Superalgebra

In mathematics and theoretical physics, a superalgebra is a Z₂-graded algebra. ^[1] That is, it is an algebra over a commutative ring or field with a decomposition into "even" and "odd" pieces and a multiplication operator that respects the grading.

The prefix super- comes from the theory of supersymmetry in theoretical physics. Superalgebras and their representations, supermodules, provide an algebraic framework for formulating supersymmetry. The study of such objects is sometimes called super linear algebra. Superalgebras also play an important role in related field of supergeometry where they enter into the definitions of graded manifolds, supermanifolds and superschemes.

Formal definition

Let K be a commutative ring. In most applications, K is a field of characteristic 0, such as R or C.

A superalgebra over K is a K-module A with a direct sum decomposition

${\displaystyle A=A_{0}\oplus A_{1}}$

together with a bilinear multiplication A×A→A such that

${\displaystyle A_{i}A_{j}\subseteq A_{i+j}}$

where the subscripts are read modulo 2, i.e. they are thought of as elements of Z₂.

A superring, or Z₂-graded ring, is a superalgebra over the ring of integers Z.

The elements of each of the A_i are said to be homogeneous. The parity of a homogeneous element x, denoted by |x|, is 0 or 1 according to whether it is in A₀ or A₁. Elements of parity 0 are said to be even and those of parity 1 to be odd. If x and y are both homogeneous then so is the product xy and ${\displaystyle |xy|=|x|+|y|}$.

An associative superalgebra is one whose multiplication is associative and a unital superalgebra is one with a multiplicative identity element. The identity element in a unital superalgebra is necessarily even. Unless otherwise specified, all superalgebras in this article are assumed to be associative and unital.

A commutative superalgebra (or supercommutative algebra) is one which satisfies a graded version of commutativity. Specifically, A is commutative if

${\displaystyle yx=(-1)^{|x||y|}xy\,}$

for all homogeneous elements x and y of A. There are superalgebras that are commutative in the ordinary sense, but not in the superalgebra sense. For this reason, commutative superalgebras are often called supercommutative in order to avoid confusion. ^[2]

Sign conventions

When the Z₂ grading arises as a "rollup" of a Z- or N-graded algebra into even and odd components, then two distinct (but essentially equivalent) sign conventions can be found in the literature. ^[3] These can be called the "cohomological sign convention" and the "super sign convention". They differ in how the antipode (exchange of two elements) behaves. In the first case, one has an exchange map

${\displaystyle xy\mapsto (-1)^{mn+pq}yx}$

where ${\displaystyle m=\deg x}$ is the degree (Z- or N-grading) of ${\displaystyle x}$ and ${\displaystyle p}$ the parity. Likewise, ${\displaystyle n=\deg y}$ is the degree of ${\displaystyle y}$ and with parity ${\displaystyle q.}$ This convention is commonly seen in conventional mathematical settings, such as differential geometry and differential topology. The other convention is to take

${\displaystyle xy\mapsto (-1)^{pq}yx}$

with the parities given as ${\displaystyle p=m{\bmod {2}}}$ and ${\displaystyle q=n{\bmod {2}}}$ the parity. This is more often seen in physics texts, and requires a parity functor to be judiciously employed to track isomorphisms. Detailed arguments are provided by Pierre Deligne ^[3]

Examples

• Any algebra over a commutative ring K may be regarded as a purely even superalgebra over K; that is, by taking A₁ to be trivial.
• Any Z- or N-graded algebra may be regarded as superalgebra by reading the grading modulo 2. This includes examples such as tensor algebras and polynomial rings over K.
• In particular, any exterior algebra over K is a superalgebra. The exterior algebra is the standard example of a supercommutative algebra.
• The symmetric polynomials and alternating polynomials together form a superalgebra, being the even and odd parts, respectively. Note that this is a different grading from the grading by degree.
• Clifford algebras are superalgebras. They are generally noncommutative.
• The set of all endomorphisms (denoted ${\displaystyle \mathbf {End} (V)\equiv \mathbf {Hom} (V,V)}$, where the boldface ${\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} }$ is referred to as internal${\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} }$, composed of all linear maps) of a super vector space forms a superalgebra under composition.
• The set of all square supermatrices with entries in K forms a superalgebra denoted by M_p|q(K). This algebra may be identified with the algebra of endomorphisms of a free supermodule over K of rank p|q and is the internal Hom of above for this space.
• Lie superalgebras are a graded analog of Lie algebras. Lie superalgebras are nonunital and nonassociative; however, one may construct the analog of a universal enveloping algebra of a Lie superalgebra which is a unital, associative superalgebra.

Further definitions and constructions

Even subalgebra

Let A be a superalgebra over a commutative ring K. The submodule A₀, consisting of all even elements, is closed under multiplication and contains the identity of A and therefore forms a subalgebra of A, naturally called the even subalgebra. It forms an ordinary algebra over K.

The set of all odd elements A₁ is an A₀-bimodule whose scalar multiplication is just multiplication in A. The product in A equips A₁ with a bilinear form

${\displaystyle \mu :A_{1}\otimes _{A_{0}}A_{1}\to A_{0}}$

such that

${\displaystyle \mu (x\otimes y)\cdot z=x\cdot \mu (y\otimes z)}$

for all x, y, and z in A₁. This follows from the associativity of the product in A.

Grade involution

There is a canonical involutive automorphism on any superalgebra called the grade involution. It is given on homogeneous elements by

${\displaystyle {\hat {x}}=(-1)^{|x|}x}$

and on arbitrary elements by

${\displaystyle {\hat {x}}=x_{0}-x_{1}}$

where x_i are the homogeneous parts of x. If A has no 2-torsion (in particular, if 2 is invertible) then the grade involution can be used to distinguish the even and odd parts of A:

${\displaystyle A_{i}=\{x\in A:{\hat {x}}=(-1)^{i}x\}.}$

Supercommutativity

The supercommutator on A is the binary operator given by

${\displaystyle [x,y]=xy-(-1)^{|x||y|}yx}$

on homogeneous elements, extended to all of A by linearity. Elements x and y of A are said to supercommute if [x, y] = 0.

The supercenter of A is the set of all elements of A which supercommute with all elements of A:

${\displaystyle \mathrm {Z} (A)=\{a\in A:[a,x]=0{\text{ for all }}x\in A\}.}$

The supercenter of A is, in general, different than the center of A as an ungraded algebra. A commutative superalgebra is one whose supercenter is all of A.

Super tensor product

The graded tensor product of two superalgebras A and B may be regarded as a superalgebra A⊗B with a multiplication rule determined by:

${\displaystyle (a_{1}\otimes b_{1})(a_{2}\otimes b_{2})=(-1)^{|b_{1}||a_{2}|}(a_{1}a_{2}\otimes b_{1}b_{2}).}$

If either A or B is purely even, this is equivalent to the ordinary ungraded tensor product (except that the result is graded). However, in general, the super tensor product is distinct from the tensor product of A and B regarded as ordinary, ungraded algebras.

Generalizations and categorical definition

One can easily generalize the definition of superalgebras to include superalgebras over a commutative superring. The definition given above is then a specialization to the case where the base ring is purely even.

Let R be a commutative superring. A superalgebra over R is a R-supermodule A with a R-bilinear multiplication A×A→A that respects the grading. Bilinearity here means that

${\displaystyle r\cdot (xy)=(r\cdot x)y=(-1)^{|r||x|}x(r\cdot y)}$

for all homogeneous elements r∈R and x, y∈A.

Equivalently, one may define a superalgebra over R as a superring A together with an superring homomorphism R→A whose image lies in the supercenter of A.

One may also define superalgebras categorically. The category of all R-supermodules forms a monoidal category under the super tensor product with R serving as the unit object. An associative, unital superalgebra over R can then be defined as a monoid in the category of R-supermodules. That is, a superalgebra is an R-supermodule A with two (even) morphisms

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mu &:A\otimes A\to A\\\eta &:R\to A\end{aligned}}}$

for which the usual diagrams commute.

Notes

1. Kac, Martinez & Zelmanov 2001 , p. 3
2. Varadarajan 2004 , p. 87
3. See Deligne's discussion of these two cases.

References

• Deligne, P.; Morgan, J. W. (1999). "Notes on Supersymmetry (following Joseph Bernstein)". Quantum Fields and Strings: A Course for Mathematicians. Vol. 1. American Mathematical Society. pp. 41–97. ISBN   0-8218-2012-5.

• Kac, V. G.; Martinez, C.; Zelmanov, E. (2001). Graded simple Jordan superalgebras of growth one. Memoirs of the AMS Series. Vol. 711. AMS Bookstore. ISBN   978-0-8218-2645-4.

• Manin, Y. I. (1997). Gauge Field Theory and Complex Geometry ((2nd ed.) ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN   3-540-61378-1.

• Varadarajan, V. S. (2004). Supersymmetry for Mathematicians: An Introduction. Courant Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 11. American Mathematical Society. ISBN   978-0-8218-3574-6.