Typhoon Ma-on (2004)

Last updated
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Typhoon Ma-on originated from a weak low-pressure area accompanied by persistent convection, or thunderstorms, north-northwest of Guam on September 29, 2004. Though environmental conditions featured weak wind shear and modest diffluence, favoring tropical cyclogenesis, the convection was cyclical and the system did not develop much over the following two days. Over the first three days of October, organization fluctuated as semi-persistent convection appeared over the circulation center. On October 3, a QuikScat satellite pass revealed a well-developed circulation while a ship 555 km (345 mi) south of the low reported 45 km/h (28 mph) winds. [1] The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began monitoring the low as a tropical depression at 06:00  UTC. [2] Twelve hours later, the depression crossed 135°E and entered the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration's (PAGASA) area of responsibility, receiving the local name Rolly from the agency. [1] Becoming nearly stationary, the system turned due north late on October 3. At 00:00 UTC on October 4, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) classified the system as Tropical Depression 26W; the newly designated cyclone was situated over the Philippine Sea roughly 1,145 km (711 mi) west-northwest of Guam at this time. [3] Six hours later, both the JMA and JTWC analyzed the depression and concluded it had become a tropical storm; the JMA assigning it the name Ma-on. [1] [2] [3] Slow organization of Ma-on ensued over the following two days as it moved north and later northwest along the edge of a high-pressure area. [1] The JTWC estimated Ma-on to have reached typhoon status around 06:00 UTC on October 6, [3] with the JMA following suit 12 hours later. [2]

Synoptic patterns changed dramatically on October 7 as a trough emerged off the coast of East China and prompted Ma-on to turn northeast. Simultaneously, it provided a greatly enhanced poleward outflow channel toward Japan. The shift in motion was also accompanied by a period of rapid intensification, with a well-defined eye forming. [1] Over the 24 hour-period from 18:00 to 18:00 UTC October 6–7, Ma-on's barometric pressure dropped from 965  mb (hPa; 28.50  inHg) to 920 mb (hPa; 27.17 inHg). The end of this phase marked the peak intensity of the typhoon, with winds reaching 185 km/h (115 mph). [2] The JTWC estimated Ma-on to have been a significantly stronger storm with one-minute sustained winds topping out at 260 km/h (160 mph) at 00:00 UTC on October 8. This ranked it as a Category 5-equivalent typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. They also assessed the pressure to have decreased to 898 mb (hPa; 26.52 inHg). [3] Not long after reaching this intensity, Ma-on's eye began to shrink and become ragged. Acceleration to the northeast, with its forward speed reaching 54 km/h (34 mph), ensued throughout the day and weakening ensued. Convection became increasingly asymmetric with dry air impinging on the southwestern semicircle, indicating the beginning of extratropical transition. The typhoon made landfall along the Izu Peninsula of Japan around 07:00 UTC on October 9, with winds of 150 km/h (93 mph) and a central pressure of 950 mb (hPa; 28.06 inHg). [1] [2] The JTWC estimated Ma-on to have been a Category 3-equivalent with one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (121 mph). [3] Roughly six hours after striking Japan, the rapidly weakening typhoon re-emerged over the Pacific Ocean. The system completed its extratropical transition later on October 9 as it weakened below typhoon intensity. [1] [2]

Satellite image of a rejuvenated extratropical Ma-on on October 17 over the western Bering Sea. Ma-on 2004-10-17 2025Z.png
Satellite image of a rejuvenated extratropical Ma-on on October 17 over the western Bering Sea.

After losing a defined low-level circulation early on October 10, [2] Ma-on's the remnant trough continued eastward across the North Pacific. More than a week later, by October 18, the storm moved over the Bering Sea and began to intensify rapidly as conditions favored bombogenesis of the baroclinic system. [4] It is not certain whether this system was predominantly the remnants of Ma-on or another non-tropical system which had its origins near Norway and traversed Eurasia. [5] Regardless of its dominant origin the storm moved across the central Aleutian Islands with a pressure of 978 mb (hPa; 28.88 inHg) on October 17 and doubled back to the west throughout the next day. As it moved over the Gulf of Anadyr, it quickly deepened to an exceptionally powerful 941 mb (hPa; 27.79 inHg). The intensification resulted from the influx of warm, moist air directly associated with the remnants of Ma-on combining with cold air from an upper-level low over the Russian Far East being entrained into the southeastern portion of the circulation. Winds up to typhoon-force occurred over a large swath of the Bering Sea and portions of western coastal Alaska. Situated 640 km (400 mi) west of Nome, Alaska, the powerful storm subsequently weakened and slowed on October 19. By October 20, the system filled to 980 mb (hPa; 28.95 inHg) low and reached a position 640 km (400 mi) west of Kotzebue, Alaska. [6] Over the subsequent four days, the low meandered in the same general area and was last noted on October 24. [7]

Preparations, impact and aftermath

Japan

A series of satellite images from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite depicting the structural evolution of Typhoon Ma-on from October 3-9. Typhoon Ma-on 2004 structural evolution.jpg
A series of satellite images from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite depicting the structural evolution of Typhoon Ma-on from October 3–9.

As Typhoon Ma-on began turning to the north on October 8 towards Japan, the JMA warned residents in the Tōkai, Kansai, and Shikoku regions of heavy rain. [8] Meteorologists warned it would likely become the strongest storm to strike the Kantō region in at least a decade. [9] Japan Airlines and All Nippon Airways cancelled 262 flights collectively on October 9, affecting 53,000 passengers. [10] Overall, 380 domestic and 72 international flights were cancelled because of Ma-on. [11] The Central Japan Railway Company temporarily suspended service for the entire Tōkaidō Shinkansen line, which travels from Tokyo to Shin-Ōsaka. Mandatory evacuation orders were issued for 3,528 families across five prefectures, while a further 1,600 families voluntarily evacuated from 13 others. [10] Voluntary evacuations also took place on Minamidaitōjima. [12] Practice and qualifying runs for the 2004 Japanese Grand Prix at the Suzuka Circuit, initially scheduled for October 9, were suspended until the following day. [13] Play at the Japan Open was suspended briefly because of the rain from the storm. [14]

Typhoon Ma-on was the eighth of a record-breaking ten landfalling typhoons in Japan during the 2004 season. [15] Of these storms, Ma-on was the only system to strike eastern areas of the nation directly and the second-strongest, with a landfall pressure of 950 mb (hPa; 28.06 inHg). [16] [17] Collectively, these storms resulted in 214 fatalities and over 2,000 injuries. Widespread and extensive damage to housing and infrastructure occurred with well over 200,000 homes damaged or destroyed and financial losses in excess of ¥564 billion (US$5 billion). [16]

The typhoon produced record-breaking wind across the Izu Peninsula when it made landfall on October 9. [1] The most intense winds of more than 215 km/h (134 mph) were confined to areas along Sagami Bay, about 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Tokyo. Contrary to most tropical cyclones, which see their strongest winds in the right-front quadrant, these winds occurred along the backside of Typhoon Ma-on. As the storm passed through, a low level jet formed along the east edge of the Kanto Mountains and facilitated an extreme gap flow event. [15] [18] A peak gust of 243 km/h (151 mph) was measured in Irōzaki; sustained values reached 142 km/h (88 mph) in Ajiro. Record high gusts were observed in Irōzaki, Ajiro, and Ojima, while record high sustained winds occurred in Ajiro, Haneda, and Ojima. [1] The extreme gap flow event resulted from the warm air associated with Ma-on moving over the relatively cool air over the Kanto Plain. As the backside of the storm moved through, northerly winds pushed the cooler air south and allowed it to extend to higher altitudes as it paralleled the mountains along the west side of the plains. Model simulations of the event indicated that without the mountains, winds would have been no more than 126 km/h (78 mph) in the same areas. [15]

Torrential rains accompanied the storm, with several areas reporting rainfall rates in excess of 60 mm (2.4 in) per hour. A local record of 89 mm (3.5 in) per hour was measured in Omaezaki, Shizuoka, which contributed to a 24-hour record of 360 mm (14 in) at the same station. Storm total values peaked in Omaezaki at 413 mm (16.3 in) over a three-day period; [1] measurements in excess of 300 mm (12 in) were confined to Aichi, Chiba, Kanagawa, Shizuoka, and Yamanashi prefectures. Enhanced precipitation affected areas well to the west of Ma-on, such as in Okinawa Prefecture where up to 190 mm (7.5 in) fell in Motobu. [19]

Landslides triggered by the heavy rains caused widespread disruptions in the nation as well as one fatality in Kamakura, Kanagawa. [20] Chiba and Kanagawa Prefectures were particularly hard-hit. Nearly 500 collective landslides affected the prefectures, damaging homes and paralyzing traffic. [20] [21] Part of National Route 19 was blocked and two buildings were damaged by a slide in Nagano Prefecture. [22] A landslide in Niisato, Iwate, blocked portions of a road and prompted voluntary evacuations. [23] Two landslides and flooding caused a few road closures in Miyagi Prefecture. [24] Slides occurred as far west as Nara and Okinawa. One shut down a 2 km (1.2 mi) stretch of road in Hokkejicho while three occurred in Nago. [12] [25]

Approximately 180,000  Tokyo Electric customers lost power during the storm. [13] In Minamiizu, Shizuoka, a power pole struck a man downed by high winds and later died at the hospital. [11] Extensive agricultural and infrastructural damage occurred in Fukushima Prefecture, where losses amounted to ¥3.4 billion [26] Agricultural losses in Chiba amounted to ¥1.2 billion. [21]

Widespread disruptions to rail service in eastern Japan resulted from the typhoon. Service along the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line subway suspended due to flooding at the Azabu-Jūban Station. Flooding and heavy rains prompted suspensions of the Saikyō, Keiyō, Tōhoku Shinkansen, Jōetsu Shinkansen, Nagano Shinkansen, and Keihin-Tōhoku lines. Trains along the Tokyo Monorail and express lines from the Odakyu Electric Railway and Keikyu were also interrupted. Additionally, a landslide struck a portion of the Chūō Main Line. [11] A train derailed in Yamanashi Prefecture due to debris on the track. [27]

In Gunma Prefecture a man was injured after being blown off his roof in Ōta while trying to repair a gutter. A few homes were flooded and damage in the prefecture amounted to ¥41.2 million. [28] One person sustained minor injuries in Tokorozawa. Flooding in Saitama Prefecture affected 1,562 homes, 159 severely, and hundreds of roads were left impassible. In Iwatsuki, the Ayase River overflowed its banks and prompted the evacuation of 74 people. Damage to agriculture and forestry amounted to ¥253.5 million. [29] Six people were injured, one seriously, in Ibaraki Prefecture, by high winds. Numerous landslides occurred, some of which blocked rivers and caused flooding; others blocked rail lines. A total of 191 homes were affected by floods, 53 of which sustained damage. In terms of agriculture, 4,606 ha (11,380 acres) of crops flooded and losses reached ¥866 million. [30]

A car carrying four people was swept away by a landslide in Fujikawa; however, the occupants were unharmed. Landslides and flooding caused numerous disruptions to transportation. Damage amounted to ¥1.5 billion in Yamanashi Prefecture. [31] Landslides and flooding caused extensive damage in Aichi Prefecture. Damage to agriculture and forestry amounted to ¥391 million. [32] Two people were killed and eighteen others were injured in Chiba Prefecture. Roughly 1,100 homes were affected by flooding, some of which sustained damage. Evacuations orders were issued for 1,703 households across 14 municipalities. Property and infrastructure sustained extensive damage in Shizuoka Prefecture. A total of 165 homes collapsed while 244 more were partially destroyed. Four people were killed and one hundred others were injured. Water and power utilities were severely affected, with losses exceeding ¥1 billion collectively. [33] In Tokyo Prefecture, on the island of Kōzu-shima, 48 homes were evacuated during the storm. Flooding affected over 1,000 homes in Tokyo former, with 24 structures being destroyed. In Kanagawa Prefecture, a landslide killed one person in Kamakura while 43 others were injured throughout the prefecture. Nearly 200 landslides across the prefecture shut down large stretches of highway and rail lines, paralyzing public transportation. More than 2,400 homes were affected by flooding, though only three were destroyed. [34]

Additional, though minor, damage occurred in Akita, [35] Aomori, [36] Gifu, [37] Mie, [38] Niigata, [39] Shimane, [40] Tochigi, [41] Wakayama, [42] and Yamagata prefectures. [43] According to the Fire and Disaster Management Agency (FDMA), 135 homes were destroyed while 4,796 sustained damage. Another report from Rika Nenpyo indicated far greater damage: 5,553 homes destroyed and 7,843 others damaged. Relative to the intensity of the storm, however, casualties were low with seven-nine fatalities and 169 injuries. [44] Total damage from the storm amounted to ¥68.6 billion (US$603 million). [45] Insurance payouts amounted to ¥27.2 billion (US$241 million) in the wake of the storm. [44]

Alaska

Damage from the storm along Front Street in Nome October 19, 2004 Nome, Alaska flood damage.png
Damage from the storm along Front Street in Nome

The powerful extratropical remnants of Ma-on resulted in extensive damage along the west coast of Alaska in mid-October. Winds of 80 to 129 km/h (50 to 80 mph) battered many towns and fueled a damaging storm surge. At the Red Dog mine, a measurement of a 183 km/h (114 mph) gust was noted by the observer; however, this value was pegged as questionable and the highest verified gust was 124 km/h (77 mph). Other notable measurements include 114 km/h (71 mph) at Tin City, 110 km/h (70 mph) in Skookum Pass and Savoonga, 97 km/h (60 mph) in Golovin, and 95 km/h (59 mph) in Nome. The greatest storm surge occurred in areas without measuring capabilities, though a peak of 3.0 to 3.7 m (10 to 12 ft) was estimated in Shishmaref and 2.4 to 3.0 m (8 to 10 ft) in Kivalina. Nome itself was affected by a 3.19 m (10.45 ft) surge while Diomede and Teller had estimated values of 1.8 to 2.4 m (6 to 8 ft). [6] Record high water rises occurred at Nome and Red Dog Dock, peaking at 4.12 and 3.2 m (13.5 and 10.5 ft) respectively. The value in Nome exceeded the previous record of 3.7 m (12 ft) in October 1992; however, the measurement at Red Dog Dock was surpassed just over two months later. [46] Little precipitation accompanied the system, with only Coldfoot reporting snow accumulations of 18 cm (7 in). [6]

Nome suffered the brunt of damage from the cyclone, with most structures along the coast sustaining damage. [47] Forty-five residents had to be evacuated at the height of the storm. [6] Front Street flooded entirely and resembled a "war zone" according to residents. Most buildings in the area had their windows blown out from high winds except for those boarded with plywood. Some businesses had up to 0.91 m (3 ft) of water in their basement. Valves on three 450 kg (1,000 lb) propane tanks broke off during the storm at businesses on Front Street, prompting police to evacuate the area and the adjacent streets. Power was cut as a precautionary measure because of flammable gas. [47] Strong winds in Wales caused a 300-gallon fuel spill when a metal support at the village clinic toppled, rupturing the fuel line. [6] Large waves caused havoc across the Seward Peninsula. Erosion in Elim destroyed a local road and exposed the city's septic tanks and main water line. Shishmaref experienced some loss of sand, though recently constructed ripraps spared the area from significant damage. [47] Most affected areas had damage to power poles, with only coastal regions sustaining structural impacts. Losses throughout the state was conservatively estimated at $20 million. [6]

In the aftermath of the storm, on November 16, President George W. Bush signed a disaster declaration for the Bering Strait Regional Education Attendance Area and the Northwest Arctic Borough. Funding from the Federal Emergency Management Agency was made available to residents in these areas as well as the city of Mekoryuk. [48] Public assistance teams were deployed to Nome and Unalakleet on November 19 to establish a base of operations for relief and assess the impact of the storm. Visits to smaller communities throughout the affected region were planned as well. [49] At the end of November, the disaster declaration expanded to include Chevak, the Pribilof Islands Regional Education Attendance Areas, and communities along the Lower Kuskokwim and Lower Yukon rivers. [50]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Mireille</span> Pacific typhoon in 1991

Typhoon Mireille, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Rosing, was the costliest typhoon on record, until it was surpassed by Typhoon Doksuri in 2023. Striking Japan in September 1991, it became the 20th named storm of the 1991 Pacific typhoon season, Mireille formed on September 13 from the monsoon trough near the Marshall Islands. It moved westward for several days as a small system, steered by the subtropical ridge to the north. The storm rapidly intensified to typhoon status on September 16, and several days later passed north of Saipan in the Northern Marianas Islands. Mireille intensified further after deleterious effects from a nearby tropical storm subsided. On September 22, the American-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) estimated maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph), and on the next day, the official Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) estimated 10‑minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph). The typhoon weakened slightly while turning northward, passing just east of Miyako-jima and later to the west of Okinawa. On September 27, Mireille made landfall near Nagasaki in southwestern Japan with winds of 175 km/h (109 mph), the strongest since Typhoon Nancy in 1961. The storm accelerated to the northeast through the Sea of Japan, moving over Hokkaido before becoming extratropical on September 28. The remnants of Mireille continued to the east, passing through the Aleutian Islands of Alaska on October 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Babe (1977)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1977

Typhoon Babe, known in Japan as Okinoerabu Typhoon, and in the Philippines as Typhoon Miling, was regarded as "the worst typhoon to threaten Japan in 18 years." Developing as a tropical depression on September 2, Babe initially tracked west-northwestward as it intensified. On September 5, an abrupt shift in steering currents caused the system to turn north-northwestward. Early on September 6, the system intensified into a typhoon. Over the following two days, Babe quickly intensified, ultimately attaining its peak intensity early on September 8 with winds of 240 km/h (150 mph) and a barometric pressure of 905 mbar. Not long after reaching this strength, another shift in the steering patterns caused the typhoon to execute a prolonged counter-clockwise arc, causing it to track through the Ryukyu Islands southwest of Japan, as it interacted with a low pressure originating from the Korean Peninsula. During this time, the system gradually weakened and eventually it made landfall near Shanghai, China on September 11 as a minimal typhoon before dissipating inland the following day. Coincidentally, Typhoon Babe and Atlantic Hurricane Babe existed at the same time from September 3–9.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Jangmi (2008)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2008

Typhoon Jangmi, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Ofel, was the most intense tropical cyclone in the Northwest Pacific Ocean during the 2000s, tied with Nida in 2009, and the most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2008. Jangmi, which means rose in Korean, formed in a low pressure area south of Guam on September 22. After undergoing serious consolidating with convective banding, the low pressure area was upgraded to a Joint Typhoon Warning Center late the same data. Undergoing the same process, the storm developed into a tropical storm on September 24. Undergoing rapid deepening on September 26–27, the storm, now a Super Typhoon entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility, and was named Ofel. The next day, Jangmi made impact in Taiwan, thousands were evacuated, rainfall, up to 994mm were recorded, and thousands of acres of farmland were destroyed. Jangmi was significantly weakened as it interacted with Taiwan, as being downgraded to tropical storm status after leaving Taiwan on September 29. After undergoing an extratropical transition, Jangmi became a remnant low on October 1. After slowly moving eastward, until finally dissipating near Iwo Jima on October 5.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Nabi</span> Pacific typhoon in 2005

Typhoon Nabi, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Jolina, was a powerful typhoon that struck southwestern Japan in September 2005. The 14th named storm of the 2005 Pacific typhoon season, Nabi formed on August 29 to the east of the Northern Mariana Islands. It moved westward and passed about 55 km (34 mi) north of Saipan on August 31 as an intensifying typhoon. On the next day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center upgraded the storm to super typhoon status, with winds equivalent to that of a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. The Japan Meteorological Agency estimated peak ten-minute winds of 175 km/h (109 mph) on September 2. Nabi weakened while curving to the north, striking the Japanese island of Kyushu on September 6. After brushing South Korea, the storm turned to the northeast, passing over Hokkaido before becoming extratropical on September 8, before dissipating on September 12.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Tingting</span> Pacific typhoon in 2004

Typhoon Tingting was a destructive tropical cyclone that produced record-breaking rains in Guam. The eighth named storm of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season, Tingting originated from a tropical depression over the open waters of the western Pacific Ocean. The storm gradually intensified as it traveled northwest, becoming a typhoon on June 28 and reaching its peak the following day while passing through the Mariana Islands. After maintaining typhoon intensity for three days, a combination of dry air and cooler sea surface temperatures caused the storm to weaken as it traveled northward. On July 1, the storm passed by the Bonin Islands, off the coast of Japan, before moving out to sea. By July 4, Tinting had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. The remnants were last reported by the Japan Meteorological Agency, the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific basin, near the International Date Line on July 13.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Maria (2006)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2006

Typhoon Maria was a minimal typhoon which brushed the southeastern coast of Japan during early August 2006. The seventh named storm of the 2006 Pacific typhoon season, Maria formed out of a tropical depression over the open waters of the western Pacific Ocean. On August 5, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the depression as a tropical storm while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) kept it as a depression. The storm quickly strengthened into a typhoon the next day, reaching its peak intensity with winds of 130 km/h early on August 6. The storm gradually weakened as it began to recurve, causing it to parallel the southeastern coast of Japan. On August 9, Maria weakened into a tropical depression and later into an extratropical cyclone before dissipating on August 15. Maria had only minor effects in Japan, mainly heavy rains which were estimated to have peaked over 400 mm (15.7 in) on the Izu Peninsula. One person was killed after being struck by lightning and six others were injured.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Bart (1999)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1999

Typhoon Bart, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Oniang, was a powerful and destructive typhoon that occurred during the 1999 Pacific typhoon season. It was the only super typhoon of that year. Bart reached "super typhoon" status on September 22, when it grew to comprise winds containing a force of 260 km/h (160 mph).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Ida (1958)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1958

Typhoon Ida, also known as the Kanogawa Typhoon, was the sixth-deadliest typhoon to hit Japan, as well as one of the strongest tropical cyclones on record. On September 20, Ida formed in the Western Pacific near Guam. It moved to the west and rapidly intensified into a 185 km/h (115 mph) typhoon by the next day. On September 22, Ida turned to the north and continued its quick rate of intensification. Two days later, the Hurricane Hunters observed a minimum barometric pressure of 877 mb (25.9 inHg), as well as estimated peak winds of 325 km/h (202 mph). This made Ida the strongest tropical cyclone on record at the time, although it was surpassed by Typhoon June 17 years later. Ida weakened as it continued to the north-northeast, and made landfall in Japan on southeastern Honshū with winds of 130 km/h (80 mph) on September 26. It became extratropical the next day, and dissipated on the September 28 to the east of the country. Ida caused torrential flooding to southeastern Japan, resulting in over 1,900 mudslides. Damage was estimated at $50 million, and there were 1,269 fatalities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Fred</span> Pacific typhoon in 1994

Typhoon Fred was a powerful tropical cyclone that caused extensive damage in southeastern China in mid-August 1994. Regarded as the worst typhoon to affect Zhejiang in 160 years, it originated as an area of disturbed weather over the open West Pacific on August 13. The system moved west-southwest and developed into a tropical depression on August 14. Early on August 15, it intensified into a tropical storm. Fred intensified at a steady rate over the course of several days while moving toward the west. The storm intensified into a typhoon on August 16 and into a super typhoon three days later. Late on August 19, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), the principal organization in the West Pacific, estimated 10-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph). The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), meanwhile, assessed 1-minute sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph). After peaking in intensity, Fred veered to the north of Taiwan and struck the China mainland near Wenzhou early on August 21. The system degraded once inland and dissipated near Wuhan on August 22.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Linfa (2003)</span> Pacific severe tropical storm in 2003

Severe Tropical Storm Linfa, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Chedeng, brought deadly flooding to areas of the Philippines and Japan in May and June 2003. The fourth named storm within the northwestern Pacific that year, Linfa developed as a tropical depression just off the western coast of Luzon on May 25. The disturbance quickly intensified to reach tropical storm intensity a few hours after cyclogenesis. However, intensification leveled off as Linfa executed a small clockwise loop before a subsequent landfall on Luzon on May 27. Due to land interaction the storm temporarily weakened and decoupled before reforming in the Philippine Sea. Afterwards Linfa began reintensifying and reached its peak intensity on May 29 with maximum sustained winds of 100 km/h (65 mph) and a barometric pressure of 980 mbar. Following its peak the tropical storm began to deteriorate and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on May 30; these extratropical remnants continued to track northward through Japan before dissipating in the Sea of Okhotsk on June 4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Flo (1990)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1990

Typhoon Flo, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Norming, was a long-lived typhoon that brought destruction to much of Japan during September 1990. Flo originated from an area of convection that first formed to the southeast of the Marshall Islands on September 7. Five days later, the disturbance obtained tropical depression status, and on September 13, intensified into a tropical storm. Tracking west-northwest as it rounded a subtropical ridge, Flo slowly deepened, and on September 15, became a typhoon. After developing an eye, Flo began to rapidly intensify, and on September 17, Flo attained peak intensity. Shortly thereafter, the typhoon began to recurve to the northeast towards Honshu in response to deepening troughs to the northwest and north of the system, which resulted in a weakening trend due to increased vertical wind shear despite remaining over warm water. On September 19, Flo made landfall on southern Honshu, becoming the first typhoon to hit the Kii Peninsula in 11 years, and thereafter started to transition into an extratropical cyclone. The extratropical remnants of Flo were last noted on the morning of September 22.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Luke</span> Pacific tropical storm in 1991

Severe Tropical Storm Luke, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Pepang, was a short-lived tropical storm that brushed Japan during September 1991. Tropical Storm Luke formed from a disturbance that moved through the Northern Marianas and became a tropical depression on September 14 just to the west of the islands. The depression began to slowly intensify as it moved towards the west-northwest and Tropical Storm Luke was named on September 15. Luke reached peak intensity prior to recurving to the northeast and weakening due to increased shear. Tropical Storm Luke then paralleled the southeastern Japan coastline before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. Overall, 12 people were killed and 23 others were injured. A total of 225 houses were destroyed while 52,662 others were flooded. There were reports of 644 landslides and roads were damaged at 418 locations. Rivers crested at 18 spots and six bridges were washed away. Greater than 40 domestic flights were cancelled. A total of 103 bullet trains were cancelled and 160 others delayed between Tokyo and Osaka, which left 315,000 people stranded. Additionally, 11,999 trains were halted in eastern and northern Japan, stranding 750,000 passengers. Two ships as well as 4,973 ha of farmland were damaged. Monetary damage totaled ¥24.2 billion yen (US$179 million).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Abby (1983)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1983

Typhoon Abby, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Diding, was an extremely powerful tropical cyclone which was the second typhoon to strike Japan within a span of a few days in August 1983. First noted southeast of Guam on July 31, development of this system was initially slow to occur; it was first classified on August 5, and was upgraded into a tropical storm the next day. Intensification was rapid as Abby slowly recurved northward on August 7 and 8. After reaching peak intensity with winds of 140 mph (225 km/h) early on August 9, Abby slowly weakened, though the storm briefly re-intensified on August 11. By August 14, winds had diminished to 100 mph (160 km/h). Abby finally weakened back into a tropical storm on August 17 not long after making landfall in Japan. The following day, Abby completed the transition to an extratropical cyclone after moving through central Japan. However, meteorologists continued monitoring the storm for six more days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Yancy (1993)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1993

Typhoon Yancy, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Tasing, was one of the costliest and most intense tropical cyclones to strike Japan on record. Yancy was the sixth typhoon of the annual typhoon season and sixth tropical cyclone overall to impact Japan that year. Developing out of an area of disturbed weather in the open northwest Pacific on August 29, 1993, the precursor to Yancy tracked westward and quickly intensified to reach tropical storm strength on August 30. Just two days later, the tropical storm reached typhoon intensity as it recurved towards the northeast. A period of rapid intensification followed, allowing Yancy to quickly reach super typhoon intensity. The strong tropical cyclone reached peak intensity on September 2 with maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h (109 mph). The following day Yancy made its first landfall on Iōjima at nearly the same strength; over the course of the day the typhoon would make three subsequent landfalls on Japanese islands. Land interaction forced the tropical cyclone to weaken, and after its final landfall on Hiroshima Prefecture, Yancy weakened below typhoon intensity. After emerging into the Sea of Japan, Yancy transitioned into an extratropical cyclone; these remnants persisted as they meandered in the sea before dissipating completely on September 7.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Orchid (1991)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1991

Typhoon Orchid, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Sendang, was a long-lived typhoon that brushed Japan during October 1991. An area of disturbed weather formed near the Caroline Islands in early October. A mid-latitude cyclone weakened a subtropical ridge to its north, allowing the disturbance to slowly gain latitude, and on October 3, the system organized into a tropical depression. On the next day, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Orchid. Continuing to intensify, the cyclone strengthened into a typhoon on the morning of October 6. Typhoon Orchid tracked due westward south of subtropical ridge while rapidly intensifying, and on October 7, Orchid reached its peak intensity. Shortly after its peak, the typhoon began to recurve north as the ridge receded. After interacting with Typhoon Pat, Orchid weakened below typhoon intensity on October 12. After accelerating to the northwest while gradually weakening, Orchid transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 14.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Winona (1990)</span> Pacific tropical storm in 1990

Tropical Storm Winona struck Japan during August 1990. An area of disturbed weather developed within the monsoon trough, located over the East China Sea, on August 4. Despite the presence of strong wind shear, a tropical depression developed later that day. The depression initially tracked northeast, bypassing the southern tip of Kyushu. Thereafter, the depression turned southeast, and on August 6, was believed to have obtained tropical storm intensity. In response to a building subtropical ridge to its southeast, Winona veered north while gradually intensifying. On August 9, Winona peaked in intensity, and while near peak intensity, made landfall in Shizuoka Prefecture early the following morning. Winona transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on August 11, and was last observed on August 14.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Gene</span> Pacific typhoon in 1990


Typhoon Gene, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Oyang, struck Japan during late September 1990. An area of disturbed weather formed several hundred kilometers south-southeast of Okinawa on September 18. Gradual development occurred as it tracked generally westward, and on September 22, the disturbance developed into a tropical depression. The depression intensified into a tropical storm the next day. Continuing to steadily intensify, Gene turned northwest and became a severe tropical storm on September 25. In the evening, Gene was declared a typhoon, and on September 26, attained its maximum intensity. Gene leveled off in intensity while recurving towards Japan. After brushing Kyushu and Shikoku on September 29 and Honshu on September 20, Gene weakened back to a tropical storm. On September 30, Gene transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, which was last noted on October 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Hattie</span> Pacific typhoon in 1990

Typhoon Hattie, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Pasing, was the fifth tropical cyclone of a record-six to hit Japan during the 1990 Pacific typhoon season. Hattie originated from an area of disturbed weather that developed within the Western Pacific monsoon trough towards the end of September. Tracking westward, the disturbance initially was slow to develop, although on September 30, the system was classified as a tropical depression. Following an improvement of its convective structure and an increase in associated convection, the depression was upgraded into Tropical Storm Hattie on October 1. Following the development of an eye, Hattie attained typhoon intensity on October 2. The typhoon continued to slowly deepen as its forward speed slowed. Despite a decrease in cloud top temperatures around the eye, Hattie was estimated to have attained peak intensity on October 5. After recurving to the north and then northeast, Hattie began to slowly weaken due to increased wind shear. On October 7, Hattie lost typhoon intensity, and after tracking directly over Tokyo, transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Gladys (1991)</span> Pacific tropical storm in 1991

Severe Tropical Storm Gladys in August 1991 was a large tropical cyclone that affected Japan and South Korea. An area of disturbed weather first formed within the Western Pacific monsoon trough on August 15. Slowly organizing, the disturbance developed into a tropical depression on August 15. Heading northwest, Gladys became a tropical storm the following day. Despite forecasts of significant strengthening, its large size only enabled slow intensification. After turning west, Gladys attained peak intensity on August 21 near Okinawa. After turning north and bypassing Kyushu, Gladys began to encounter significant wind shear, which caused weakening. Gladys veered west, interacting with land. Gladys weakened to a tropical depression on August 24, and dissipated the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Kent (1992)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1992

Typhoon Kent was a strong mid-season typhoon that struck southern Japan during August 1992. An area of convection developed east of the International Date Line. Tracking west-northwestward, a tropical depression developed on August 5, and the next day, intensified into a tropical storm. On August 8, increased vertical wind shear caused convection to decrease, although Kent strengthened into a typhoon on the next day. An eye then appeared as conditions aloft became more conducive, and on August 11, Kent attained its peak intensity. Under the influence of a subtropical ridge located to its north, the typhoon initially continued to move west-northwestward before turning towards Kyushu. The storm steadily weakened prior to making landfall on August 18 just below typhoon intensity. The mountainous terrain of Japan accelerated the weakening trend, and on August 20, Kent dissipated.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kevin Boyle and Huang Chunliang (February 17, 2005). "Super Typhoon Ma-on". Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: October 2004 (Report). Typhoon 2000. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (in Japanese) "台風0422号(0422 Ma-on)" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. 2005. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Super Typhoon 26W (Ma-on) Best Track" (.TXT). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 2005. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  4. ↑ Gary Hufford and James Partain (2005). Climate Change and Short-Term Forecasting for Alaskan Northern Coasts (PDF) (Report). American Meteorological Society . Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  5. ↑ C. Larsen, D. E. Atkinson, J. Walsh, J. Arnott, and K. Lingaas (2006). "Dynamical Development of the Bering/Chukchi Sea Storm, October, 2004". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2006. National Aeronautics and Space Administration: A21A–0827. Bibcode:2006AGUFM.A21A0827L . Retrieved July 15, 2014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 National Weather Service Office in Fairbanks, Alaska (2005). "Alaska Event Report: High Wind". National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  7. ↑ Katherine A. Pingree-Shippee, Norman J. Shippee, David E. Atkinson (2012). "Overview of Bering/Chukchi Sea Wave States for Selected Severe Storms" (PDF). University of Alaska Fairbanks . Retrieved July 15, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ "Typhoon Ma-on moves north, may strike Honshu Saturday". Tokyo, Japan. Japan Economic Newswire. October 8, 2004. p. 8. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  9. ↑ "Strongest typhoon in decade set to strike Kanto". Tokyo, Japan. Japan Economic Newswire. October 9, 2004. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  10. 1 2 Mari Murayama and Iain Wilson (October 9, 2004). "Typhoon Ma-on Reaches Central Japan; Flights Canceled (Update2)". Bloomberg News . Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  11. 1 2 3 "2 dead, 6 missing as Typhoon Ma-on floods Tokyo, vicinity". Tokyo, Japan. Japan Economic Newswire. October 9, 2014. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  12. 1 2 (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-936-21)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  13. 1 2 "Typhoon Ma-on lashes Tokyo". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Agence France-Presse. October 9, 2004. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  14. ↑ "Play suspended at Japan Open tennis". Tokyo, Japan. Associated Press. October 9, 2004. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  15. 1 2 3 Wataru Mashiko (2006). "High-resolution simulation of wind structure in the inner-core of Typhoon Ma-on (2004) and sensitivity experiments of horizontal resolution" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency: 1–2. Retrieved July 14, 2014.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. 1 2 Yasou Okuda, Yukio Tamura, Hiroaki Nishimura, Hitomitsu Kikitsu, and Hisashi Okada (2005). "High Wind Damage to Buildings Caused by Typhoon in 2004" (PDF). United States–Japan Natural Resources Panel. Public Works Research Institute. Retrieved July 14, 2014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Joo-Hong Kim, Chang-Hoi Ho, and Chung-Hsiung Sui (July 28, 2005). "Circulation features associated with the record-breaking typhoon landfall on Japan in 2004". Geophysical Research Letters . 32 (14): 2. Bibcode:2005GeoRL..3214713K. doi: 10.1029/2005GL022494 .{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ Wataru Mashiko (2008). "Formation Mechanism of a Low-Level Jet during the Passage of Typhoon Ma-on (2004) over the Southern Kanto District" (PDF). Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. 86 (1). Japan Meteorological Agency: 183–202. Bibcode:2008JMeSJ..86..183M. doi: 10.2151/jmsj.86.183 .
  19. ↑ "Precipitation Summary". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  20. 1 2 (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-670-15)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  21. 1 2 (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-648-10)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  22. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-610-16)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  23. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-584-20)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  24. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-590-08)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  25. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-780-13)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  26. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-595-17)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  27. ↑ "Strongest typhoon in 10 years to hit Japan". Tokyo, Japan. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. October 9, 2004. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  28. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-624-17)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  29. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-626-11)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  30. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-629-10)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  31. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-638-08)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  32. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-636-15)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  33. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-656-17)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  34. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-662-12)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  35. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-582-26)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  36. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-575-11)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  37. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-632-23)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  38. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-651-15)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  39. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-604-24)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  40. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-741-15)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  41. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-615-24)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  42. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-777-07)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  43. ↑ (in Japanese) "気象災害報告 (2004-588-16)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2004. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  44. 1 2 (in Japanese) "台風200422号 (MA-ON) – 災害情報". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  45. ↑ OECD Studies in Risk Management: Japan Floods (PDF) (Report). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006. p. 9. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  46. ↑ Raymond S. Chapman, Sung-Chan Kim, and David J. Mark (October 2009). Storm-Induced Water Level Prediction Study for the Western Coast of Alaska (PDF) (Report). United States Army Corps of Engineers. p. 7. Retrieved July 15, 2014.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. 1 2 3 "Powerful Bering Sea storm hits Nome". Anchorage, Alaska. Associated Press. October 20, 2004. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  48. ↑ "Federal Disaster Funds Ordered For Alaska To Aid State And Local Government Storm Recovery". Federal Emergency Management Agency. Government of the United States. November 16, 2004. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  49. ↑ "Joint State/Federal Assistance Teams Deploy to Nome and Unalakleet". Federal Emergency Management Agency. Government of the United States. November 19, 2004. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  50. ↑ "Additional Alaska Communities Designated For Public Assistance". Federal Emergency Management Agency. Government of the United States. November 30, 2004. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Typhoon Ma-on (Rolly)
Ma-on 2004-10-08 0405Z.jpg
Typhoon Ma-on on October 8
Tropical cyclones of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season
2004 Pacific typhoon season summary map.png
TD
Ambo
TD
Butchoy
VSTY
Sudal
VSTY
Nida
TD
05W
STS
Omais
TY
Conson
STS
Chanthu
VSTY
Dianmu
VSTY
Mindulle
TY
Tingting
TS
Kompasu
VSTY
Namtheun
TD
TD
TS
Malou
TY
Meranti
TY
Rananim
TD
TD
TD
TD
TS
Malakas
TY
Megi
VITY
Chaba
TY
Aere
TD
21W
VSTY
Songda
STS
Sarika
TD
TD
TS
Haima
TD
TD
TD
Pablo
TD
TD
VSTY
Meari
TD
TD
VSTY
Ma-on
TD
TD
VSTY
Tokage
VSTY
Nock-ten
TY
Muifa
TD
TD
TS
Merbok
TD
Winnie
VSTY
Nanmadol
TS
Talas
TS
Noru
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.