South African Class 8C 4-8-0

Last updated

CSAR Class 8-L3 4-8-0
South African Classes 8C & 8CW 4-8-0

SAR Class 8C 1174 (4-8-0) CSAR 483.jpg

CSAR Class 8-L3 483, SAR Class 8C 1174, c. 1910
Type and origin
♠ Original locomotive, as built
♥ Superheated, outside admission valves
♣ Superheated, inside admission valves, Class 8CW
Power type Steam
Designer Cape Government Railways
(H.M. Beatty)
Builder North British Locomotive Company
Serial number 15803-15832
Model CGR 8th Class (4-8-0)
Build date 1903
Total produced 30
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 •  Whyte 4-8-0 (Mastodon)
 •  UIC ♠ 2'Dn2 - ♥♣ 2'Dh2
Driver 2nd coupled axle
Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Leading dia. 28 1⁄2 in (724 mm)
Coupled dia. 48 in (1,219 mm)
Tender wheels33 1⁄2 in (851 mm) as built
34 in (864 mm) retyred
Wheelbase 46 ft 10 1⁄2 in (14,288 mm)
 • Engine 23 ft 3 in (7,087 mm)
 • Leading 6 ft (1,829 mm)
 • Coupled 13 ft 6 in (4,115 mm)
 • Tender 14 ft 7 in (4,445 mm)
 • Tender bogie 4 ft 7 in (1,397 mm)
Length:
​
 • Over couplers 54 ft 5 in (16,586 mm)
Height ♠ 12 ft 10 in (3,912 mm)
♥♣ 12 ft 8 in (3,861 mm)
Frame type Bar
Axle load ♠ 11 LT 17 cwt (12,040 kg)
♥ 12 LT (12,190 kg)
♣ 12 LT 11 cwt (12,750 kg)
 •  Leading ♠ 12 LT 5 cwt (12,450 kg)
♥♣ 12 LT 15 cwt (12,950 kg)
 • Coupled♥ 12 LT (12,190 kg)
 • 1st coupled ♠ 11 LT 11 cwt (11,740 kg)
♣ 11 LT 18 cwt (12,090 kg)
 • 2nd coupled ♠ 11 LT 17 cwt (12,040 kg)
♣ 12 LT 11 cwt (12,750 kg)
 • 3rd coupled ♠ 11 LT 11 cwt (11,740 kg)
♣ 11 LT 19 cwt (12,140 kg)
 • 4th coupled ♠ 11 LT 13 cwt (11,840 kg)
♣ 11 LT 18 cwt (12,090 kg)
 • Tender bogieBogie 1: 18 LT 4 cwt (18,490 kg)
Bogie 2: 19 LT 8 cwt (19,710 kg)
 • Tender axle 9 LT 14 cwt (9,856 kg)
Adhesive weight ♠ 46 LT 12 cwt (47,350 kg)
♥ 48 LT (48,770 kg)
♣ 48 LT 6 cwt (49,080 kg)
Loco weight ♠ 58 LT 17 cwt (59,790 kg)
♥ 60 LT 15 cwt (61,720 kg)
♣ 61 LT 1 cwt (62,030 kg)
Tender weight 37 LT 12 cwt (38,200 kg)
Total weight ♠ 96 LT 9 cwt (98,000 kg)
♥ 98 LT 7 cwt (99,930 kg)
♣ 98 LT 13 cwt (100,200 kg)
Tender type XF (2-axle bogies)
XC, XC1, XD, XE, XE1, XF, XF1, XF2, XJ, XM, XM1, XM2, XM3 permitted
Fuel type Coal
Fuel capacity 6 LT (6.1 t)
Water cap 3,000 imp gal (13,600 l)
Firebox type Round-top
 • Firegrate area ♠♥♣ 21 sq ft (2.0 m2)
Boiler:
​
 • Pitch ♠ 7 ft (2,134 mm)
♥♣ 7 ft 1 in (2,159 mm)
 • Diameter ♠♥♣ 5 ft (1,524 mm)
 • Tube plates ♠ 11 ft 1⁄2 in (3,366 mm)
♥♣ 11 ft 3⁄8 in (3,362 mm)
 • Small tubes ♠ 205: 2 in (51 mm)
♥♣115: 2 in (51 mm)
 • Large tubes♥♣18:5 1⁄2 in (140 mm)
Boiler pressure 180 psi (1,241 kPa)
Safety valve Ramsbottom
Heating surface ♠ 1,314 sq ft (122.1 m2)
♥♣ 1,081 sq ft (100.4 m2)
 • Tubes ♠ 1,184 sq ft (110.0 m2)
♥♣ 950 sq ft (88 m2)
 • Firebox ♠ 130 sq ft (12 m2)
♥♣ 131 sq ft (12.2 m2)
Superheater:
​
 • Heating area♥♣ 214 sq ft (19.9 m2)
Cylinders Two
Cylinder size ♠ 18 1⁄2 in (470 mm) bore
♥ 19 in (483 mm) bore
♣ 20 in (508 mm) bore
♠♥♣ 24 in (610 mm) stroke
Valve gear Stephenson
Valve type ♠ Slide
♥♣ Piston
Couplers Johnston link-and-pin
AAR knuckle (1930s)
Performance figures
Tractive effort ♠ 23,100 lbf (103 kN) @ 75%
♥ 24,370 lbf (108.4 kN) @ 75%
♣ 27,000 lbf (120 kN) @ 75%
Career
Operators Central South African Railways
South African Railways
Class CSAR Class 8-L3
SAR Classes 8C & 8CW
Number in class 30
Numbers CSAR 471-500, SAR 1162-1191
Delivered 1903
First run 1903
Withdrawn 1972
The leading coupled axle had flangeless wheels

The South African Railways Class 8C 4-8-0 of 1903 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in Transvaal Colony.

Union of South Africa state in southern Africa from 1910 to 1961, predecessor to the Republic of South Africa

The Union of South Africa is the historical predecessor to the present-day Republic of South Africa. It came into being on 31 May 1910 with the unification of the Cape Colony, the Natal Colony, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony. It included the territories that were formerly a part of the South African Republic and the Orange Free State.

Transvaal Colony former British colony

The Transvaal Colony was the name used to refer to the Transvaal region during the period of direct British rule and military occupation between the end of the Anglo-Boer War in 1902 when the South African Republic was dissolved, and the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910. The physical borders of the Transvaal Colony were not identical to the defeated South African Republic, but was larger. In 1910 the entire territory became the Transvaal Province of the Union of South Africa.

Contents

In 1903, soon after the establishment of the Central South African Railways, a second batch of thirty Cape 8th Class 4-8-0 Mastodon steam locomotives were ordered and placed in service as the Class 8-L3, immediately following upon a previous order in that same year for a variation on the same locomotive type. In 1912, when they were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered and designated Class 8C. [1] [2] [3]

Central South African Railways railway operator in the Transvaal and Orange River Colonies from 1902 to 1910

The Central South African Railways (CSAR) was from 1902 to 1910 the operator of public railways in the Transvaal Colony and Orange River Colony in what is now South Africa. During the Anglo-Boer War, as British forces moved into the territory of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic, the Orange Free State Government Railways, the Netherlands-South African Railway Company and the Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway were taken over by the Imperial Military Railways under Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Percy Girouard. After the war had ended, the Imperial Military Railways became the Central South African Railways in July 1902, with Thomas Rees Price as General Manager. With the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, the CSAR was merged with the Cape Government Railways and the Natal Government Railways to form the South African Railways.

4-8-0 locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-8-0 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, usually in a leading truck or bogie, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and no trailing wheels. In North America and in some other countries the type was usually known as the Mastodon and sometimes as the Twelve-wheeler.

Steam locomotive railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine

A steam locomotive is a type of railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning combustible material – usually coal, wood, or oil – to produce steam in a boiler. The steam moves reciprocating pistons which are mechanically connected to the locomotive's main wheels (drivers). Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive, either on the locomotive itself or in wagons (tenders) pulled behind.

Manufacturer

Upon the establishment of the Central South African Railways (CSAR) in July 1902, soon after the end of the Second Boer War, Chief Locomotive Superintendent P.A. Hyde became the custodian of a mixed bag of locomotives inherited from the Imperial Military Railways (IMR). Apart from those engines which had been acquired new by the IMR during the war, these included locomotives which originated with the Selati Railway, the Nederlandsche Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij (NZASM), the Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway (PPR) and the Oranje-Vrijstaat Gouwerment Spoorwegen (OVGS). [4]

Second Boer War war between South African Republic and the United Kingdom

The Second Boer War was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State, over the Empire's influence in South Africa. It is also known variously as the Boer War, Anglo-Boer War, or South African War. Initial Boer attacks were successful, and although British reinforcements later reversed these, the war continued for years with Boer guerrilla warfare, until harsh British counter-measures brought them to terms.

H.M. Beatty H.M. Beatty.jpg
H.M. Beatty

The comparatively small number of serviceable locomotives which were immediately available for service, compounded by the poor condition of many of the original NZASM, PPR, Selati and OVGS locomotives and an expected post-war increase in traffic, led to an order for altogether sixty new steam locomotives. They were built in two versions to the specifications of the 8th Class 4-8-0 Mastodon type which had been designed by H.M. Beatty, the Chief Locomotive Superintendent of the Cape Government Railways (CGR) from 1896 to 1910. [1] [3]

South African Class 8 4-8-0 class of 23 South African 4-8-0 locomotives

The South African Railways Class 8 4-8-0 of 1902 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Cape of Good Hope.

Orders were placed with Neilson, Reid and Company in 1903, but while the locomotives were being built, Neilson, Reid amalgamated with Dübs and Company and Sharp, Stewart and Company to form the North British Locomotive Company (NBL). As a result, the thirty locomotives of the second batch, numbered in the range from 471 to 500, were all delivered as built by NBL at the Hyde Park shops of the former Neilson, Reid. [1] [3] [5]

Dübs and Company defunct British locomotive manufacturer

Dübs & Co. was a locomotive manufacturer in Glasgow, Scotland, founded by Henry Dübs in 1863 and based at the Queens Park Works in Polmadie. In 1903 it amalgamated with two other Glasgow locomotive manufacturers to create the North British Locomotive Company.

Sharp, Stewart and Company defunct British locomotive manufacturer

Sharp, Stewart and Company was a steam locomotive manufacturer, initially based in Manchester, England. The company was formed in 1843 upon the demise of Sharp, Roberts & Co.. It moved to Glasgow, Scotland in 1888, eventually amalgamating with two other Glasgow-based locomotive manufacturers to form the North British Locomotive Company.

North British Locomotive Company defunct British locomotive manufacturer, active 1903–1962

The North British Locomotive Company was created in 1903 through the merger of three Glasgow locomotive manufacturing companies; Sharp, Stewart and Company, Neilson, Reid and Company and Dübs and Company, creating the largest locomotive manufacturing company in Europe and the British Empire.

They differed from the first batch of the same order by not being equipped with Drummond water tubes in the fireboxes. To differentiate them from the Class 8-L1 and the Drummond tube-equipped Class 8-L2, these locomotives were designated the CSAR Class 8-L3. These were the last locomotives to be ordered by the CSAR which were built to the design of another railway. [1] [3]

Dugald Drummond Scottish locomotive engineer

Dugald Drummond was a Scottish steam locomotive engineer. He had a career with the North British Railway, LB&SCR, Caledonian Railway and London and South Western Railway. He was the brother of the engineer Peter Drummond.

Class 8 sub-classes

When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (CGR, Natal Government Railways and CSAR) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Although the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways were only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912. [2] [6]

In 1912, these thirty locomotives were renumbered in the range from 1162 to 1191 and designated Class 8C on the South African Railways (SAR). [2] [3] [7]

These locomotives, together with the CSAR’s Class 8-L1 and 8-L2 4-8-0 Mastodon locomotives and all the CGR’s 8th Class 2-8-0 Consolidations and 4-8-0 Mastodons, were grouped into ten different sub-classes by the SAR. The 4-8-0 locomotives became SAR Classes 8 and 8A to 8F and the 2-8-0 locomotives became Classes 8X to 8Z. [8]

Modification

During A.G. Watson’s term as the Chief Mechanical Engineer of the SAR from 1929 to 1936, many of the Class 8 to Class 8F locomotives were equipped with superheated boilers, larger bore cylinders and either inside or outside admission piston valves. The outside admission valve locomotives had their cylinder bore increased from 18 1⁄2 inches (470 millimetres) to 19 inches (483 millimetres) and retained their existing SAR classifications, while the inside admission valve locomotives had their cylinder bore increased to 20 inches (508 millimetres) and were reclassified by having a "W" suffix added to their existing SAR classification letters. [3] [8]

Of the Class 8C locomotives, seven were equipped with superheating, 19 inches (483 millimetres) bore cylinders and outside admission piston valves while retaining their Class 8C classification. [8]

Five locomotives were equipped with superheating, 20 inches (508 millimetres) bore cylinders and inside admission piston valves, and were reclassified to Class 8CW. [8]

Service

In SAR service, the 4-8-0 Class 8 family of locomotives worked on every system in the country and, in the 1920s, became the mainstay of motive power on many branch lines. Their final days were spent in shunting service. They were all withdrawn from service by 1972. [3]

Works numbers

The Class 8C and 8CW works numbers, renumbering and superheating modifications are listed in the table. [2] [5] [8]

Illustration

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Holland, D.F. (1971). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. 1: 1859–1910 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. p. 128. ISBN   978-0-7153-5382-0.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer’s Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 8, 12, 15, 41-42 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 48–49. ISBN   0869772112.
  4. ↑ Durrant, A. E. (1989). Twilight of South African Steam (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, London: David & Charles. p. 8. ISBN   0715386387.
  5. 1 2 North British Locomotive Company works list, compiled by Austrian locomotive historian Bernhard Schmeiser
  6. ↑ The South African Railways - Historical Survey. Editor George Hart, Publisher Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd., Published c. 1978, p. 25.
  7. ↑ Holland, D. F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. p. 139. ISBN   978-0-7153-5427-8.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 South African Railways and Harbours Locomotive Diagram Book, 2’0” & 3’6” Gauge Steam Locomotives, 15 August 1941, as amended
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