with Instructions), 17 September 1776". Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
• John Adams (September 17, 1776). "The Model Treaty, 1776". Office of the Historian. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State.
• Benjamin Franklin (March 10, 1779). "To All Captains and Commanders of American Armed Ships". Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
• "Signed Passport by Benedict Arnold". Manhattan, New York: Doyle New York. April 19, 1779.
• Fourth United States Congress (June 1, 1796). "Ships and Vessels Passports Act of 1796 - P.L. 4-45". United States Library of Congress. U.S. Statutes at Large, 1 Stat. 489, Chapter XLV. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Francis Childs. LCCN   2020767670.

Bibliography

• Goldfarb, Phil (2014). A Page of History: Passport Applications 1851-1914. Tate Publishing & Enterprises LLC. ISBN   978-1632682376. OCLC   880966971.
• Robertson, Craig (2010). The Passport in America: The History of a Document. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0199779895. OCLC   768548553.
• Lloyd, Martin (2003). The Passport: The History of Man's Most Travelled Document. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN   978-0750929646. OCLC   59329531.
• Salter, Mark B. (2003). Rights of Passage: The Passport in International Relations. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN   978-1588261458. OCLC   51518371.
• Torpey, John (2000). The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0521634939. OCLC   41387626.
• Potter, Dorothy Williams (1990). Passports of Southeastern Pioneers, 1770-1823: Indian, Spanish and Other Land Passports for Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Mississippi, Virginia, North and South Carolina. Genealogical Publishing Company. ISBN   978-0806312729. OCLC   21376809.
• United States Department of State (1898). "The American Passport: Its History and a Digest of Laws, Rulings and Regulations Governing Its Issuance by the Department of State". U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC   3836079. Archived from the original on March 9, 2008.

External links

• Blunt, Joseph (1832). "The Merchants and Shipmaster's Assistant". Internet Archive. E. & G. W. Blunt. OCLC   1026917020.
• "Honorary Citizenship of Sir Winston Churchill ~ P.L. 88-6". 77 Stat. 5 ~ H.R. 4374. U.S. Government Publishing Office. April 9, 1963.
• United States Passport Office (1985). "Passport Applications, 1795-1905". Internet Archive. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
• Torpey, John C. (2000). "The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship, and the State". Internet Archive. Cambridge University Press. OCLC   41387626.
• Robertson, Craig (February 7, 2017). "How the Passport Became an Improbable Symbol of American Identity". Smithsonian.com.
• Pines, Giulia (May 16, 2017). "The Contentious History of the Passport". Travel. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on May 21, 2017.
• "Maritime Artifacts and Framed Ships' Passports/Sea Letters". Richard J. Dodson Maritime Art Collection Exhibit. Louisiana State University ~ Paul M. Hebert Law Center.