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Psychoanalytic institutes and societies in the United States are often linked together, though a distinction may be made between the functions of the institutes (mainly training, education, and research) and the societies (other professional activities including advocacy and networking). Some local psychoanalytic organizations have both words in their title while others have only one or the other.
Psychoanalytic institutes are organizations that train psychoanalysts and psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapists, provide continuing education for psychoanalytically oriented mental health professionals, and/or carry out psychoanalytically informed research in mental health or social sciences and humanities. Psychoanalytic societies are local or regional professional associations of psychoanalysts and sometimes other psychoanalytically oriented professionals.
Psychoanalytic institutes in the United States may be affiliated with either the American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA), the International Psychoanalytic Association (IPA), or both. The two associations differ slightly in their training guidelines over such things as length and frequency of so-called "control cases" (patients seen for psychoanalysis as part of the training of candidate) or of the candidates themselves. The two organizations also historically differed in their rules for allowing different types of professionals to undergo psychoanalytic training (e.g., for many years APsaA only allowed physicians to undergo psychoanalytic training, while IPA allowed psychologists and others to become psychoanalysts). [1] The two associations historically also had different attitudes towards theoretical schools within psychoanalysis such as Kleinian or Lacanian approaches. Since 2001, some psychoanalytic institutes have been accredited by the Accreditation Council for Psychoanalytic Education, Inc. (ACPEinc). [2]
There are at several philosophical and psychotherapeutic traditions related to Freudian psychoanalysis. One of the largest are Jungian psychoanalysis or analytic psychology, based on the works of Freud's early colleague and one-time protege Carl Gustav Jung. The International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP) is the international accrediting and regulatory body for all Jungian societies and groups of analytical psychology practitioners, trainees and affiliates. Another, particularly prominent in Europe and Latin America, is Lacanian psychoanalysis, based on the work of the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. The World Association of Psychoanalysis (WAP) was founded in 1992 and groups together a number of regional Lacanian associations. While some psychoanalysts and psychoanalytic institutes associated with APsaA or IPA may use or teach some Jungian or Lacanian concepts and techniques, in practice these have become somewhat separate traditions, with separate journals, professional societies, accreditation, and so on. Consequently, Jungian and Lacanian societies and institutes are not listed here unless they are also associated with either APsaA or IPA.
Many American psychoanalytic institutes are stand-alone, nonprofit, educational institutions of relatively small size. A handful are affiliated with major universities: Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research; New York University's Postdoctoral Program in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis; Emory University Psychoanalytic Institute (EUPI). A small number are independently accredited graduate schools: Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis.
It is difficult to give a single "foundation date" for many of the institutes and societies. Some began as independent study groups or as sponsored affiliates of more established psychoanalytic institutes or societies in other cities. Most went through a process of accreditation by APsaA and/or IPA, which can take years to complete and which has several stages from recognized study group through provisional institute to independent institute or training institute status. Most were chartered as nonprofit organizations or accredited at the state level as educational organizations separately from their IPA/APsaA accreditation. Consequently, some foundation dates are approximate and some organizations have multiple significant dates listed.
There are also several institutions that are hard to categorize and have therefore been omitted, such as the Menninger Clinic in Houston, a prominent training program in psychiatry and clinical psychology with strong tradition of training in psychoanalytic approaches. The Menninger Clinic was previously closely connected with the Topeka Psychoanalytic Society; however, Menninger itself does not appear to be independently recognized by APsaA or IPA as a psychoanalytic institute, or to have an explicitly affiliated psychoanalytic society at present. The Wright Institute in Berkeley, California and the formerly affiliated but now independent Wright Institute Los Angeles, and the Austen Riggs Center in Massachusetts, similarly have long traditions of training psychoanalytically informed clinicians, but are not chartered as psychoanalytic institutes.
Some of the psychoanalytic institutes offer psychoanalytic licensure tracks of study, but not all.
Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques that deal in part with the unconscious mind, and which together form a method of treatment for mental disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Sigmund Freud, whose work stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud developed and refined the theory and practice of psychoanalysis until his death in 1939. In an encyclopedic article, he identified the cornerstones of psychoanalysis as "the assumption that there are unconscious mental processes, the recognition of the theory of repression and resistance, the appreciation of the importance of sexuality and of the Oedipus complex." Freud's colleagues Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung developed offshoots of psychoanalysis which they called individual psychology (Adler) and analytical psychology (Jung), although Freud himself wrote a number of criticisms of them and emphatically denied that they were forms of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis was later developed in different directions by neo-Freudian thinkers, such as Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, and Harry Stack Sullivan.
Jacques-Alain Miller is a psychoanalyst and writer. He is one of the founding members of the École de la Cause freudienne and the World Association of Psychoanalysis which he presided from 1992 to 2002. He is the sole editor of the books of The Seminars of Jacques Lacan.
Richard A. Isay was an American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, author and gay activist. He was a professor of psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College and a faculty member of the Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research. Isay is considered a pioneer who changed the way that psychoanalysts view homosexuality.
The International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) is an association including 12,000 psychoanalysts as members and works with 70 constituent organizations. It was founded in 1910 by Sigmund Freud, from an idea proposed by Sándor Ferenczi.
The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsA) is an association of psychoanalysts in the United States. APsA serves as a scientific and professional organization with a focus on education, research, and membership development.
Jessica Benjamin is a psychoanalyst known for her contributions to psychoanalysis and social thought. She is currently a practicing psychoanalyst in New York City where she is on the faculty of the New York University Postdoctoral Psychology Program in Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, and the Stephen Mitchell Center for Relational Studies. Jessica Benjamin is one of the original contributors to the fields of relational psychoanalysis, theories of intersubjectivity, and gender studies and feminism as it relates to psychoanalysis and society. She is known for her ideas about recognition in both human development and the sociopolitical arena.
The British Psychoanalytic Council (BPC) is an association of training institutions and professional associations which have their roots in established psychoanalysis and analytical psychology. They bring together approximately 2000 registrants of psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapy who as individuals become registrants of the BPC.
The Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute (BPSI) is a psychoanalytic research, training, education facility that is affiliated with the American Psychoanalytic Association and the International Psychoanalytic Association. There were no psychoanalytic societies devoted to Sigmund Freud in Boston prior to his visit to Worcester, Massachusetts in 1909, though after 1909 there were individuals interested in Freud's writings, including James Jackson Putnam, L. Eugene Emerson, Isador Coriat, William Healy, and Augusta Bronner.
The San Francisco Center for Psychoanalysis, formerly the San Francisco Psychoanalytic Society and Institute is a facility for psychoanalytic research, training, and education located on 2420 Sutter St. in San Francisco, California.
A training analysis is a psychoanalysis undergone by a candidate as a part of her/his training to be a psychoanalyst; the (senior) psychoanalyst who performs such an analysis is called a training analyst.
Louis Breger was an American psychologist, psychotherapist and scholar. He was Emeritus Professor of Psychoanalytic Studies at the California Institute of Technology
The Paris Psychoanalytical Society (SPP) is the oldest psychoanalytical organisation in France. Founded with Freud’s endorsement in 1926, the S.P.P. is a component member of the International Psychoanalytical Association (I.P.A.) as well as of the European Psychoanalytical Federation (E.P.F.).
Jeremy David Safran was a Canadian-born American clinical psychologist, psychoanalyst, lecturer, and psychotherapy researcher. He was a professor of psychology at the New School for Social Research, where he served for many years as director of clinical training. He was also a faculty member at New York University's postdoctoral program in psychoanalysis and The Stephen A. Mitchell Center for Relational Studies. He was co-founder and co-chair of The Sandor Ferenczi Center at the New School for Social Research. In addition he was past-president of The International Association for Relational Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy.
The International Institute of Depth Psychology (IIDP) is a private higher educational establishment in Kyiv, Ukraine. It specializes in psychoanalytic education, including theoretical psychoanalytic education, psychoanalytic training and supervision support for the beginning of practical psychotherapeutic activities.
The New Center for Psychoanalysis is a psychoanalytic research, training, and educational organization that is affiliated with the American Psychoanalytic Association and the International Psychoanalytic Association. It was formed in 2005 from the merger of two older psychoanalytic organizations, the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society and Institute (LAPSI) and the Southern California Psychoanalytic Institute and Society (SCPIS), which had been founded as a single organization in the 1940s and then split around 1950.
The Psychoanalytic Center of California (PCC) is a psychoanalytic institute in Los Angeles, California, that emphasizes psychoanalytic approaches based on the work of Melanie Klein, Wilfred Bion, the British Object Relations School, and other theorists in the Kleinian traditions. It is affiliated with the International Psychoanalytic Association and has been recognized as a component society since 1993.
The Greater Kansas City and Topeka Psychoanalytic Center and Institute, also known as the Greater Kansas City Psychoanalytic Center and Institute (GKCPI), is a psychoanalytic center in Kansas City, Missouri, that comprises several interrelated organizations. Currently these are the Kansas City Psychoanalytic Foundation, the Greater Kansas City and Topeka Psychoanalytic Center (GKCTPC), and the Greater Kansas City Psychoanalytic Institute (GKCPI), also known as the Foundation, the center, and the institute. In the early 2000s, the Greater Kansas City Psychoanalytic Institute merged with the older Topeka Psychoanalytic Society.
Elisabeth Rozetta Geleerd Loewenstein was a Dutch-American psychoanalyst. Born to an upper-middle-class family in Rotterdam, Geleerd studied psychoanalysis in Vienna, then London, under Anna Freud. Building a career in the United States, she became one of the nation's major practitioners in child and adolescent psychoanalysis throughout the mid-20th century. Geleerd specialized in the psychoanalysis of psychosis, including schizophrenia, and was an influential writer on psychoanalysis in childhood schizophrenia. She was one of the first writers to consider the concept of borderline personality disorder in childhood.