 | This article needs to be updated.(April 2022) |
Television has a long history in Ukraine, where regular television broadcasting started during the Soviet years in 1951. However the first ever TV broadcast took place on 1 February 1939 in Kyiv. Since then TV broadcasting has expanded, particularly after the fall of Communism in 1989, and now there are many different channels and groups in the Ukrainian TV market.
The first official broadcast took place in Kyiv on 1 February 1939. [1] It was 40 minutes long and showed the portrait of Sergo Ordzhonikidze. [1] After being interrupted by World War II, on 6 November 1951, transmissions resumed when the Kyiv TV Studios were opened with a live broadcast of the patriotic movie "The Great Glow" - 6 November has since then been marked as the birthday of Ukrainian television. [1] The next day the telecentre went on the air again celebrating the 34th anniversary of the October Revolution with a special live broadcast from central Kyiv, the first outdoor broadcasts in Ukrainian TV history. [1]
On 1 May 1952, Labor Day, a live concert was aired on film (shot in the small and only pavilion of the studios known as "Studio B") starring Ukrainian singers, soloists of the Kyiv Taras Shevchenko Opera Theater. [1] The anchorwoman of the concert was the Kyiv Telecentre's first announcer – Novella Serapionova.[ citation needed ] In 1953, the construction of the building of the Kyiv Telecentre on Khreshchatyk was completed, [1] right after Moscow and Leningrad's broadcasting studios were both completed.[ citation needed ] Regular programming started to go on air beginning November 1956. [1] Until that year, the Kyiv TV Station went on air twice a day showing feature films or documentaries on a test basis. [1] Live broadcasting was the only form of broadcasting during those early years from Kyiv, as well as relays from Moscow via Smolensk and Rostov-on-Don transmitters and film sent from there. [1] Videotaped productions (save for news programming and special coverages that were aired live) became the usual form for many productions in the mid-1960s. [1]
As a result of an ongoing expansion of broadcasts to other parts of Ukraine thru the building of remote studios and broadcast transmitters, it was needed for DerTelRadio - the State Committee of Radio and TV of Ukraine, operators of the TV service - to consider stating nationwide broadcasts, coupled with the future launch of satellite broadcasting. The long-awaited national channel signed on at last on January 20, 1965, under the name UT-1 (Ukrainian television-1), today Pershyi, while on March 6, 1972, a second channel, UT-2, signed on - on the basis of part of the original 1956 channel. [1] The UT network switched to SECAM Colour in 1976, its 20th anniversary. In 1983, construction began on new broadcasting studios at 42 Melnyk Street, which opened after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1993. [1]
After the Orange Revolution, Ukrainian television became more free. [2] In February 2009 the National Council for Television and Radio Broadcasting claimed that "political pressure on mass media increased in recent times through amending laws and other normative acts to strengthen influence on mass media and regulatory bodies in this sphere". [3]
As of January 2009, Ukrainian Prime Minister, Yulia Tymoshenko refused to appear in Inter TV-programmes "until journalists, management and owners of the TV channel stop destroying the freedom of speech and until they remember the essence of their profession - honesty, objectiveness, and unbiased stand". [4]
In early March 2014, Ukraine-based TV channels were removed in Crimea ahead of the Russian annexation referendum. [5] Later that month, the Ukrainian National Council for TV and Radio Broadcasting ordered measures against some Russian TV channels accused of broadcasting misleading information about Ukraine. [6] [7] In February 2015 the law "On protection information television and radio space of Ukraine," banned the showing (on Ukrainian television) of "audiovisual works" that contain "popularization, propaganda, any action of law enforcement agencies, armed forces, other military or security forces of an invader" was enacted. [8] One year later Russian productions (on Ukrainian television) had decreased by 300 to 400 percent. [8] 15 more Russian TV channels were banned in March 2016. [9]
According to the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No.509 dated June 13, 2018, analogue broadcasting was disconnected on the territory of Kirovohrad Oblast and Kyiv from July 31, 2018. The date of the switch-off of analogue broadcasting on the rest of Ukraine is August 31, 2018 [10]
A Research & Branding Group February 2021 poll found that for the first time Ukrainians preferred the Internet as their primary news source instead of television (51% preferred the Internet and 41% TV). [11]
In 2007 and 2008, experimental DVB-T broadcasts of few channels started in Kyiv and Odesa. Those turned out to be successful. Yet the DTT National Program is not approved by the government, thus the process is stuck. Because there are two versions of the program submitted: from the Ministry of Transport and Communications as well as from the State Committee of Television and Radio, there is no particular progress in 2008.
On 26 November 2008, the National Program of the Ministry was approved, but the final version and the public announcement of this fact is still on hold. Current version of the program does not take into notice any kind of Government financing, and the budget is to be private only, which will highly affect the TV industry and commercial broadcasters.
Besides there are 3rd parties, such as Television Industry Committee and National Association of Broadcasters which represent the communities of National and regional broadcasters respectively. Both organizations help the switchover not to affect the business of over 20 National and over 150 regional broadcasters.
The International Forum 'Digital Broadcasting in Ukraine' is the annual event that takes place in Kyiv, Ukraine. Its mission is to gather the most of international consultants and Ukrainian specialists to solve industry's problems in the DTT field. In 2008 the 2nd International Forum took place in Kyiv also. BBC, Deloitte and the Ministry of Communications of Finland representatives share the vision of possible plan of DTT implementation in Ukraine, delivering the best experiences from UK, Finland, France and US. Still none was taken into notice yet. It is now confirmed [12] [13] that Ukraine's national terrestrial TV network, which is scheduled to be launched in September 2011, will use the DVB-T2 standard for all four nationwide FTA multiplexes, for both SD and HD broadcasts. Before settling for DVB-T2, Ukraine was testing both DVB-T/MPEG-2 and DVB-T/MPEG-4 options, and some experimental transmitters operating in those standards are still alive.
Commercial MMDS digital TV services work in Kyiv and some other cities.
DVB-C services delivering premium channels (in addition to standard analogue channels) launched in cable networks of Kyiv, Odesa, Kremenchuk, Poltava, Donetsk and some other cities.
As of February 2019, television broadcasting in Ukraine is available in a colour digital format, via:
There is a choice between several free-to-air commercial broadcasters as well as the public broadcaster, the Suspilne. In addition to its metropolitan asset, Pershyi and an art station, Suspilne Kultura, the Suspilne also owns regional stations in all regions of Ukraine. A national parliamentary channel, Rada, is available too.
Commercial television is dominated by three major broadcasters: 1+1 media, StarLightMedia and Inter Media Group, which is the smallest Ukrainian major broadcaster. One of the main Ukrainian news channels, Channel 5, belongs to a former president of Ukraine, Petro Poroshenko.
Regional television in Ukraine consists primarily of independently owned networks not affiliated with major broadcasters in each region.
Subscription television consists of various providers. The largest providers are Kyivstar, Viasat and Volia. In remote areas, there are many small independent providers that provide either satellite or cable television services.
Community television launched in mid-2010s to broadcast Euromaidan protests. As of 2019, the sector is represented by Hromadske.tv which is an Internet television station.
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Some political and public activists [ who? ] criticize Ukrainian television, mainly some national channels, for broadcasting large amounts of content of Russian origin. According to calculations of Boycott Russian Films activists, in September 2014 the amount of Russian productions on the leading Ukrainian channels ("Ukrayina", "ICTV", "NTN", "Novyi Kanal", "Inter", "STB", "2+2", "TET", "K1", "1+1") was approximately 40%. In October and December activists noticed increasing of amounts of Russian content on these channels, then Ukraine was at war with Russia.
Also activists [ who? ] criticise Ukrainian channels for their language policy. In October 2014 activists have published statistics on content language on Ukrainian channels. According to them, at the time 29% was completely Ukrainian language content, 39.3% completely Russian language content, 23.5% Russian language content with Ukrainian subtitles, and 8.2% bilingual content (both Ukrainian and Russian).
During the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election, various Ukrainian television channels supported a candidate for President of Ukraine. [18]
Five groups supported Poroshenko:
Petro Poroshenko's Channel 5 and Pryamiy supported Poroshenko and were very critical of Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Yulia Tymoshenko.
Dmytro Firtash's very powerful Inter supported Yuriy Boyko and Poroshenko.
Rinat Akhmetov's TRK Ukraina, which is owned by Akhmetov's System Capital Management Holdings, supported Poroshenko, Oleh Lyashko, and Oleksandr Vilkul. Akhmetov's Opposition Bloc nominated Vilkul.
Viktor Medvedchuk's Channel 112 and Yevheniy Murayev's NewsOne supported Poroshenko, Lyashko, and Boyko. Medvedchuk's Opposition Platform — For Life nominated Boyko. The godfather of Medvedchuk's daughter is Vladimir Putin.
Petro Dyminskyi's ZIK supported Poroshenko's allies allowing them to explain their story while they were under investigation.
Three TV groups were very critical of Poroshenko:
Ihor Kolomoisky's 1+1 media group supported Volodymyr Zelenskyy. Kolomoisky and Zelenskyy are business partners.
Andriy Sadovyi's Channel 24, supported Anatoliy Hrytsenko and opposed Poroshenko.
Yevheniy Murayev's Nash TV supported Vilkul and was against Poroshenko but neutral to Tymoshenko and Lyashko.
Under the state-owned National Public Broadcasting Company, UA:Pershyi was critical of Poroshenko.
Victor Pinchuk's ICTV, Novyi Kanal and STB were neutral.
Since the start of the invasion on 24 February 2022, most Ukrainian television channels switched over to the signal of Rada TV. The channel was made state-owned at the end of 2021. Following 26 February 2022, the four biggest broadcasters including the TV channels 1+1, 2+2, 24 Kanal, and TRC Ukraina began broadcasting a 24/7 united newscast called United News (Єдині новини) that is produced in turn by the various channels and amended with official information by governmental agencies to "objectively and promptly provide comprehensive information from different regions of the country 24/7". [19] [20] [21]
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is a set of international open standards for digital television. DVB standards are maintained by the DVB Project, an international industry consortium, and are published by a Joint Technical Committee (JTC) of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) and European Broadcasting Union (EBU).
Digital terrestrial television is a technology for terrestrial television, in which television stations broadcast television content in a digital format. Digital terrestrial television is a major technological advancement over analog television, and has largely replaced analog television broadcasting, which was previously in common use since the middle of the 20th century.
Pershyi is the Ukrainian public television channel, operated by the Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine.
DVB-T2 is an abbreviation for "Digital Video Broadcasting – Second Generation Terrestrial"; it is the extension of the television standard DVB-T, issued by the consortium DVB, devised for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television. DVB has been standardized by ETSI.
The Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine, shortened to Suspilne Ukraine or previously UA:PBC, is the national public broadcaster in Ukraine. As such it was registered on 19 January 2017. In its revamped form the company provides content for its three television and radio channels.
Savik Shuster is a journalist and television anchor. He presented The Freedom By Savik Shuster, and starting in 2005, Svoboda slova, on ICTV. Since December 2015, he produces and leads political talk shows on his independent 3S.tv, after he has been cancelled from several tycoon-owned channels. In December 2016, 3S.tv announced it had ceased its activities, and on 1 March 2017, the channel stopped broadcasting. According to an official statement, the reason was that the business was no longer viable due to several litigations and corresponding financial constraints. All court cases were subsequently closed. In 2019, Shuster came back to Ukraine as the anchor of Svoboda slova Savika Shustera on the Ukraina television channel.
Digital terrestrial television in the Philippines began in 2015 with the implementation of ISDB-T, currently coexisting with analog television that operates on the NTSC standard after the set analog switch-off (ASO) deadline encountered multiple postponements.
The digital television transition, also called the digital switchover (DSO), the analogue switch/sign-off (ASO), the digital migration, or the analogue shutdown, is the process in which older analogue television broadcasting technology is converted to and replaced by digital television. Conducted by individual nations on different schedules, this primarily involves the conversion of analogue terrestrial television broadcasting infrastructure to Digital terrestrial television (DTT), a major benefit being extra frequencies on the radio spectrum and lower broadcasting costs, as well as improved viewing qualities for consumers.
Television is the most popular medium in Russia, with 74% of the population watching national television channels routinely and 59% routinely watching regional channels. There are 6,700 television channels in total. Before going digital television, 3 channels have a nationwide outreach : Channel One, Russia-1 and NTV.
Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network (RTRN) (Russian: Российская телевизионная и радиовещательная сеть) is a unitary enterprise created on August 13, 2001, by decree of the president of the Russian Federation. The company is included in the list of Russian strategic enterprises.
Ukraina was a national Ukrainian-language TV channel, owned by Media Group Ukraine. It began broadcasting as a regional, Donetsk TV channel on March 13, 1993, with getting a national status in 2004. It ceased broadcasting in July 2022. The channel consisted of TV shows, films and TV series, both domestic and foreign.
Oleh Valeriiovych Liashko is a Ukrainian politician, journalist and soldier who was a long time member of the Verkhovna Rada and leader of the Radical Party.
Zoom is a Ukrainian youth entertainment television channel. The channel began broadcasting June 1, 2013, at the former frequency channel of MTV Ukraine.
112 Ukraine was a private Ukrainian TV channel which provided 24-hour news coverage. 112 Ukraine was available on satellites AMOS 2/3, via the DVB-T2 network, and was also available in packages of all major Ukrainian cable operators until it was banned from broadcasting in Ukraine in February 2021. The channel was focused on live broadcasting.
Presidential elections were held in Ukraine on 31 March 2019. As none of the 39 candidates on the ballot received an absolute majority of the initial vote, a runoff was held on 21 April between the top two vote-getters, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, a television personality, and Petro Poroshenko, the incumbent president. The Central Election Commission (CEC) announced that Zelenskyy won the second round with 73.22% of the total vote. The elections were recognized as free and fair by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
The Opposition Platform – For Life was a pro-Russian and Eurosceptic political party in Ukraine.
Opposition Bloc, formerly called Opposition Bloc — Party for Peace and Development until June 2019, was a Ukrainian political party that was founded in 2019. On 8 June 2022, the party was banned in court. The party officially ceased to exist on 25 July, due to not appealing the ban.
United News, Telemarathon or UA together is a joint information telethon which was launched on February 24, 2022, at the start of Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine. It began broadcasting at the start of the invasion on February 24, 2022, as #UAtogether and broadcast on Rada TV, the official television channel of the Verkhovna Rada.
| Suspilne |
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|---|---|---|---|
| 1+1 Media Group |
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| Inter Media Group |
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| Starlight Media | |||
| Free Media Holding (former assets of Petro Poroshenko) | |||
| Other terrestrial channels |
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| State-owned channels |
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| Other channels |
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| Defunct channels |
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