Tibbetts Brook

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A waterfall in Tibbetts Brook Park Tibbetts1.jpg
A waterfall in Tibbetts Brook Park

Tibbetts Brook, originally Tippett's Brook [1] or Tibbitt's Brook, [1] is a stream in the southern portion of mainland New York, flowing north to south from the city of Yonkers in Westchester County into the borough of the Bronx within New York City. Originally emptying into Spuyten Duyvil Creek as part of the Harlem River system, the stream is now partially subterranean, ending above ground at the south end of Van Cortlandt Lake within Van Cortlandt Park. There it proceeds into city sewers, draining into either the northern end of the Harlem River or the Wards Island Water Pollution Control Plant. The brook provides significant watershed to both Van Cortlandt Park at its south end and Tibbetts Brook Park at its north end. There have been modern proposals to daylight the southern portion of the brook back onto the surface. [2] [3]

Contents

Course

Detail of Battle Of Fort Washington Map By Sauthier.jpg
Map or Plan of Section 27. (Bounded by Broadway, Van Cortlandt Park South, Gun Hill Road, Jerome Avenue and Mount Vernon Avenue.) NYPL1526461.tiff
Tibbets brook 1895.jpg
Top: The original course of Spuyten Duyvil Creek and its junction with Tibbetts Brook, and the island of Paparinemo (now Kingsbridge, Bronx)
Bottom: Two sections of an 1895 map of The Bronx, showing the course of Tibbetts Brook through the park lake and to Spuyten Duyvil Creek.

Tibbetts Brook originates at H.F. Redmond Junior Memorial Park just north of Yonkers Avenue in Dunwoodie, Yonkers. It proceeds south through two artificial lakes in Tibbetts Brook Park, on a course parallel and adjacent to the Saw Mill River Parkway and the former New York and Putnam Railroad (now a park trail). South of the park the brook runs in a channel directly adjacent to the northbound side of the parkway, then crosses the Yonkers/Bronx border into Van Cortlandt Park. It runs through the center of the Van Cortlandt Golf Course, then empties into Van Cortlandt Lake, an artificial lake created in 1699 by damming the stream. The brook currently ends at the south edge of the lake, at approximately West 242nd Street. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Several storm drains feed excess rainwater into the brook within Yonkers. [7] [8] [9]

At the brook's mouth, the water from the brook proceeds into a brick sewer tunnel, which later merges with the major combined sewer underneath Broadway that carries rainwater, household wastewater, and industrial sewage. The tunnel primarily drains into the Wards Island Water Pollution Control Plant where city sewage is treated. During rainy conditions the sewer overflows into the north end of the Harlem River, via a drain pipe at about West 192nd Street (Heath Avenue). [3] [4] [10] [11] [12] [13] Due to modern development, the brook runs through underpasses and culverts at various points along its course. [6] [14]

As recently as the early 20th Century, Tibbets Brook had two northern tributaries which merged at the north end of modern Tibbets Brook Park. The easternmost began in Redmond Park, while the western stream extended as far as Runyon Heights. The two streams originally merged at Peckham's Lake, later converging at the lakes of Tibbets Brook Park following the completion of the park. The Saw Mill Parkway was built over the western stream in the late 1920s. [15] [16] [17] Until the end of the 19th century, the brook extended past the south end of Van Cortlandt Park. It ran southwest through the site of the current Van Cortlandt Stadium, [3] [5] [18] [19] crossed Broadway at around West 240th Street, then continued southwest through the Kingsbridge neighborhood, running a twisty course along the right-of-way of modern Tibbett Avenue. At approximately West 230th Street, just north of the current site of John F. Kennedy High School, the brook drained into Spuyten Duyvil Creek, which at the time separated the Bronx from Marble Hill, Manhattan. [1] [3] [18] [19] [20]

Until the 1700s, Tibbets Brook split into two smaller streams at around West 237th Street, the westernmost and primary stream along modern Tibbett Avenue feeding into the Spuyten Duyvil, and the easternmost along the right-of-ways of the Putnam Railroad and current Major Deegan Expressway feeding into the Harlem River. The two streams formed a triangular island called Paparinemo that constitutes much of today's Kingsbridge neighborhood. [18] [19] [21] [22] [23] [24] The brook had numerous tributaries, including several within modern Van Cortlandt Park. [14] The north end of the brook within Yonkers and the park is entirely fresh water, while south of the park it was a tidal estuary lined with salt marshes. [25] [26] [27] The watershed from the brook created wetlands surrounding the stream, and formed a northern extension of the Harlem River valley. [2] [3] [22] The original Spuyten Duyvil Creek course has since been filled in, replaced by the Harlem River Ship Canal. [1] [18]

Etymology

An 1867 map of Yonkers and Western Bronx, showing the course of Tibbetts Brook (in red) prior to modern development. 1867 Beers Map of Yonkers - Tibbetts Brook 02.jpg
An 1867 map of Yonkers and Western Bronx, showing the course of Tibbetts Brook (in red) prior to modern development.

Tibbetts Brook was originally referred to as Mosholu by local Lenape Native Americans, an Algonquin word meaning "smooth stones" or "small stones". The Mosholu name was later given to Mosholu Parkway. [1] [4] [18] [22] [28] The label Tibbetts Brook was applied by European settlers, named after George Tippett who held property between the Hudson River and Bronx River in the late 17th Century, with the brook running through the center. Although often considered a corruption of the name Tippett, the label may be a combination of the name of Tippett and that of his father-in-law William Betts, who owned the land along with him. [2] [4] [18] [29] [24] The brook has also been referred to as the Yonkers River or Yonkers Creek in the past, previously written as Jonckers or Uncas. [18] [21] [24] [30] [25]

History

Geological formation and precolonial use

The lake within Van Cortlandt Park, at the south end of the brook Van Cortlandt Park lake east jeh.jpg
The lake within Van Cortlandt Park, at the south end of the brook

During at least three glacial periods, including the Wisconsin glaciation around 20,000 years ago, ice sheets advanced south across North America carving moraines, valleys, and hills across present-day Bronx and Westchester. As the glacial ice melted, rivers and creeks were formed within valleys, including Tibbetts Brook. [29] [31]

Prior to European colonization, the local Lenape population utilized the brook for drinking water and fishing. Trout swam up the Harlem River in order to use the freshwater portion of the brook as a spawning site. [4] [14] [32] [31] The salt marshes along the stream housed fish and migratory birds, along with mussels, oysters, and crabs. [27]

Human development

In the 1690s, Jacobus Van Cortlandt acquired property near Tibbetts Brook from his relative Frederick Philipse, located in modern Van Cortlandt Park. This area was called "George's Point", where the brook turned west towards Broadway. In 1699, Van Cortlandt dammed the stream in order to power a gristmill and sawmill, creating Van Cortlandt Lake as a mill pond in the process. [2] [4] [13] [24] [29] By the 19th Century, the eastern stream was filled in, connecting Kingsbridge to the rest of the Bronx. [18]

From 1872 to 1880, the New York and Putnam Railroad was built along the Tibbetts Brook valley. [14] [31] [29] [26] [33] The construction of the railroad altered the natural drainage pattern of the brook, leading new marshes to develop around it. [29] In 1888, the New York City Parks Department acquired the land to create Van Cortlandt Park. The Parks Department began draining the brook wetlands for recreational areas, creating the park's parade ground in 1888 and the Van Cortlandt Golf Course in 1895. [14] [31] [29]

The lake flows south into a drain pipe to the Broadway sewer VCP Lake outlet.jpg
The lake flows south into a drain pipe to the Broadway sewer

Between the late 1890s and the early 1910s, around the time the original course of Spuyten Duyvil Creek was filled in and replaced by the Harlem River Ship Canal, [34] [35] the double-arched Broadway sewer was constructed, as was the tunnel at the south end of Van Cortlandt Lake to funnel water from the brook into the sewer. [10] [13] [14] [24] [36] The marshlands created by the brook and lake had drawn the ire of local residents and property owners, who believed them to be "unsightly and unsanitary". [37] [38] Of particular concern was the threat of the wetlands serving as breeding grounds for malaria-borne mosquitoes. [39] The Broadway Outlet Sewer was completed in 1907. [36] [37] [38] In conjunction with the sewer project, from 1903 to 1911 the Parks Department completed a cleaning and improvement project for the Van Cortlandt Lake. This involved removing the original earthen dam and emptying the lake in order to dredge the lake bed to a lower depth. A new dam was installed to reform the lake. [40] [39] The drain pipe between the lake and Broadway sewer was constructed from 1911 to 1912. It was originally envisioned as cast-iron, but built using brick. [14] [39] Around this time, Tibbett Avenue was laid out and opened, [18] [25] while much of the marshland within the park and along the former river course was filled in. [14] [18] [25]

On June 25, 1927, Westchester County opened Tibbetts Brook Park near the northern end of the brook, on land previously confiscated from the Tippett estate. [41] [42] [43] [44] Much of the site had been a Yonkers city garbage dump located on the banks of the western brook tributary. The garbage and residential sewage seeped into the stream, which fed polluted water into Peckham's Lake. The lake had been used by residents as a swimming hole in spite of recommendations against it by health officials. The area immediately south of the lake had been a swamp which was a haven for mosquitoes. As part of the creation of the park, the original lake was filled in, while the swamp was dredged to form the current Tibbetts Lake. The brook, meanwhile, was diverted into a paved channel. [15] [44] [45] The eastern tributary had been protected by fences and infrastructure from the nearby Old Croton Aqueduct. [15] At the time the park was constructed, the southern portion of the Saw Mill River Parkway was built on top of the dump along the western tributary course. [17] [46]

Between the 1930s and 1960s under the supervision of Robert Moses, several highways including the Henry Hudson, Saw Mill and Mosholu Parkways were constructed within Van Cortlandt Park, requiring Tibbetts Brook to be diverted into culverts under the roadways. [14] [29] The creation of the sewer at the south end of Van Cortlandt Lake and the construction of the highways induced siltation of the stream, leading to further creation of marshes. [14] [39] In addition, pollution from upstream and the highways, and spillover of chemicals used in the golf course led to the death of fish inhabiting the lake. [4] [14] [32] [47] In 1978, the fish population of the lake was restored. [4] [32] [40]

In 1979, four storm sewers along Midland Avenue in Yonkers (which forms the eastern boundary of Tibbetts Brook Park) were found to be illegally connected to the brook, pumping raw sewage into it which proceeded to enter Van Cortlandt Lake downstream. [39] That year, another storm drain located at approximately Lawton Street and McLean Avenue near the Saw Mill Parkway, 1,300 feet (400 m) north of the Yonkers/Bronx border, was found to be leaking household sewage into the brook. [39] In 1984, sewage from Yonkers was again found to be contaminating Van Cortlandt Lake, due to the crossing of raw sewage pipes and storm sewers which feed into Tibbetts Brook. This included water from the Lawton Street drain pipe. [7] The same sewage pipe was found to be the cause of pollution of the lake in 2016. [8] Beginning in 2015, the Friends of Van Cortlandt Park, in collaboration with the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at Manhattan College, monitor the Brook's water quality. [48]

Daylighting

The short portion of the Putnam Railroad still in operation Old Put working stub jeh.jpg
The short portion of the Putnam Railroad still in operation

In the 21st century, it has been proposed to daylight the southern portion of Tibbetts Brook back onto the surface, and to restore and defragment the portions of the stream within Van Cortlandt Park. [2] [3] [19] [14] Proposals to daylight the stream have existed since the 1990s. [49] Around 4,000,000 to 5,000,000 US gallons (15,000,000 to 19,000,000 L; 3,300,000 to 4,200,000 imp gal) of fresh water from the brook enter the sewer system on a daily basis, [19] a total of 2,000,000,000 US gallons (7.6×109 L; 1.7×109 imp gal) annually. [11] [12] The additional water from the brook also contributes to the further overflowing of raw sewage into the Harlem River during rainy conditions. [3] [19] Meanwhile, the lack of natural drainage points within Van Cortlandt Park leads to the flooding of recreational areas within the park. [6] [14]

The New York City Parks Department plans to daylight the brook as part of their "Van Cortlandt Park Master Plan: 2030". [6] [14] The plan also proposes further dredging the lake and stream within the park, and rerouting the stream away from the highways and pedestrian paths to minimize the use of culverts, as well as restoring the natural wetlands created by the brook. [14] The primary route proposed for bringing the brook above ground is the former Putnam Railroad right-of-way, which is currently owned by CSX Transportation but is largely abandoned between the park and the Harlem River. This portion of the Putnam Railroad is directly adjacent to the southbound lanes of the Major Deegan Expressway. The routing would provide a more natural drainage path for the brook into the Harlem River, with none of the water entering the sewer system on a normal basis. [2] [3] [11] [14] [50] The brook would flow through a new park. [51] After several years of delays, [52] the New York City government bought the land from CSX in January 2023 for $11.2 million. [53]

See also

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Westchester County is located in the U.S. state of New York. It is the seventh most populous county in the State of New York and the most populous north of New York City. According to the 2020 United States Census, the county had a population of 1,004,456, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 55,344 (5.8%) from the 949,113 counted in 2010. Located in the Hudson Valley, Westchester covers an area of 450 square miles (1,200 km2), consisting of six cities, 19 towns, and 23 villages. Established in 1683, Westchester was named after the city of Chester, England. The county seat is the city of White Plains, while the most populous municipality in the county is the city of Yonkers, with 211,569 residents per the 2020 U.S. Census.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saw Mill River Parkway</span>

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Mosholu Parkway is a 3.03-mile-long (4.88 km) parkway in the borough of the Bronx in New York City, constructed from 1935 to 1937 as part of the roadway network created under Robert Moses. The roadway extends between the New York Botanical Garden and Van Cortlandt Park. The New York City Department of Transportation is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the roadway while the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation is responsible for the surrounding rights-of-way. The parkway is designated as New York State Route 908F (NY 908F), an unsigned reference route, by the New York State Department of Transportation.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tibbetts Brook Park</span>

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  30. ↑ Cook, Lyman (September 5, 1820). "By virtue of sandry writs of fieri facias..." Westchester Herald. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2017. southerly by said road leading to Kings bridge, thence along spitendevil creek to the mouth of Yonkers creek, thence up said creek till it comes to the land of August Van Cortlandt...
  31. 1 2 3 4 "History". Van Cortlandt Park Conservancy. Archived from the original on September 18, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
  32. 1 2 3 "Tibbetts Brook". Van Cortlandt Park Conservancy. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  33. ↑ "Putnam Trail". Van Cortlandt Park Conservancy. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  34. ↑ "Inwood Hill Park: Spuyten Duyvil Creek". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  35. ↑ Eldredge, Niles and Horenstein, Sidney (2014). Concrete Jungle: New York City and Our Last Best Hope for a Sustainable Future. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN   978-0-520-27015-2.
  36. 1 2 "That Monster Sewer". Yonkers Statesman. Fultonhistory.com. March 13, 1908. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  37. 1 2 "Propose Public Bathing Pool in Van Cortlandt". New York Evening Telegram . Fultonhistory.com. May 17, 1907. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  38. 1 2 "To Drain Tibbett's Brook". Yonkers Statesman. Fultonhistory.com. September 9, 1907. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Van Cortlandt Park, Borough of the Bronx: Restoration Master Plan" (PDF). New York City Parks Department, Storch Associates. 1986. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  40. 1 2 "Van Cortlandt Park History" (PDF). New York City Parks Department. June 1986. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 4, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  41. ↑ "Tibbetts Brook Park North" (PDF). Ward Associates, P.C. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  42. ↑ Yonkers Historical Society; Blue Door Artist Association (2008). Yonkers. Arcadia Publishing. p. 95. ISBN   978-0-7385-5760-1 . Retrieved January 5, 2017.
  43. ↑ "NEW PARK OPENED BY WESTCHESTER; 15,000 Attend Exercises on 411-Acre Tippett's Brook Tract in Yonkers" (PDF). The New York Times . June 26, 1927. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  44. 1 2 "Tibbetts Brook Park To Open Tomorrow". The Hastings News . Fultonhistory.com. June 24, 1927. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  45. ↑ Landau, Frank E. (November 30, 1923). "New County Park To Be Great Boon To City In Year". The Yonkers Statesman. Fultonhistory.com. p. 3. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  46. ↑ "Report of Westchester County Park Commission: 1928". Westchester County Park Commission. April 30, 1928. Archived from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
  47. ↑ Devlin, John C. (May 8, 1961). "MYSTERY AILMENT KILLS BRONX FISH; Thousands Dead and Dying in Van Cortlandt Lake" (PDF). The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  48. ↑ "Tibbetts Brook Water Quality Monitoring". Friends of Van Cortlandt Park. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
  49. ↑ Angell, Isabel (September 23, 2015). "Heavy rains and sewage add up to health risk". Riverdale Press . Archived from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  50. ↑ Lewis, Danny (March 9, 2016). "Bringing a Forgotten Brook Back to the Surface". WNYC (AM) . Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  51. ↑ Lenat, Geoffery. "Putnam Division Park" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  52. ↑ Hu, Winnie; Thomas, James (December 6, 2021). "Why New York Is Unearthing a Brook It Buried a Century Ago". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  53. ↑ Botello, Camille (January 18, 2023). "With $11.2M land acquisition, Adams announces major step in Tibbetts Brook watershed improvement project". Bronx Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.

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