Flynn was elected mayor of Boston in 1983 and took office in 1984. Flynn was reelected in 1987 and 1991. Polls showed Flynn to enjoy strong approval from Bostonians during his mayoralty. As mayor,Flynn balanced the city's budget,eliminating a large budget deficit. To address the deficit,Flynn lobbied heavily for the passage of a revenue package for the city in the Massachusetts Legislature to provide additional state aid to the city and the authorization for the city to raise new local taxes. In 1985,a revenue package was passed and signed into law by Governor Dukakis. In response to discriminatory practices studies found banks to be practicing in Boston,Flynn took actions which persuaded banks to reach a $400 million community reinvestment agreement with the city. Flynn succeeded in getting legislation passed to replace the city's publicly elected school board with the new Boston School Committee,members of which are appointed by the city's mayor. Flynn would quickly come to express his regret about this change. In 1990,Flynn saw strong criticism from Black leaders over the Boston Police Department's handling of the investigation into the murder of Carol Stuart. As mayor,Flynn advanced plans to desegregate the city's public housing,and made efforts to heal the city's racial divides. Flynn's mayoral administration granted neighborhood groups more of a voice in the use of the city's development and planning authorities in their neighborhoods. This included innovative move of granting the Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative powers of eminent domain. Flynn successfully fought to enact rent control laws and strong tenants' rights laws. Flynn also served as president of the United States Conference of Mayors from 1991 to 1992.
Flynn resigned as mayor in 1993 in order to accept an appointment by President Bill Clinton as ambassador to the Holy See. He expanded the position's mission to involve participation in addressing problem areas around the world. During his tenure as ambassador,he also encountered some controversy. In 1998,Flynn unsuccessfully ran for the United States House of Representatives. Flynn later served as president of Catholic Alliance,a nonpartisan Catholic advocacy group.
Flynn was born July 22,1939,the son of Stephen Flynn and Lillian Flynn (néeKirby).[1] He grew up in South Boston,where he has spent most of his life living.[2][3] Flynn is Irish-American.[4] His father was a unionlongshoreman,and his mother was a cleaning lady.[4] Flynn's father was an immigrant to the United States.[5] Flynn grew up a member of the Gate of Heaven Parish in South Boston.[2]
In April 1963,he was selected by the Syracuse Nationals in the fourth round of the NBA draft.[8] The Nationals relocated to Philadelphia to become the 76ers,but Flynn did not play for them,as he spent part of the 1963–64 season with the Wilmington Blue Bombers of the Eastern Professional Basketball League.[9] Philadelphia traded his NBA rights to the Boston Celtics in September 1964,[10] and in October he was the last player cut from the Celtics roster.[11]
Massachusetts House of Representatives (1971–1978)
Flynn as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Capitalizing on his local sports hero celebrity,[2] Flynn won election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in November 1970.[14] As a state representative,Flynn was generally representative of the views of his South Boston district's constituency. He was pro-trade unions,for affordable housing and tenants rights,opposed to redlining,opposed to expansion at Logan Airport,and opposed cutting welfare programs. Peter Dreier would later describe his positions as a state representative as having,largely,been a "parochial South Boston pol with progressive leanings."[2] South Boston,which Flynn represented,was regarded to be relatively politically conservative.[15]
Education policy and opposition to desegregation busing
Flynn was an opponent of court ordered desegregation busing.[2][16] In 1973,he worked against implementing the city of Boston's desegregation school busing plan even filing a lawsuit against the Massachusetts Board of Education over the matter.[17] Flynn argued that desegregation busing would pit poor Black and poor White families against one another within a second-tier school system,all while wealthy suburbanites sent their students to well-funded schools. Flynn refused to join the militant anti-busers,Louise Day Hicks and William Bulger when they released a statement of resistance that was seen as having racist overtones. Flynn urged against violent actions that were being taken by some in protest of busing. As a result of his refusal to join the more militant factions of resistance to busing,Flynn alienated himself from the more extremist factions of his community. His car was firebombed,and his family received death threats through telephone calls.[2]
In 1974,Flynn filed legislation to repeal a state law which required that children attend school. During his 1983 mayoral campaign,he came to call this proposal a mistake.[17] Flynn was a supporter of providing more state funding to special needs students in schools.[2]
Ban on government funding of abortion
Flynn co-authored a bill to end government funding of abortions covered by Medicaid. The bill,co-authored with State Representative Charles R. Doyle.[18][19] Public opponents of the bill founded of the Abortion Action Coalition advocacy organization,a short-lived organization which supported access to abortion.[20] The bill was passed by the state legislature,but was successfully vetoed by Governor Michael Dukakis.[18][19] Flynn and Doyle then,later that year,attached the bill as a rider to a state pay-raise bill which was passed by the Massachusetts State Legislature. This was again vetoed by Dukakis.[19] The "Flynn-Doyle amendment" was successfully passed over Dukakis' veto in 1978,after Flynn had already left the legislature to serve on the Boston City Council.[17][21]
The law was undercut in 1981,when the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court held that women with Medicaid eligibility had a constitutionally-protected entitlement to receive funding through the program for their abortions.[22]
Unsuccessful 1975 campaigns for city office
In March 1975,Flynn announced himself as a candidate for the 1975 Boston mayoral election.[17] However,he withdrew in June after struggling to fundraise and instead launched his candidacy for the Boston City Council. He would lose his race for city council that November,[17] falling a mere 1,467 votes shy of election.[23]
Boston City Council (1978–1984)
Flynn was elected to the Boston City Council in November 1977.[17] Flynn would be reelected in 1979 and 1981. In 1981,Flynn was the top vote-getter by a large margin.[2] On the council,Flynn served as chairman of the Committee on Housing and Neighborhood Development,Committee on Government Relations and Government Finance,as well as the Special Committee on School Matters.[1]
Peter Dreier would later describe Flynn as having transitioned as a city councilor,"from a parochial neighborhood politician with progressive leanings to a crusader with citywide appeal."[24] while on the Boston City Council. Drier would describe Flynn as having been an "18-hour-a-day workaholic",and the "hardest working City Councilor". He had a reputation for regularly attending public meetings.[2]
As a city councilor,Flynn opposed rate increases by utility companies. He was viewed as an ally of trade unions,welfare recipients,and working women. Flynn regularly proposed tenants' rights ordinances on the Boston City Council,which were defeated. Flynn believed that his city council colleagues were influenced by sizable donations from the real estatelobby,especially faulting the Greater Boston Real Estate Board.[2][24] In 1983,Dudley Clendinen of The New York Times wrote of Flynn's politics,
Councilman Flynn, a resident of South Boston, opposed busing in the early days of desegregation. But he has evolved through the years into more of a populist, concerned with problems of housing, police protection in the face of rising crime and other needs of the elderly and poor.[16]
Flynn supported the potential adoption of rent control. He supported the idea of implementing linkage fees that would require those developing large projects to provide a percentage of money to affordable housing. He also directed his attention to matters such as aircraft noise pollution and homelessness.[25]
In October 1979, Flynn, together with Joseph F. Timilty, rescued a Black man from a threatening encounter with a White mob on the Boston Common.[17]
Flynn, with his wife Kathy, at his 1983 election night celebration
In April 1983, Flynn announced his candidacy for mayor of Boston.[17] In the October nonpartisan primary election, Flynn and State Representative Mel King placed atop the results, advancing to the general election.[17] King was the first African American to be a candidate in a Boston mayoral general election.[15] Both Flynn and King had originally been viewed as underdogs in the primary election.[2] Flynn defeated King in the general election.[17][2] Flynn and King had known each other since childhood, meeting through both playing basketball, and had both served as state representatives at the same time and worked together there on legislation. They would ultimately have a lifelong friendship, despite having run against each other for mayor.[26]
Flynn's campaign received no significant financial support from major sectors of the city's business community.[2] Flynn outright refused to accept campaign donations from developers with projects pending before city agencies, or lawyers of such developers.[2] Both the Flynn and King campaigns had low expenditures compared to the nearly $2 million campaign that outgoing mayor Kevin White and the political machine supporting him had spent on his candidacies in the 1975 and 1979 mayoral elections. Flynn's campaign spent roughly $400,000, while King's spent less than $350,000.[15]
Dudley Clendinen wrote that Flynn had worked to establish himself as a champion of the poor and elderly and to appeal across ethnic lines to ethnic minority voters.[15] While Flynn had earlier in his political career opposed gay rights issues,[5] by the time of his mayoral campaign he was making an active effort to court the gay vote. At the time, gay communities across the United States were becoming more politically organized.[27]
Primary election
Flynn first announced his candidacy in front of a public housing project, pledging that he would be a "people's mayor".[2] He was viewed as an underdog at the start of his campaign, due to a lack of funding, a political organization, or connections to the business or media establishments.[2]
Flynn and King had both shaped the narrative of the debate during the hotly-contested primary, successfully creating a "downtown versus the neighborhoods" narrative, with Flynn and King taking the side of being in support of the city's neighborhoods. A major item of debate was linkage, a fee that would be placed on downtown developers to raise funds for affordable housing. Flynn and King placed in the primary above candidates who were perceived as more representative of "downtown" interests. Coinciding with the primary, voters also strongly approved non-binding referendums in favor of a linkage policy and the creation of neighborhood councils. Both referendums had been supported by the group Massachusetts Fair Share.[2] Flynn and King were the only two candidates that imposing linkage fees.[25]
During the primary, the city's progressive activists were largely sharply divided between Flynn and King's candidacies. Flynn benefited from grassroots support.[2]
General election
Flynn delivering his victory speech, joined on stage by his family and others
In the election, both Flynn and King worked to build progressive coalitions, and both pledged to dedicate themselves to working across ethnic divides in the city. In the five weeks leading up to the general election, the two candidates held more than fifty local neighborhood debates.[15]
The campaign was peaceful, and only a handful of isolated racial violence incidents occurred during it.[15]
After his election, his mayoral transition effort was headed by John F. Bok.[28]
Mayoralty (1984–1993)
Flynn, second from left, next to Boston City Council members Dapper O'Neil and James M. Kelly (circa 1984–1987)
Flynn served as mayor from his inauguration on January 2, 1984[29] until his resignation on July 12, 1993.[30] During his tenure, Flynn was regarded to be a popular mayor, which was reflected in high approval ratings.[2] In 1992, Fox Butterfield of The New York Times called Flynn "one of the most popular mayors in [Boston]'s history".[31] As mayor, Flynn maintained a prominent public profile.[32] In 1984, journalist Colman McCarthy described Flynn as having a "blazonry of political zeal that makes him one of the nation's most attractive Democrats."[33]
In 1998, Jack W. Germond and Jules Witcover of The Baltimore Sun wrote that, as mayor, Flynn had, "built a national reputation as an advocate for the homeless and a local reputation as a hands-on politician who showed up at every fire or police emergency."[34]
At the time that Flynn was preparing to leave office, in an article published in The Christian Science Monitor, George B. Merry described Flynn as a mayor whose "hands-on" approach had made him, "one of the most visible mayors in Boston history." He considered Flynn's leadership to have delivered mixed results. Merry described Flynn's leadership-style as being heavily focused on neighborhood-level quality of life issues,[35] writing,
NO Boston mayor in the past half-century has been more neighborhood-oriented than Raymond Flynn. In his 9-1/2 years at City Hall he has directed his attention and the city's resources toward improving life for its citizens. Unlike predecessors John Hynes, John Collins, and Kevin White, who concentrated on changing the physical face of Boston with new buildings, Mayor Flynn has focused on improving municipal services and on people things like street lighting and playgrounds.[35]
Flynn was reelected mayor in 1987 and 1991, winning more than two-thirds of the vote each time.[2][17] In his reelections, he won a higher vote share in Black and Hispanic areas of the city than he did in White areas.[2]
In 1987, Flynn carried every ward of the city except for in his native South Boston. His failure to carry South Boston was perhaps due to his promise weeks before the election to desegregate all-white Boston Housing Authority developments in South Boston.[2] At the time of his reelection, Flynn had attained an image of being un-corrupt, with political consultant Michael Goldman remarking at the time, "The most important thing Flynn has done is to have been someone who could govern without corruption. Even those who are not satisfied with Flynn feel he has been honest." Goldman also noted that Flynn had also maintained an image of being a populist well-connected to the city's blue-collar workers.[36]
Flynn's 1991 campaign for a third term came despite a 1981 campaign promise to only serve two terms.[37] In his 1991 campaign, he ran a low-profile campaign that he touted as being "grassroots", and ran no television or radio advertisements. He centered his candidacy on ties to the city's neighborhoods and his successes in balancing the city's budget.[38]
Flynn was an outspoken critic of the cuts that President Ronald Reagan championed making to federal revenue sharing, urban development grants, and housing and job assistance programs.[39]
Flynn became a national leader on urban matters.[40] In 1987, as chair of the United States Conference of Mayors' Task Force on Hunger and Homelessness, Flynn advocated for the passage of the McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act.[41] Flynn served as president of the United States Conference of Mayors during 1991–92.[42][43] In this role, Flynn challenged the theories of some pundits that cities were becoming economically obsolete due to the rise of "edge city" suburbanization, by arguing that "as cities go, so goes America."[2]
Flynn visited South Africa several times to see anti-apartheid figure Nelson Mandela when he was in prison.[44] In June 1990, four months after Mandela's release from prison, Flynn welcomed him to Boston on a trip Mandela took visiting many cities in the United States.[45]
Ahead of the 1992 United States presidential election, there was some talk about whether Flynn could be a prospective vice presidential running mate on a Democratic ticket.[38] In February 1992, Flynn unsuccessfully urged New York GovernorMario Cuomo to run in the presidential election.[17] It took Flynn a while to grow warm to the Democratic Party's ultimate presidential nominee, Bill Clinton.[40] He endorsed Clinton in late June 1992.[46] Flynn, a lifelong anti-abortion activist, played a role in drawing the anti-abortion ("pro-life") Catholicvote to pro-abortion rights Bill Clinton in the general election.[47] Flynn physically campaigned on Clinton's behalf in roughly half of the nation's states.[17]
Despite opposition to gun control measures earlier in his political career,[5] as mayor Flynn supported such policy, heavily campaigning in support of the passage of the Brady Bill.[2]
In the late-1980s, Flynn partnered with community housing organizations to draft the federal Community Housing Partnership Act. This was then sponsored by Senator Frank Lautenberg and Congressman Joseph Kennedy, and received the endorsements of organizations such as the U.S. Conference of Mayors, National League of Cities, National Low-Income Housing Coalition.[48][49] The bill was ultimately incorporated into the broader Cranston-Gonzales National Affordable Housing Act, which was passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President George H. W. Bush in October 1990.[50] The act provided federal funding to community-based organizations to assist them in the construction and renovation of affordable housing.[48]
Economic matters
Community reinvestment agreement with banks
In 1989, two studies, including one by the Boston Redevelopment Authority, found the city's major banks to be discriminating in practices regarding mortgage lending, personnel hiring, and where they located their branches.[2] In collaboration with community activists, Flynn raised a more than year-long campaign to pressure banks to change their practices.[2] He also announced a plan to issue a regular city-sponsored "report card" on bank practices. He also adopted a "linked deposit" policy to have the city then withdraw funds from banks that received poor track records on these "report cards" to expand its deposits in banks which worked to meet the needs of the city's neighborhoods.[2] As a consequence, the banks reached a $400 million community reinvestment agreement with the city, in which the banks promised to open new branches, change lending and hiring practices, and to collaborate more closely with community development corporations and community groups.[2]
Fiscal matters
When Flynn took office, the city had a $40 million deficit. Flynn was able to balance the city's budget each year he was in office and improved the fiscal controls of the city.[2] Flynn was able to improve the city's bond rating each year he was in office. When he left office, the city had its highest bond rating in its history.[2]
In his first term as mayor, Flynn dealt with a drastic cut in federal funds allocated to Boston.[37] During the presidencies of Republicans Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, Flynn often blamed shortcomings of the city government on their administrations for what he claimed were insufficient federal funds coming into the city's coffers. Additionally, during the Massachusetts governorship of Republican Bill Weld, Flynn often faulted shortcomings of the city government on what he claimed was insufficient state funding, blaming Governor Weld but avoiding blaming the Democratic majorities in both chambers of the Massachusetts State Legislature.[35]
During his mayoralty, Boston divested from corporations that invested in Northern Ireland and Apartheid South Africa.[2]
To address the city's deficit, upon taking office, Flynn worked to receive additional state aid and state legislature authorization to raise new local taxes.[2] The state, at the time, viewed the city government as wasteful and inefficient.[2] Flynn needed the help of the city's business community to convince the state. Particularly the business community's watchdog group, the Boston Municipal Research Bureau.[2] In order to convince the business community that the Flynn administration was going to spend new revenues in a cost-effective manner, he recruited business community members to top positions in the municipal budget and treasury departments, and also created an advisory committee on management and budget operations that featured representatives from the business community.[2] Flynn heeded the advice of this advisory committee, and "opened the books" on the city's fiscal situation, something that his immediate predecessor, Kevin White, had refused to do himself.[2] Ultimately, the Municipal Research Bureau gave its approval to Flynn's revenue package and lobbied for it.[2]
Flynn also met across the state with individuals and groups such as local officials, business groups, and trade unions in order to persuade them to lobby their own legislators to support the state legislation he was seeking.[2] Flynn made the argument that Boston's economic and fiscal health was critical to that of all of Massachusetts. He characterized Boston as being a generator of jobs and state sales tax revenue, as well as the home to institutions which benefited the entire state.[2]
In 1984, the initial revenue package that Flynn championed was defeated in the state legislature.[2][51] In 1985, Flynn proposed and lobbied for a revised revenue package.[51][52] This revenue package passed, and was signed into law by Governor Dukakis.[2][53]
Labor matters
Flynn created the "Boston jobs" program, requiring that developers that obtained city permits to hire Boston residents for half of all their construction jobs, minorities for one quarter of all their construction jobs, and women for one-tenth of all their construction jobs.[2]
When Boston hotel owners and Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union Local 26 were in conflict, and looked headed towards a long and tense strike in 1985, Flynn had his police chief privately inform hotel owners that they could not expect to rely the Boston Police Department to protect strikebreakers or preserve order outside and within hotel establishments. This action of Flynn helped weaken the resolve of the hotel owners, who settled with Local 26, netting the union a significant victory.[2]
When Flynn traveled to southwestern Virginia to support coal mining households during the Pittston Coal strike against the Pittston Coal Group, he learned from United Mine Workers President Richard Trumka that William Craig, a member of Pittston's board, was also vice chairman of Shawmut Bank, the city of Boston's second largest lender. Upon returning to the city, Flynn threatened that Boston would withdraw its deposits from the bank unless Craig resigned from the board of Pittston.[2]
Education and childcare
Flynn speaks to children in a classroom (circa 1984–1987)
In 1989, Flynn spearheaded the creation of a policy which requires that new commercial developments in the city's downtown provide childcare services on-site or otherwise fund resources for off-site childcare spaces. However, the policy would, for decades, prove difficult to enforce due to the fact that the policy did not provide a clear definition of the amounts that developers needed to pay for off-site childcare spaces. This was addressed in 2022, when Mayor Michelle Wu signed an executive order outlining a formula to determine the amount of these payments.[54]
In 1993, George B. Merry wrote that while Flynn had "vastly upgraded" the city's public school system as mayor, at the time of Flynn's departure from the mayoralty, the school district, "appear[ed] to be facing an uncertain future."[35]
In July 1991, Flynn won a fight to turn Boston School Committee from an elected school board to one whose members are appointed by the mayor. This change took effect in January 1992.[38][55] Before this change, the elected school board had come to be regarded as fractious.[56] As he approached his departure as mayor in 1993, Flynn questioned whether the change had been a good decision. He conceded that it had disenfranchised the input of voters in shaping the school board, and had upset many communities of color in the city. In 1993, little over a year since the appointed board had taken office, disorder had already arisen on the board, and Black organizers in the city were pushing to revert to an elected school board.[57] In July 1993, Flynn remarked,
Let me acknowledge that taking the right to vote away from people is not a pleasant thing for me. It's a big issue in the minority community. I know it. I still hear it...and it's a very valid concern.[57]
Flynn also conceded that the appointed school board had failed in terms of accountability, remarking in 1993,
When I argued for an appointed school board, I spoke about the power of accountability...Accountability was the critical element of change. That's how it should work. But it hasn't worked that way. It's time to change that.[57]
In 1993, Flynn wrote an open letter to those seeking to run in the 1993 Boston mayoral election to succeed him which pronounced his regret for having changed the city's school board to an appointed board, and which expressed his preference for reverting it back to an elected one. This was to no avail, and Boston remains the only municipality in Massachusetts without an elected school board.[57]
Public safety and law enforcement
Flynn swearing-in Francis Roache as police commissioner in 1985
In 1985, Flynn appointed Francis Roache as the city's police commissioner.[58] Roache was a childhood friend of Flynn, and would be one of his closet associates during his mayoralty.[31]
In 1990, Flynn received strong criticism from Black leaders over the city police's handling of the investigation into the murder of Carol Stuart, including the arrest and intensive search of William Bennett.[17] Flynn had instructed for a citywide manhunt for murderer after the killing.[59] Decades later, in 2023, then-mayor Michelle Wu apologized on behalf of the city for the impact that police conduct in the investigation Stuart's murder had upon the African-American community in the city, especially in Mission Hill. Her apology was directly addressed to Bennett as well as Alan Swanson, both of whom she acknowledged had been wrongly treated as suspects.[60]
In response to concerns over the police department (including those stemming from the investigation into Carol Stuart's murder), in May 1991, Flynn empaneled the St. Clair Commission, headed by James D. St. Clair.[31] In January 1992, the St. Clair Commission released its report, which was critical of the Boston Police Department for mismanagement, and urged against reappointing Commissioner Roache when his term expired that April.[31] Flynn appointed William Bratton to serve as the city's new police commissioner.[17]
At the end of Flynn's tenure, in 1993, George B. Merry observed that crime in the city remained "a continuing problem".[35]
Racial relations
Before Flynn took office, Boston had seen a very high level of racial tensions in the 1970s.[61] Retrospectively, in 2023 Michael Jonas of Commonwealth magazine wrote that, as mayor, Flynn went "to great lengths to promote racial harmony and heal divisions, not inflame them."[62] In 1993, George B. Merry observed,
While it would be a mistake to suggest Boston has been free of racial tensions during Flynn's years as mayor, his leadership has addressed the needs of minorities, including not only blacks but the fast-growing Hispanic and Asian populations. But the problem lingers.[35]
Early into his mayoralty, Flynn signaled his support for racially integrating the city's neighborhoods when he directly assisted a number of black households with moving into a public housing development located in a neighborhood with a majority white working-class population.[33] During Flynn's mayoralty, the City of Boston regained control over the Boston Housing Authority, which had previously been in court receivership. Weeks before the 1987 mayoral election, Flynn publicized a plan to desegregate all-white housing developments of the Boston Housing Authority located in South Boston.[2] In 1988, the city of Boston reached a formal agreement with the federal government to integrate public housing in South Boston.[17]
A 1987 poll published by The Boston Globe found that the Boston residents were expressing increasingly optimistic outlooks on the state of race relations in the city. Many of the city's politicians, while questioning whether the public was correct in such an assessment, expressed the belief that this sentiment was reflective of the public's perception of Flynn's leadership in regards to race relations.[61]
Urban development
Flynn working at the mayor's office in Boston City Hall (circa 1984–1987)Flynn at the Boston waterfront (circa 1984–1987)
Flynn took office amid a period of urban flight by the city's middle class.[63] Peter Dreier would describe Flynn as having been elected "with a populist mandate to 'share the prosperity' of Boston's downtown economic boom—particularly in terms of jobs and housing—with the city's poor and working-class residents." Flynn had campaigned for office in his initial election on a housing-focused platform.[24] When Flynn took office, downtown real estate developers were highly worried by his populist agenda. Flynn opted not to socialize with real estate developers, and refused to take political contributions from developers that had projects being considered by the city government.[64]
When Flynn assumed office, the federal government was greatly decreasing federal funding for urban housing, job training, and economic development programs. Boston had been reliant on federal funding for these uses for the preceding quarter-century. Flynn looked to the private sector. He worked to use public-private partnerships as well as government regulatory tools of the private sector such as zoning and rent control.[2][24] Flynn was successful in his fight to implement rent control laws in the city.[2]
During Flynn's mayoralty, the city had a strong development market,[2] and he was regarded to be a "pro-development" mayor.[37]
During Flynn's mayoralty, major projects included the new Boston City Hospital complex.[2] The city also created what was its first long-term capital plan for fixing its streets, infrastructure, school structures, and for creating new precinct stations and recreation centers.[2] The city also significantly improved its parks and recreation centers.[2]
Flynn focused on addressing the quality of life in neighborhoods, as well as on addressing gentrification.[2]
The city built what was an unprecedented number of new units of affordable housing during Flynn's mayoralty.[2] Flynn's administration successfully overcame the political forces of the city's real estate industry to put in place a policy that doubled the linkage fee funds that downtown developers were required to provide to neighborhood housing funds. Over the course of his mayoralty, this fund received over $70 million, and helped in the city's creation of over 8,000 units of affordable housing.[2][24]
After a five-year campaign by Flynn and community activists, United States Secretary of Housing and Urban DevelopmentSamuel Pierce agreed to hand over to community-based non profits and tenant organizations a total of 2,000 HUD-subsidized apartments located in roughly 70 buildings that had been abandoned by property owners.[2] Additionally, Boston had success in addressing problems in troubled HUD public housing projects. Clinton's HUD Secretary, Henry Cisneros, later decided to change HUD policy to replicate this.[2]
Flynn successful fights to enact rent control laws and strong tenants' rights laws put him at odds with the landlord lobby. The Flynn administration also funded tenant groups, who organized against bad landlords.[2] In 1986, Flynn worked successfully with tenant activists to get the Boston City Council to pass a ban on developers evicting tenants in order to clear apartment buildings for condominium conversions. In 1988, he worked to successfully get the City Council to empower the city's rent board with regulatory powers over condo conversions and lodging houses. Flynn also got the City Council to put in place rent control on projects in the city subsidized by United States Department of Housing and Urban Development if the owners exercised the option to prepay their federally subsidized mortgages. These movies potentially protected thousands of subsidized units in the city from conversion to market-rate housing.[24]
Flynn also championed inclusionary housing policies that would require developers of market-rate housing to provide units for moderate and low-income residents. In July 1986, Flynn presented the Boston Redevelopment Authority with a potential policy to require private developers to designate 10% of their housing units in projects with at least ten units for moderate and low-income residents. This push faced strong opposition.[24]
Boston's development director Steve Coyle oversaw the institution of controversial "downzoning" growth management safeguards aimed at combatting the "Manhattanization" of the city's historic downtown and neighborhoods.[2]
Flynn's administration collaborated on development with nonprofit organizations. The Flynn administration provided neighborhood groups significant influence in planning and development decisions, as well as other matters. To do this he worked with neighborhood councils, zoning committees, and project-specific advisory groups.[2] They worked with community development corporations to undertake the rehabilitation of thousands of housing units in the city.[24] A very notable example of collaboration saw the city government delegate its own urban renewal powers (including eminent domain authority) to the Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative, a community group in the Roxbury neighborhood who are allowed to use that authority in parts of the neighborhood.[2][65]
Resignation and succession
Flynn and his wife, Kathy, attending the ceremonial swearing-in of Thomas Menino as acting mayor
In 1993, Flynn resigned during his third term as mayor when he was appointed by Clinton to serve as United States Ambassador to the Holy See (the Vatican).[47] Flynn was nominated in March 1993, and announced he would be resigning as mayor. However, in June, he reconsidered whether he would accept the role. He met with President Clinton and United States State Department officials to better define what his role would be as ambassador.[17] The Senate unanimously confirmed his appointment that month,[41] and he resigned as mayor on July 12, 1993.[47][66]
Upon the announcement of Flynn's nomination, it became anticipated that then-Boston City Council President Thomas Menino was, per the city charter, going to assume the office of "acting mayor" upon Flynn's expected resignation.[67] Flynn had had a longtime friendship with Menino. However, their relationship was noted to have become somewhat terser during the period in which Flynn was preparing to hand over the office to Menino.[68] One cause for their rift was that, after Menino had promised he would appoint 100 new police officers when he took office, Flynn beat him to the chase and did so himself, which angered Menino.[69]
When Flynn resigned on July 12, 1993, Menino became acting mayor.[69] Menino would go on to win the 1993 Boston mayoral election, becoming mayor.[70]
Flynn served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See from September 2, 1993, through September 20, 1997.[71] He was the first member of the Democratic Party to hold this post.[41] He was appointed on July 1, 1993, and presented his credentials on September 2, 1993.[71]
Clinton had Flynn expand the role of the post's mission. Flynn not only represented the United States to the Holy See, but also represented the United States in imperiled areas around the world on matters of social justice and economic justice. Flynn helped lead relief efforts related to an earthquake[which?] in India, and was involved in humanitarian aid efforts to nations such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Haiti, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda. He was also involved in efforts to broker the Good Friday Agreement. He also collaborated with the Holy See on efforts to resolve problems in various areas of the world. He also played a key role in brokering an agreement to start a formal process to have Israel and the Holy See establish formal relations with each other.[41] Flynn's tenure was somewhat shaky, however.[72][32] In 1998, Jack W. Germond and Jules Witcover of The Baltimore Sun described his tenure as, "unorthodox and controversial."[34] Flynn twice received reprimands from the United States Department of State: in one instance for publicly discussing domestic American policy, and in the other instance for having an employee of the embassy manage Flynn's family's finances.[72]
At the time he accepted the position of ambassador, Flynn made it known that he intended to eventually return to politics, likely running for another public office.[35] While ambassador, Flynn considered running for governor of Massachusetts in 1994 to unseat incumbent Republican Bill Weld. However, Flynn announced in April 1994 that he would not run in the 1994 gubernatorial election.[73]
During his time as ambassador, the campaign committee for Flynn's mayoral candidacies was subject to federal and state investigation.[74][75] In February 1996, Flynn plead to having misused campaign funds during his tenure as mayor and agreed to repay $12,500 in funds to his campaign committee. The state of Massachusetts' attorney general was considering bringing a civil lawsuit against Flynn regarding these funds.[75] Douglas deRusha, the former bookkeeper for Flynn's mayoral campaign committee, went to prison for embezzlement.[74] Coincidentally, the same month that Flynn plead to having misused campaign funds, an unrelated investigation resulted in Flynn's former top-aide during his mayoralty, Joseph Fisher, pleading guilty for having failed to report more than $51,000 that he had received as bribes and illegal favors during his seven years serving special assistant to Flynn during Flynn's mayoralty.[75] Both investigations generated negative publicity for Flynn.[74]
In early 1997, eying leaving his post, Flynn made an effort to become a university athletic director, reaching out to Boston-area universities such as Northeastern University. His mayoral successor, Thomas Menino, attempted to help persuade Boston-area universities to hire Flynn for such a position. This effort was to no avail, however. Shortly thereafter, Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld, who had already expressed interest in appointing Flynn to an unpaid position on a state commission, expressed interest in potentially offering Flynn a paid position in his gubernatorial administration.[76] In early September 1997, Flynn shared his intent to run for governor of Massachusetts in 1998. Two weeks later, Flynn announced his intent to resign his post as ambassador.[74] Flynn left his post on September 20, 1997.[71]
On October 3, 1997, The Boston Globe published an article which both accused Flynn of having been a sub-par diplomat as ambassador and of having had a longtime drinking problem.[72] The article included a reporter's claim to have, firsthand, witnessed Flynn walking around Boston while seemingly drunk while visiting the city on break from his ambassadorial duties on August 6, 1997.[77] Flynn attributed the article to the paper's opposition to his planned 1998 gubernatorial campaign and also to contempt for his "class, religion and ethnic background."[72] This article was seen as hurting Flynn's public image.[32] Flynn defended himself in an interviewed aired by 60 Minutes in April 1998.[77]
1998 congressional campaign
Following his service as ambassador, Flynn considered running for governor of Massachusetts in 1998.[32] Flynn made public in January 1998 his intent to later that year launch his candidacy.[77] However, obstacles, such as a lack of financial campaign reserves and the political challenge of running for governor in the state of Massachusetts with a strong anti-abortion stance like his, dissuaded him.[32] Another factor that made his candidacy challenging was the perceived difficulty of winning statewide with a political identity so strongly tied to the city of Boston. Flynn's ambition of being elected governor was regarded as being a longshot.[34]
Flynn was the only anti-abortion candidate of the ten running in the primary, and his campaign advertising utilized photos of him with Pope John Paul II and Mother Teresa.[80] Flynn had run a quiet grassroots campaign operation.[80] Flynn was endorsed by the local chapters of the International Longshoremen's Association and Iron Workers unions.[34] Flynn had been regarded as an early front-runner in the primary,[34][80] and private and public opinion polls had showed him to be leading.[34] However, polls show that Capuano enjoyed a last-minute rise in support that resulted in his victory over Flynn.[80]
In this era of "third way," suburban, New Democrat politics, Flynn's New Deal, patronage-oriented, urban populism may have outgrown its welcome even here in the bosom of liberalism. The triple-decker houses once bulging with large ethnic families are now occupied by yuppies for whom the name Flynn is just a distant memory...While some candidates attempt to repackage themselves or tack with the political winds, Flynn is adamantly retro – hoping the style and themes that worked so well nearly two decades ago can deliver one more victory.[32]
Flynn and others at the 2024 South Boston Saint Patrick's Day Parade Front row L–R: Flynn's son, Ed (a Boston city councilman); Governor Maura Healey; Flynn; and Flynn's wife, Kathy Back row: Lieutenant Governor Kim Driscoll
Flynn involved himself in media after concluding his career in public office. In 1998, he had a role as a radio host on WRKO in Boston.[91] In September 2014, he became a regular contributor to The Pilot, the official newspaper of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston.[92] In February 2017, Flynn became a columnist for the Boston Herald.[93]
In 1999, Flynn became president of Catholic Alliance, a nonpartisan Catholic advocacy group.[94] In this role, while remaining a Democrat, he and the Catholic Alliance endorsed George W. Bush in the 2000 presidential election.[85] Flynn also became president of another Catholic political advocacy organization, Your Catholic Voice.[95] He later started Catholic Citizenship,[96] serving as its national chairman. He cited the organization as arising from conversations he had with a figure in national Catholic activism that affirmed in Flynn the importance of his message relating to adhering to Catholic teachings above partisan political concerns.[97] Beginning in 2004, he also served on the advisory board of Catholics for the Common Good, a lay apostolate for evangelization of culture.[98]
In 2013, Flynn voiced his public agreement with the Jamaica Plain Neighborhood Council's position in its lawsuit against a developer and the city. The neighborhood council was suing over what it contended was a wrongful grant of a zoning variance.[99] The lawsuit was locally controversial.[99][100] The case was dismissed by a judge over lack of standing, disputing the neighborhood council's assertion that it could be considered a "government body".[101]
In 2024, Flynn endorsed Erin Murphy's unsuccessful campaign in the Democratic primary for clerk of the Suffolk Supreme Judicial Court.[102] This primary election was regarded to have served as a prominent proxy battle the city's progressive politicians and its city's more conservative "old guard", with many prominent progressives endorsing the victorious Allison Cartwright and many of prominent practitioners of (more conservative) "old-school" Boston politics endorsing Murphy.[103][104] The election was also described as being was also described as serving as a proxy battle between Mayor Michelle Wu's allies and her critics: with Wu and several allies endorsing Cartwright, and several Wu critics endorsing Murphy.[105]
Personal life
Flynn and his son Raymond Flynn Jr. with priests and Cardinal Bernard Francis Law (circa 1984–1987)
Flynn is married to Catherine (née Coyne), who often goes by "Kathy". They have six children: Ray Jr., Edward, Julie, Nancy, Katie, and Maureen.[106] In November 2017, son Edward M. Flynn was elected to the Boston City Council.[107] Flynn has continued residing in South Boston.[63]
While serving as mayor, Flynn played himself in the 1989 episode "The Stork Brings A Crane" of the Boston–set sitcom Cheers.[108] In the episode, Flynn has his entourage take away Cliff Clavin, who writes to Flynn once a week.[109]
In September 2008, Flynn was hospitalized after he collapsed at a Boston-area speaking engagement.[115] In March 2011, Flynn's home was broken into; among the valuables taken were rosary beads blessed by Pope John Paul II and letters from influential world figures.[116] In April 2021, Flynn was hospitalized and received a hip replacement surgery after suffering a fall.[117] In December 2021, Flynn was hospitalized after again falling, this time having broken a bone in his neck.[66]
Political views
During his political career, Flynn was regarded to be an "economic liberal" and "cultural conservative".[118] Over the course of his political career, Flynn's positions on some matters remained consistent, while others evolved. Flynn has numerous times endorsed Republican candidates in closely contested elections, including George W. Bush in the 2000 president election, Scott Brown in 2010 and 2012 senate elections, and Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election.[119]
In his early political career, Flynn prominently opposed court-ordered school desegregation busing.[2][16] Over the course of his political career, Flynn consistently opposed abortion.[47] Despite having opposed gun control policies in his early political career[5] as mayor Flynn supported them.[2] While he opposed gay rights issues in his early political career,[5] by the time of his first mayoral campaign made an active effort to ingratiate himself to the gay community.[27] However, motivated by his continued opposition to same-sex marriage,[120] shortly after the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that in 2004 that same-sex marriage was a protected right in Massachusetts, Flynn attempted litigation to see their ruling overturned.[83] Flynn opposed decreases initiated during the Reagan presidency to federal revenue sharing with cities.[35][39] Elected mayor on a populist platform, Flynn supported wealth redistribution.[64]
Honors
Flynn (left) sits alongside Governor Charlie Baker on February 11, 2016, as Baker signs into law legislation renaming to the Black Falcon Cruise Terminal the "Flynn Cruiseport Boston".
Flynn has received a number of civic awards.[125] He has received the B'nai B'rith International Humanitarian Award, Martin Luther King Jr. Award, and Boys Club of America "Man of the Year Award".[41] In 2019, the business interest organization A Better City awarded Flynn a "Lifetime Achievement" award. Then-mayor Marty Walsh presented the award to Flynn at an awards ceremony. Walsh praised Flynn, declaring that Flynn had "led at the national and international level, while always staying closely connected to the people in our working class neighborhoods. He's always been a champion for everyday people: working men and women; kids and seniors; people with disabilities; and everyone who calls the city of Boston their home."[63]
Electoral history
State representative
1970
1970 Massachusetts House of Representatives 6th Suffolk district Democratic primary (2-member district)[126][127]
Michael Everett Capuano is an American politician and attorney who served as a U.S. Representative of Massachusetts from 1999 to 2019. A Democrat, his district included the northern three-fourths of Boston, as well as parts of Cambridge, his hometown of Somerville, and other communities immediately north and south of Boston. Prior to being elected to Congress, he served as an Alderman and Mayor of Somerville.
The mayor of Boston is the head of the municipal government in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Boston has a mayor–council government. Boston's mayoral elections are nonpartisan, and elect a mayor to a four-year term; there are no term limits. The mayor's office is in Boston City Hall, in Government Center.
Thomas Michael Menino was an American politician who served as the mayor of Boston, from 1993 to 2014. He was the city's longest-serving mayor. He was elected mayor in 1993 after first serving three months in the position of "acting mayor" following the resignation of his predecessor Raymond Flynn. Before serving as mayor, Menino was a member of the Boston City Council and had been elected president of the City Council in 1993.
Michael F. Flaherty is a politician who served as an at-large member of the Boston City Council for a cumulative ten terms. A member of the Democratic Party, he was first elected to the council in 1999, serving an initial five terms between 2000 until 2010. During this initial tenure, he served as vice president of the council in 2001 and as council president from 2002 to 2006. In 2009 he forwent reelection to a further term in order to run for mayor of Boston in that year's election, which he lost to incumbent mayor Thomas Menino. He ran unsuccessfully in 2011 to return to the council as an at-large member. In 2013, Flaherty again ran in the at-large city council race, and was returned to the council. He served five terms between 2014 and 2024. In 2023, he declined to seek reelection to an additional term.
Melvin Herbert King was an American politician, community organizer, and educator. In 1973, King was elected as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives' 9th Suffolk district, a post he held until early 1983. King was the runner-up in the 1983 Boston mayoral election, against Raymond Flynn.
The Boston City Council is the legislative branch of government for the city of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is made up of 13 members: 9 district representatives and 4 at-large members. Councillors are elected to two-year terms, and there is no limit on the number of terms an individual can serve. Boston uses a strong-mayor form of government in which the city council acts as a check against the power of the executive branch, the mayor. The council is responsible for approving the city budget; monitoring, creating, and abolishing city agencies; making land use decisions; and approving, amending, or rejecting other legislative proposals.
John Ronan Connolly is an American politician, former lawyer, and educator from Massachusetts. He served from 2008 to 2014 as an at-large member of the Boston City Council, and was the runner-up in the 2013 Boston mayoral election.
The 2009 Boston mayoral election occurred on Tuesday, November 3, 2009, between incumbent Mayor of Boston Thomas Menino, and Michael F. Flaherty, member of the Boston City Council and former Council president. Menino was re-elected to a fifth term, the first mayor to do so in Boston history. A nonpartisan municipal preliminary election was held on September 22, 2009, where Flaherty and Menino advanced to the general election.
Maureen E. Feeney is an American politician who served on the Boston City Council and was the City Clerk of Boston, Massachusetts.
Robert Consalvo is a Massachusetts State Representative, the former chief of staff for Boston Public Schools, and a former member of the Boston City Council. For 12 years he represented District 5, which includes the Hyde Park, Roslindale, Readville, and Mattapan neighborhoods of Boston, Massachusetts.
The Boston mayoral election of 1993 occurred on Tuesday, November 2, 1993, between Acting Mayor Thomas Menino and State Representative James T. Brett. Menino was elected to his first term.
The 2013 Boston mayoral election occurred on Tuesday, November 5, 2013. Incumbent mayor Thomas Menino had declined to run for re-election to a sixth term. A non-partisan preliminary election was held on Tuesday, September 24, 2013. 12 candidates made the ballot to replace Menino, with state representative Marty Walsh and at-large city councilor John R. Connolly advancing to the general election. Walsh was elected to his first term, defeating Connolly by 3% of the vote, and was inaugurated on Monday, January 6, 2014.
The Boston mayoral election of 1983 was held on Tuesday, November 15, 1983, between City Councillor Raymond Flynn and former State Representative Mel King. Flynn was elected to his first term, and inaugurated on Monday, January 2, 1984.
Francis Michael Roache was an American law enforcement officer and politician who served as the Boston Police Commissioner from 1985 to 1993. He was also a member of the Boston City Council from 1996 to 2002 and was Suffolk County Register of Deeds from 2002 to 2015.
Martin Joseph Walsh is an American politician and trade union official who served as the mayor of Boston from 2014 to 2021 and as the 29th United States Secretary of Labor from 2021 to 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, Walsh resigned from his position as the US Secretary of Labor in March 2023 in order to accept a position as executive director of the National Hockey League Players' Association. Before his mayoralty, he served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, representing the 13th Suffolk district from 1997 until 2014. As a trade union member, Walsh worked his way up to serve as the head of the Boston Building Trades Council from 2011 until 2013.
The Boston mayoral election of 1997 occurred on Tuesday, November 4, 1997. Incumbent Thomas Menino ran unopposed, and was re-elected to his second term; he received 71 percent of the vote. Menino only faced write-in opposition. This was the first time an incumbent mayor of Boston faced no opposition on the ballot in a general election since 1834.
Elections are currently held every four years to elect the mayor of Springfield, Massachusetts.
Thomas Menino served as mayor of Boston, Massachusetts from 1993 through 2014. He is the longest serving mayor in the city's history. Menino first became acting mayor in July 1993, after Raymond Flynn resigned as mayor to assume the post of United States ambassador to the Holy See. Menino was elected mayor in the subsequent 1993 Boston mayoral election, and was reelected to additional terms in the four subsequent elections, making for an unprecedented and unsurpassed twenty year tenure. On March 28, 2013, Menino announced that he would not seek a sixth term.
Mary Patricia Cunniff Collins is an American who was the First Lady of Boston from 1960 until 1968 during the mayoral tenure of her husband John F. Collins. Collins was considered an active municipal first lady. Collins' activities during her husband's mayoralty included serving a chairwoman of March of Dimes and on the boards of Faulkner Hospital and Boston's Museum of Fine Arts. Collins was also regarded as a key figure in her husband's political campaigns.
Edward Michael Flynn is an American politician currently serving on the Boston City Council, representing the city's 2nd district. A member of the Democratic Party, he has held his seat since January 2017. From January 2022 until January 2024, he served as president of the Boston City Council. He is the son of former Boston mayor Raymond Flynn. He is regarded to be one of the city council's most moderate members, and has been alternatively described as being conservative-leaning.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Keating, W. Dennis; Keating, William Dennis; Krumholz, Norman; Star, Philip (1996). "Chapter 5: Urban Politics and Progressive Housing Policy: Ray Flynn and Boston's Neighborhood Agena (by Peter Dreier)". Revitalizing Urban Neighborhoods. University Press of Kansas. ISBN978-0-7006-0790-7.
↑ Dreier, Peter; Appelbaum, Richard (March 23, 1992). "The Housing Crisis Enters the 1990s". New England Journal of Public Policy. 8 (1 (Special Issue on Homelessness: New England and Beyond)). Retrieved March 25, 2024.
↑ Cunningham, Maurice T. (2009). "A Christian Coalition for Catholics? The Massachusetts Model". Review of Religious Research. 51 (1): 55–70. ISSN0034-673X. JSTOR25593772.
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