Sivakasi

Last updated

Sivakasi
Little Japan of India
Bhadrakali Amman, Sivakasi2.jpg
Image of town around the tower of Badrakali Amman Temple
Nickname(s): 
Little Japan of India, Cracker City of India
India Tamil Nadu location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Sivakasi
Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu
India location map 3.png
Red pog.svg
Sivakasi
Sivakasi (India)
Coordinates: 9°27′12″N77°48′09″E / 9.453300°N 77.802400°E / 9.453300; 77.802400
CountryFlag of India.svg  India
State TamilNadu Logo.svg Tamil Nadu
District Virudhunagar
Revenue Division Sivakasi
Taluk Sivakasi
Founded byHarikesari Parakkirama Pandian
Named for The deity Shiva and the city Kashi (Varanasi)
Government
  TypeMunicipal Corporation
  BodySivakasi Corporation
Area
  Total46.27 km2 (17.86 sq mi)
Elevation
127 m (417 ft)
Population
 (2021)
  Total160,047 [1]
Demonym Sivakasian Sivakasikaran
Languages
  Official Tamil
Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
626123, 626124, 626189, 626130
Telephone code04562
Vehicle registration TN 67, TN 84, TN 95
Website virudhunagar.nic.in

Sivakasi is a city in Virudhunagar District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The city is known for firecrackers and match factories that produce 70% of the country's produce. The printing industries in Sivakasi produce 30% of the total diaries produced in India. The industries in Sivakasi employ over 25,000 people and the estimated turnover of the firecracker, match making and printing industries in the city is around 20 billion (US$240 million). The major issues in the city are the frequent accidents in the firecracker factories and the high level of child labour.

Contents

Sivakasi was established in the 15th century during the reign of the Pandya king Harikesari Parakkirama Pandian. The city was a part of Madurai and has been ruled at various times by Later Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Chanda Sahib, Carnatic kingdom and the British. A major riot during the British Raj took place in 1899.

Sivakasi has a dry weather, making it suitable for dry crops like cotton, chillies and millets. Badhrkali Amman temple is the most prominent landmark of Sivakasi, and the temple festivals constitute the major festivals of the city. AJ and Hatsun Indoor Stadium has a coaching center for badminton and is the major sporting venue of the city. Sivakasi is a part of Sivakasi constituency and elects its member of legislative assembly every five years, and a part of the Virudhunagar constituency that elects its member of parliament. Sivakasi is locally administered by a municipal corporation which covers an area of 6.8 km2 (2.6 sq mi). Roadways is the major mode of transport to the city, while it has also got rail connectivity. As of 2021, Sivakasi has an estimated population of 160,047. [2]

History

Kasi Viswanathar temple in Sivakasi, after which the city is named Kasi Viswanathar, Sivakasi1.jpg
Kasi Viswanathar temple in Sivakasi, after which the city is named

Sivakasi was established during the early 15th century CE. Between 1428 and 1460, a Pandya king Harikesari Parakkirama Pandian ruled the southern part of Madurai region (comprising modern-day Sivakasi and its surroundings). Hindu legend relates that he wanted to construct a temple for the Hindu god Shiva at Tenkasi and went to Kasi to bring a lingam (an iconic representation of Shiva). While returning to his palace with the prized lingam, he rested under the grove of a vilva tree, the favourite tree of Shiva. When a cow carrying the lingam refused to move from the spot, the king realised that the wishes of Shiva were different from his own, and he placed the lingam in the place where the cow halted. The place where the "Shiva lingam brought from Kasi" was installed came to be known as Sivakasi. [3] [4] Sivakasi was a part of the Madurai region during the 16th century. Madurai became independent from the Vijayanagar Empire in 1559 under the Nayaks. [5] Nayak rule ended in 1736 and Madurai was repeatedly captured several times by Chanda Sahib (1740–1754), Arcot Nawab and Muhammed Yusuf Khan (1725–1764) in the middle of the 18th century. [6] In 1801, Madurai came under the direct control of the British East India Company and was annexed to the Madras Presidency. [7]

The mutual confrontation between the Maravars and Nadars reached its peak in 1899, leading to a series of riots which became known as the Sivakasi riots. A total of 22 people were killed, as many as 800 houses and the Big Chariot in the center of the city (used by the temple during festivals) were burnt during the riots. Eventually, the riots came to an end after the intervention of the military in mid-July 1899. [8] [9] [10] [11]

The Sivakasi municipality was established in 1920. After India's independence from the British in 1947, Sivakasi continued to be a municipality under the Madras state and later a part of Tamil Nadu, when the state was split on linguistic lines during 1953, 1956 and 1960 and renamed in 1968. [12] It was promoted to a second-grade municipality in 1978, first-grade in 1978, selection-grade in 1998, special-grade in 2013 and proposed to be upgraded as municipal corporation in 2017. On 31-December-2020, both Sivakasi and Thiruthangal are merged with a view to promote Sivakasi as municipal corporation. It is declared as Municipal Corporation on 24-August-2021 in Tamil Nadu legislative assembly. [lower-alpha 1] [13] Over the decades after independence, Sivakasi grew as an industrial city specialising in firecracker, match and printing industries. Several incidents of fire and explosions have occurred in the fireworks factories.

Geography

Sivakasi is located at 9°27′00″N77°49′00″E / 9.45°N 77.8167°E / 9.45; 77.8167 [14] and has an average elevation of 101 metres (331 feet). The city is located in Virudhunagar district of the South Indian state, Tamil Nadu, at a distance of 74 km (46 mi) from Madurai. [15] Sivakasi is located to the east of Western Ghats and to the west of Sattur. The topography is almost plain, with no major geological formation. There are no notable mineral resources available in and around the city. The soil types are black and red that are conducive to cotton, chillies, and millets. These crops are predominant because of poor groundwater supply and soil type. Sivakasi experiences hot and dry weather throughout the year. The temperature ranges from a maximum of 39 °C (102 °F) to a minimum of 23 °C (73 °F). Like the rest of the state, April to June are the hottest months and December to January are the coldest. Sivakasi receives scanty rainfall with an average of 812 mm (32.0 in) annually, which is lesser than the state average of 1,008 mm (39.7 in). The Southwest monsoon, with an onset in June and lasting up to August, brings scanty rainfall. The bulk of the rainfall is received during the North East monsoon in the months of October, November and December. [15] [16] The average humidity of the city is 76.2% and varies between 65.6% to 79.2%. The municipality covers an area of 6.8 km2 (6,800,000 m2). [15]

Demographics

Religious census
ReligionPercent(%)
Hindu
85.42%
Muslim
9.21%
Christian
5.2%
Sikh
0.01%
Jain
0.06%
Other
0.08%
No religion
0.01%

According to 2011 census, Sivakasi had a population of 71,040 with a sex-ratio of 1,009 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. [19] A total of 6,963 were under the age of six, constituting 3,474 males and 3,489 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 8.35% and 0.25% of the population, respectively. The average literacy of the city was 79.62%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. [19] The city had a total of 18,952 households. There were a total of 29,342 workers, comprising 22 cultivators, 135 main agricultural labourers, 955 in household industries, 27,662 other workers, 568 marginal workers, 6 marginal cultivators, 3 marginal agricultural labourers, 79 marginal workers in household industries and 480 other marginal workers. [18]

As per the religious census of 2011, Sivakasi had 85.42% Hindus, 9.21% Muslims, 5% Christians, 0.01% Sikhs, 0.06% Jains, 0.08% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference. [20]

In 2001, 16 slums were identified in the city and a total of 34,029 people resided in the slums. The slum population increased from 42% to 47% during the period of 1991–2001. [21] The high decadal growth of population during the 1961–71 period is attributed to the high level of industrialisation during the period. The density of population increased from 9,646 persons per km2 in 1991 to 10,613 persons per km2 in 2001. The wards along the Virudhunagar, Sattur, Srivilliputhur and Vembakottai corridors have registered increased commercial and residential activity. [22]

Majority of the residents are engaged in the secondary sector involving match works, fireworks, and printing industry. During the 2001 census, the occupational pattern indicated the increasing presence of the tertiary sector. The agricultural output of the city is limited, due to the lack of favourable geographical and climatic conditions. [23]

Municipal administration and politics

Municipality officials
MayorI Sangeetha [24]
Deputy MayorVignesh Priya [24]
ChairmanDr. V.K Kathiravan
CommissionerS. Murugan [25]
Vice-chairmanK.A.A.Asan Badurudeen [26]
Elected members
Member of Legislative Assembly A. M. S. G. Ashokan [27]
Member of Parliament Manicka Tagore [28]

The Sivakasi municipality has 33 wards and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards. [29] The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head. [30] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 33 members, one each from the 33 wards. [31] The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson. [32] On 24 August 2021, the government announced the upgrading of Sivakasi city to Sivakasi City Municipal Corporation. [33]

Sivakasi comes under the Sivakasi assembly constituency and it elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. [34] From the 1977 elections, All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) won the assembly seat five times (in 1980, 1984,1991,2011 and 2016 elections); Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC) twice (1996, 2001). The seat was won once by Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK, 1989), Janata Party (1977), and Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK, 2006). [35] The current MLA of the constituency is AMSG. ASHOKAN from Indian National Congress. [27]

During the 1957 elections, Sivakasi was a part of Srivilliputhur constituency and was held by the Indian National Congress and an independent after the by-elections. [36] During the 1962 elections, the city was a part of Aruppukkottai constituency and was held by the Forward Block party. [37] Since 1967, the city has been a part of Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency; the constituency was won by AIADMK five times (1980, [38] 1984, [39] 1989, [40] 1991, [41] and 2014), [28] MDMK three times (1998, [42] 1999, [43] and 2004 [44] ), and once each by Swathanthara Party (1967), [45] DMK (1971), [46] INC (1977), [47] and Communist Party of India (CPI, 1996). [48] The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is Manicka Tagore from the Indian National Congress. [28]

Law and order in the city are maintained by the Sivakasi subdivision of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent. There are three police stations in the city, one of them being an all-women police station. There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police. [49]

Education and utility services

View of the city Sivakasi view.jpg
View of the city

In 2011, there were five government schools: two primary schools, one middle school, one high school and one higher secondary school. There were ten other private schools in the city. There were two engineering colleges in the city, with the Mepco Schlenk Engineering College being prominent among them. There were three arts and science colleges and three polytechnic colleges in the city. [50] Sri Kaliswari College is located within the city. [51] Electricity supply to Sivakasi is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). The city along with its suburbs forms the Sivakasi Electricity Distribution Circle. A Chief Distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters. [52] Water supply is provided by the Sivakasi Municipality from the Vaippar river through eight reservoirs and six feeders located in various parts of the city. In the period 2000–2001, a total of 6.5 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the city. [53]

As per the municipal data for 2011, about 45 metric tonnes of solid waste were collected from Sivakasi every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping was carried out by the sanitary department of the Sivakasi municipality. The coverage of solid waste management in the city by the municipality had an efficiency of 100% in 2001. [54] There is no underground drainage system in the city and the sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences. [55] The municipality maintained a total of 85.87 km (53.36 mi) of storm water drains in 2011. [56] In 2011, there was one government hospital, three municipal health centres, one municipal maternity home and 25 private hospitals and clinics that take care of the healthcare needs of the citizens. [57] [58] In 2011, the municipality maintained a total of 2,584 street lamps: 322 sodium lamps, 125 mercury vapour lamps, 2,136 tube lights and one high mast beam lamp. [59] The municipality operates two markets, namely the Anna Daily Market and Viswanatham Municipal Meat Market that cater to the needs of the city and the rural areas around it. [60]

Economy

Busy street in Sivakasi Busy Street, Sivakasi.jpg
Busy street in Sivakasi

The economy of Sivakasi is dependent on three major industries: firecrackers, matchbox manufacturing, and printing. [61] The city has 520 registered printing industries, 53 match factories, 32 chemical factories, seven soda factories, four flour mills and two rice and oil mills. The city is the nodal center for firecracker manufacturing at the national level. In 2020 there are around 1070 registered firecracker manufacturing companies in sivakasi and 8 lakh (800,000) people were directly and indirectly employed by the industry. Some of the private enterprises had an annual turnover of 5 billion (US$60 million). In 2011, the combined estimated turnover of the firecracker, matchbox making and printing industry in the city was around 20 billion (US$240 million). Approximately 70% of the firecrackers and matches produced in India are from Sivakasi. The hot and dry climate of the city is conducive to the firecracker and matchbox making industries. The raw materials for these industries were procured from Sattur earlier but were discontinued due to the high power and production cost. The source of raw materials is Kerala and Andaman. The paper for the printing industry is procured from various states. [15] [58] The city is a major producer of diaries, contributing to 30% of the total diaries produced in India. Printing industry in the city was initially utilized for printing labels for the firecrackers and later evolved with modern machinery to grow as a printing hub. In 2012, all the industries suffered 15–20% production loss due to power shortage and escalating labor cost. [62]

Sutli Bomb class Firecrackers being made Making of Bomb Shells.JPG
Sutli Bomb class Firecrackers being made

The major issues in the fireworks industry in Sivakasi is child labour and frequent accidents. In a blast in 1991 in a factory, 39 people were killed and 65 others were injured. [63] In July 2009, more than 40 people were killed in a fire accident in a firecracker unit. The police traced out unregistered units and irregularities that led to the accident. [64] In a fire accident in August 2011, seven people were killed and five were seriously injured. [65] A similar fire accident and blast in a private unit in September 2012 killed 40 people and injured 38 others. [66] The common reasons cited for the accidents are inadequate training of workers and supervisors involved in different stages of production and marketing of firecracker items. [63] Other reasons are found to be overstocking of explosives, raw material and finished goods, and employment of workers in excess of the permitted strength. [67]

Child labour in the industries, especially in matchbox making factories, was at its peak during the 1970s and 1980s. [68] In 1981, the child workforce in the age group 4–16 was 30% of the total workforce, 90% of whom were girls. In 1986, the National Child Labour project estimated child labour in Sivakasi matchbox making industries to be 14,121 children. The estimates indicated 80% of the child labour belonging to Scheduled Castes (SC), who were marginalised for centuries for cheap labour. [69] Poverty and lack of farm produce were stated as the main reason for child labour. [70] The employers also preferred children because of ease of management, discipline, and lack of labour unions. [71] The children in these industries suffered from a backache, neckache, tuberculosis, malnutrition, gastrointestinal disorders, dermatitis, respiratory disorders, over-exhaustion, burn injuries and water-borne diseases due to exposure to harmful chemicals in the work environment. [68] The situation of the child labour came to light during an accident of a bus transporting the children in 1976. The central government appointed a one-man committee under Harbans Singh in 1978, who reported abolishing child labour would seriously impact the economy of the region. [63] [72] The National Policy on child labour was formulated by the central government in August 1987, aiming at the rehabilitation of children withdrawn from these factories. [73] In 1988, the union labour ministry initiated a programme for providing informal education, free healthcare and free lunch for children working in the factories. [74] The Supreme Court of India, in a judgement, ruled in December 1996 indicating provisions for preventing child labour like compensation for the child employed, employment to the adult members of the family and contribution to the corpus fund by the state government. [73] From the establishment of child labour Act in 1986 till 2011, 150,000 inspections on child labour have been conducted in the factories, 1,500 cases have been registered and few prosecutions have been made. The results indicated a small amount of child labour in the cottage and household industries. [75]

Transportation

Sivakasi Bus Stand Sivakasi Bus Stand.jpg
Sivakasi Bus Stand

The Sivakasi municipality maintains 65.151 km (40.483 mi) of the road. The city has 13.035 km (8.100 mi) concrete road and 52.116 km (32.383 mi) bituminous road. A total of 2.5 km (1.6 mi) of state highways is maintained by the State Highways Department. [76] Four major roads connect the city with Sattur, Virudhunagar, Srivilliputhur and Vembakottai; there are no bypass roads around the city. There are eight major intersections located across different parts in these major roads. [77]

Sivakasi Railway Station Sivakasi Railway Station.jpg
Sivakasi Railway Station

Sivakasi is served by city bus service, which provides connectivity within the city and the suburbs. Minibus service operated by private companies cater to the local transport needs. [77] The city bus routes to surrounding villages are to Puliparaipatti, Thayilpatti, Madathupatti Vilampatti, Alangulam, Vilampatti, Alangulam, M.Pudupatti, Alamarathupatti, Sengamalapatti, Muthalipatti, and Meenampatti. [78] The main bus stand covers an area of 1.39 acres (5,600 m2) and is located in the heart of the city. [79] The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates daily services connecting various cities to Sivakasi. [80] The State Express Transport Corporation operates long-distance buses connecting the city to important cities like Chennai, Bangalore, Tiruppur and Thoothukudi. [81] The major intercity bus routes from the city are to cities like Madurai, Chennai, Erode, Karur, Coimbatore, Karaikudi, Dindigul, Trichy, Ramanathapuram, Thanjavur, Sankarankovil, Sengottai, Rajapalayam, Tenkasi, Kovilpatti, Tiruppur, Dharapuram, Oddanchatram, Thoothukudi, Tiruchendur, Nagercoil and Tirunelveli. Being an industrial city, there is significant truck transport with around 400–450 trucks entering the city for loading and unloading activities daily. Three wheelers, called autos are also a common public transport system. [77]

Sivakasi railway station is located in the rail head from Madurai to Sengottai. It connects Tamil Nadu with Kerala through Rajapalayam and Sengottai. The Podhigai Express connects Sivakasi to Sengottai and Chennai Egmore in either directions. All other express trains ply from Virudunagar station. There are also passenger trains running either direction from Madurai to Shencottah. [82] There is another railway station at Thiruthangal, which caters to the locality of Thiruthangal, where passenger trains, Podhigai Express and Silambu Express stops.[ citation needed ]

Nearby international airport is Madurai international Airport situated in 70km away.

Culture

Arulmigu Viswanatha Swamy Temple is the important ancient temple in Sivakasi built by Pandya King Arikesari Parakkirama Pandian between 1428 and 1460 during his reigns.

Badhrakali Amman temple is one of the prominent temple of Sivakasi. [83] [84] The tower or Rajagopuram of this temple has a breadth of 66 ft (20 m), a width of 44 ft (13 m) and a height of 110 ft (34 m). "Panguni Pongal" and "Chithirai Pongal" are the annual festivals celebrated for the deities Mariamman and Badrakali Amman in April and May, respectively, both of which are celebrated for ten days. [3]

Periya Palli Vasal mosque and Chinna Palli Vasal mosque are two of the most prominent mosques in the city. The CSI Regland Memorial Church is the prominent church. [83]

Notable people

Sports

AJ Indoor Stadium on Velayutham Road, a coaching center for badminton, table tennis, and basketball. This is a major sporting venue in Sivakasi. Many district, state and national level badminton championship matches are held in this stadium. [85]

See also

Notes

Footnotes

  1. The municipalities in Tamil Nadu are graded special, selection, grade I and grade II based on income and population.

Citations

  1. "Census India". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
  2. https://www.tniuscbe.org/download/go/go2209.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  3. 1 2 "Sivakasi History". Sivakasi Municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  4. Subramaniam, Neela. Om Namah Shivaya. Chennai: Young Kids Press. p. 4. ISBN   81-7478-510-8. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018.
  5. V., Vriddhagirisan (1995) [1942], Nayaks of Tanjore, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, p.  115, ISBN   81-206-0996-4
  6. Harman, William. P (1992). The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 30–36. ISBN   978-81-208-0810-2. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016.
  7. Markovits, Claude (2004), A History of Modern India, 1480–1950, London: Wimbledon Publishing Company, p. 253, ISBN   1-84331-152-6, archived from the original on 31 December 2013
  8. Hardgrave, Robert (1969). The Nadars of Tamil Nadu. University of California Press. p. 118. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017.
  9. "Current Topics". Star. Christchurch, New Zealand. 1 August 1899. p. 4. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
  10. Clothey, Fred W. (2006). Ritualizing on the Boundaries: Continuity And Innovation in the Tamil Diaspora. University of South California. pp. 89–90. ISBN   9781570036477. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017.
  11. Kent, Eliza F. (2004). Converting Women: Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 299. ISBN   0-19-516507-1. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016.
  12. "Pratiyogita Darpan". 1 (6). Agra: Pratiyogita Darpan. December 2006: 984. 69UU-BLQ-HU3R. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2013.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. "Dindigul, Thanjavur to be upgraded as corporations". The Hindu. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  14. "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Sivakasi". Falling Rain Genomics Inc. Archived from the original on 13 August 2008.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "About city". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  16. Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 7
  17. "Area and Population". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  18. 1 2 "Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Sivakasi". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  19. 1 2 "Census Info 2011 Final population totals". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  20. "Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu" (XLS). Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  21. Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 62
  22. Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 8
  23. Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 12
  24. 1 2 "First Mayor". 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  25. "Commissioner of municipality". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  26. "Vice Chairman of municipality". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  27. 1 2 "MLA of Sivakasi". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  28. 1 2 3 "Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2014. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  29. "About the municipality". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  30. "Commissionerate of Municipal Administration". Commissionerate of Municipal Administration. 2006. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  31. "Councillors of municipality". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  32. "Economic and political weekly, Volume 30". Sameeksha Trust. 1995: 2396.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. Shanmughasundaram, J. (24 August 2021). "Tambaram, Kancheepuram and four other municipalities to be corporations". The Times of India. Chennai: The Times Group. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  34. "List of Assembly Constituencies". Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu state government. 2010. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  35. "Partywise Comparison Since 1977". Election Commission of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  36. "Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  37. "Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 49. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  38. "Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 79. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  39. "Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 73. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  40. "Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 81. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  41. "Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 51. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  42. "Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 85. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  43. "Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 85. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  44. "Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 94. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  45. "Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 67. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  46. "Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 71. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  47. "Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  48. "Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 86. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  49. "Sivakasi Police". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  50. "Educational Institutions". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  51. "Sri Kaliswari College (Autonomous)". kaliswaricollege.org. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  52. "Important Address" (PDF). Indian Wind Power Association. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  53. "Water Supply Details". Sivakasi Municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  54. "Waste management programme". Sivakasi Municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  55. "Sivakasi sewarage". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  56. "Storm water drains of Sivakasi". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  57. "Sivakasi hospitals". Sivakasi municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  58. 1 2 Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, pp. 12–13
  59. "Sivakasi street lights". Sivakasi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  60. "Sivakasi markets". Sivakasi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  61. Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 1
  62. "Sivakasi set to welcome 2013 with diaries". The Times of India . 26 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  63. 1 2 3 "Surprise inspections 'key to Sivakasi safety'". The Hindu. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  64. "Fire incident claims more than 40 lives". Zee News. Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  65. "Toll in Sivakasi cracker unit fire rises to seven". The Hindu. 6 August 2011. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  66. "12 held for Sivakasi blast; State, Centre order probe". The Hindu. 6 September 2012. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  67. "The licence was suspended only the day before". The Hindu. 6 September 2012. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  68. 1 2 Kitchlu 1996, pp. 39–40
  69. Kitchlu 1996, p. 13
  70. Kitchlu 1996, p. 65
  71. Weiner 1991, p. 41
  72. Weiner 1991, p. 25
  73. 1 2 Sharma, Usha (2006). Child Labour in India. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 153–154. ISBN   81-8324-076-3. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  74. Weiner 1991, p. 27
  75. "Child Labour Act requires more teeth". The Hindu. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  76. "Sivakasi roads". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  77. 1 2 3 Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, pp. 40–43
  78. "Sivakasi bus routes". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  79. "Sivakasi bus stand". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  80. "S.E.T.C. Tamil Nadu Ltd., Computer reservation centres". Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd. 2011. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  81. "Bus service to Tuticorin and Sivakasi". The Hindu . 27 October 2007. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  82. "Provide facilities at railway station". The Hindu. 3 July 2012. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  83. 1 2 "Visitor attracts at Sivakasi". Sivakasi municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  84. Anantharaman, Ambujam (2006). Temples of South India. East West Books (Madras). p. 182. ISBN   978-81-88661-42-8.
  85. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madurai</span> City in Tamil Nadu, India

Madurai, formerly known by its colonial name Madura is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai District, which is governed by the Madurai Municipal Corporation established in 1 November 1866. As of the 2011 census, it is the third largest metropolis in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and Coimbatore in terms of population and 27th largest urban agglomeration in India. Located on the banks of River Vaigai, Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia and has a documented history of more than 2500 years. It is often referred to as "Thoonga Nagaram", meaning "the city that never sleeps".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thanjavur</span> Historical city in Tamil Nadu, India

Thanjavur, also known as Thanjai, previously known as Tanjore, is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the 11th biggest city in Tamil Nadu. Thanjavur is an important center of southern Indian religion, art, and architecture. Most of the Great Living Chola Temples, which are UNESCO World Heritage Monuments, are located in and around Thanjavur. The foremost among these, the Brihadeeswara Temple, built by the Chola emperor Rajaraja I, is located in the centre of the city. This temple has one of the largest bull statues in India carved out of a single granite rock. Thanjavur is also home to Tanjore painting, a painting style unique to the region. Thanjavur is the headquarters of the Thanjavur District. The city is an important agricultural centre located in the Kaveri Delta and is known as the Rice bowl of Tamil Nadu. Thanjavur is administered by a municipal corporation covering an area of 36.31 km2 (14.02 sq mi) and had a population of 222,943. Roadways are the major means of transportation, while the city also has rail connectivity. The nearest airport is Tiruchirapalli International Airport, located 59.6 km (37.0 mi) away from the city. The nearest seaport is Karaikal, which is 94 km (58 mi) away from Thanjavur. The city first rose to prominence during the reign of the Cholas when it served as the capital of the empire. After the fall of the Cholas, the city was ruled by various dynasties such as the Mutharaiyar dynasty, the Pandyas, the Vijayanagar Empire, the Madurai Nayaks, the Thanjavur Nayaks, the Thanjavur Marathas and the British Empire. It has been a part of independent India since 1947.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vellore</span> City in Tamil Nadu, India

Vellore, also natively spelt as Velur, is a sprawling city and the administrative headquarters of Vellore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of the Palar River in the northeastern part of Tamil Nadu and is separated into four zones that are further subdivided into 60 wards, covering an area of 87.915 km2 and housing a population of 423,425 as reported by the 2001 census. It is located about 137.20 kilometres (85 mi) west of Chennai, and about 213.20 kilometres (132 mi) east of Bangalore. Vellore is located on the Mumbai–Chennai arm of the Golden Quadrilateral. Vellore is governed under a mayor and the Vellore Municipal Corporation. It is a part of both the Lok Sabha and state assembly constituencies of Vellore.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nagapattinam</span> Town in Tamil Nadu

Nagapattinam is a town in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Nagapattinam district. The town came to prominence during the period of Medieval Cholas and served as their important port for commerce and east-bound naval expeditions. The Chudamani Vihara in Nagapattinam constructed by the Srivijayan king Sri Mara Vijayattungavarman of the Sailendra dynasty with the help of Rajaraja Chola I was an important Buddhist structure in those times. Nagapattinam was settled by the Portuguese and, later, the Dutch under whom it served as the capital of Dutch Coromandel from 1660 to 1781. In November 1781, the town was conquered by the British East India Company. It served as the capital of Tanjore district from 1799 to 1845 under Madras Presidency of the British. It continued to be a part of Thanjavur district in Independent India. In 1991, it was made the headquarters of the newly created Nagapattinam District. Nagapattinam is administered by a Special grade municipality covering an area of 17.92 km2 (6.92 sq mi) and had a population of 102,905 as of 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karur</span> City in Tamil Nadu, India

Karur is a municipal corporation in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Karur district and is administered by the Karur Municipal Corporation. It is located on the banks of the rivers Amaravathi, Kaveri and Noyyal. It is situated at about 395 km (245 mi) southwest of the state capital Chennai.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tirunelveli</span> Metropolis in Tamil Nadu, India

Tirunelveli, also known as Nellai and historically as Tinnevelly, is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of the Tirunelveli District. It is the fourth-largest municipal corporation in the state after Chennai, Coimbatore, and Madurai. Tirunelveli is located 624 km (388 mi) southwest of the state capital Chennai, 58 km (36 mi) away from Thoothukudi, and 73 km (45 mi) from Kanyakumari. The downtown is located on the west bank of the Thamirabarani River; its twin Palayamkottai is on the east bank. Tirunelveli and its neighbourhood, Palayamkottai, have been called the Oxford of South India for their colleges. It has several important government offices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuddalore</span> City in Tamil Nadu, India

Cuddalore, also spelt as Kadalur, is an heavy industries hub and a port city, and headquarters of the Cuddalore District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Situated south of Chennai, Cuddalore was an important city and port during the British Raj.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Virudhunagar</span> City in Tamil Nadu, India

Virudhunagar is a city and the administrative headquarter of the Virudhunagar district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located 506 km (314 mi) southwest of the state capital Chennai and 53 km (33 mi) south of Madurai. Virudhunagar emerged as an important trade centre during the British rule. Located to the east of Kowsika River, Virudhunagar has an average elevation of 102 m (335 ft) above sea level and is largely flat with no major geological formations. The town has a humid climate and receives 780 mm (31 in) rainfall annually. It has been ruled at various times by Later Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Chanda Sahib, Carnatic kingdom and the British. It was formerly known as Virudhupatti.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pudukkottai</span> Municipal corporation and administrative head quarters of Pudukkottai district

Pudukkottai City is the administrative headquarters of Pudukkottai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is one of the oldest and Heritage city in India which contains a lot of histories. The city is also called as Thondaiman Pudukkottai. Pudukottai Municipal Corporation is located on the banks of the Vellar River. It has been ruled, at different times, by the Mutharaiyar dynasty, Cholas, Early Pandyas, Thondaimans, and the British. It is situated about 372 kilometres (231 mi) southwest of the state capital Chennai,50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Tiruchirappalli, 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Thanjavur ,108 kilometres (67 mi) northeast of Madurai,116 kilometres (72 mi) East of Dindigul and 78 kilometres (48 mi) Northeast of Sivaganga. Tamil Nadu's first woman Asian Games competitor, Santhi Soundarajan, is from Pudukkottai.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dindigul</span> City in Tamil Nadu, India

Dindigul is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of the Dindigul district. Dindigul is located 420 km (260 mi) southwest from the state capital, Chennai, 100 km (62 mi) away from Tiruchirappalli,66 km (41 mi) away from Madurai and 72 km (45 mi) away from Karur. The city is known for its locks and biryani.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madurai district</span> District in Tamil Nadu, India

Madurai district is one of the 38 districts of the state of Tamil Nadu in southeastern India. The city of Madurai serves as the district headquarters. It houses the famous Sri Meenakshi Sundareshwarar temple and is situated on the banks of the river Vaigai. Thiruparankundram is one of the major tourist place in the district. As of 2011, the district had a population of 3,038,252 with a sex-ratio of 990 females for every 1,000 males. Aside from the city of Madurai, the larger towns are Melur, Vadipatti, Thirumangalam, Thirupparankundram, Peraiyur, and Usilampatti. It is an important hub for various film shootings. Alanganallur is a popular spot in the district for Jallikattu, as are Palamedu and Avaniyapuram.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thiruvarur</span> Municipality in Tamil Nadu, India

Thiruvarur also spelt as Tiruvarur is a municipality in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Thiruvarur district and Thiruvarur taluk. The temple chariot of the Thyagaraja temple, weighing 360 tonnes (790,000 lb) and measuring 96 feet (29 m) tall is the largest temple chariot in India. Thiruvarur is the birthplace of Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar and Syama Sastri, popularly known as the Trinity of Carnatic music of the 18th century CE. Thiruvarur Thiyagarajaa Swaamy temple is older than Tanjore big temple.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pattukkottai</span> City in Tamil Nadu, India

Pattukkottai is a major town in Thanjavur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and also important town in Delta districts and Commercial town of Thanjavur, Thiruvarur and Pudukkottai district Coastal areas. The town came to prominence throughout Southern India after the construction of the fort by Vanaji Pandithar, a feudatory of the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Shahuji I in 1686–87. The recorded history of Pattukkottai is known from the 17th century and has been ruled, at different times, by the Thanjavur Marathas and the British. It is the headquarters of the Pattukkottai taluk of Thanjavur district and is one of the two municipalities in the district.

Srivilliputhur, also known as Thiruvilliputhur is a municipality in Virudhunagar district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. As of 2011, the town had a population of 75,396. The most important landmark of Thiruvilliputhur is 11-tiered tower structure dedicated to the Vatapatrasayee (Vishnu), the presiding deity of the Srivilliputhur Divya Desam. The tower of this temple rises 192 feet high and is the official symbol of the Government of Tamil Nadu. It is said to have been built by Periyalvar, in the year 788 CE and believed to be the adopted father of the temple deity, with a purse of gold that he won in debates held in the palace of Pandya King Vallabhadeva. Thiruvilliputhur is well known for its ancient heritage and devotional contributions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Virudhachalam</span> Municipality in Tamil Nadu, India

Virudhachalam, also called Vriddhachalam, is a Municipality and taluk headquarters in Cuddalore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The ancient name of this town is Thirumudhukundram. As per the 2011 census, the town had a population of 73,585 of which 37,066 are males while 36,519 are females. Population of children in the ages of 0-6 is 7735 which is 10.51 % of the total population. The Virudhagiriswarar temple dedicated to Lord Shiva is located in the heart of town. This is the 41st Devaram Padal Petra Siva Thiruthalam and 9th Thiruthalam in Nadu Naadu(நடுனாடு). Moovar has sung hymns in praise of Lord Siva of this temple. The temple was constructed by one of the Chola Emperors. The famous Kolanjiappar Temple is located 3 km away from the town. Both of them are situated near Cuddalore - Salem highway in Virudhachalam. The temple has been mentioned in the travalogue Tirtha Prabandha written by Madhwa saint Vadiraja tirtharu in sixteenth century.

Veeraswami Ramaswami is an Indian retired judge of the Supreme Court of India and the first judge against whom removal proceedings were initiated in independent India.

Karaiyippatti is a town and a municipality in the Madurai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Karaiyippatti is called Thaikramam. It is the biggest taluk within the Madurai District.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tiruvannamalai</span> City in Tamil Nadu, India

Tiruvannamalai is a city, a spiritual, cultural, economic hub and also the administrative headquarters of Tiruvannamalai District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The city is home to the renowned Annamalaiyar temple, Annamalai hill, Girivalam and the Karthigai Deepam festival and a prominent pilgrimage destination.

Sivakasi City Municipal Corporation is the civic body governing city of Sivakasi in Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras (Chennai) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) by 1762. Sivakasi City Municipal Corporation is headed by Mayor of city and governed by Commissioner.

References