Voiceless retroflex stop

Voiceless retroflex stop
ʈ
IPA Number	105
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʈ
Unicode (hex)	U+0288
X-SAMPA	t`
Braille
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Last updated August 12, 2020

The voiceless retroflex stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. This consonant is found as a phoneme mostly (though not exclusively) in two areas: South Asia and Australia.

Transcription

The symbol that represents this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ʈ⟩. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of tee (the letter used for the equivalent alveolar consonant). In many fonts lowercase tee already has a rightward-pointing hook, but ⟨ʈ⟩ is distinguished from ⟨t⟩ by extending the hook below the baseline.

Features

Features of the voiceless retroflex stop:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.

Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).

Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.

It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Translation	Notes
Bengali ^[1]		টাকা	[ʈaka]	'taka'	Apical postalveolar;^[1] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Brahui		سىٹ	[asiʈ]	'one'
English	Indian dialects	time	[ʈaɪm]	'time'	Corresponds to alveolar /t/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Gujarati ^[2]		ટ	[ʈə]	(name of a letter)	Subapical;^[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Gujarati phonology
Hindustani ^[3]^[4]	Hindi	टोपी	[ʈoːpiː]	'hat'	Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.^[4] See Hindustani phonology
Hindustani ^[3]^[4]	Urdu	ٹوپی ‎	[ʈoːpiː]	'hat'
Hmong		raus	[ʈàu]	'immerse in liquid'	Contrasts with aspirated form (written ⟨rh⟩).
Iwaidja		yirrwartbart	[jiɺwɑʈbɑʈ]	'taipan'
Javanese		bathang	[baʈaŋ]	'cadaver'
Kannada		ತಟ್ಟು	[tʌʈʈu]	'to tap'	Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
Lo-Toga	Lo dialect^[5]	dege	[ʈəɣə]	'we (incl.)'	Laminal retroflex.
Marathi ^[2]		बटाटा	[bəʈaːʈaː]	'potato'	Subapical;^[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Mutsun		TiTkuSte	[ʈiʈkuʃtɛ]	'torn'
Nepali		टोली	[ʈoli]	'team'	Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Nepali phonology
Norwegian		kort	[kɔʈː]	'card'	See Norwegian phonology
Nunggubuyu ^[6]		rdagowa	[ʈakowa]	'prawn'
Pashto		ټول	[ʈol]	'all'
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਟੋਪੀ	[ʈoːpi]	'hat'
Punjabi	Shahmukhi	ٹوپی ‎	[ʈoːpi]	'hat'
Sicilian		latru	[ˈlaʈɽu]	'thief'
Scottish Gaelic	Some Hebridean dialects^[7]	árd	[aːʈ]	'high'	Corresponds to the sequence /rˠt/ in other dialects. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Swedish ^[8]		karta	[ˈkʰɑːʈa]	'map'	See Swedish phonology
Sylheti		ꠐꠦꠇꠣ	[ʈexa]	'Taka'
Tamil ^[2]^[9]		எட்டு	[eʈʈɯ]	'eight'	Subapical.^[2] See Tamil phonology
Telugu		కొట్టు	[koʈʈu]	'beat'	Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
Torwali ^[10]		ٹىىےل	[ʈijɛl̥]	'words'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Vietnamese	Southern dialects^[11]	bạn trả	[ɓaɳ˧ˀ˨ʔ ʈa˧˩˧]	'you pay'	May be somewhat affricated. See Vietnamese phonology
Welayta		[ʈaza]		'dew'

Notes

1 2 Mazumdar (2000 :57)
1 2 3 4 5 6 Khatiwada (2009 :374)
↑ Ladefoged (2005 :141)
1 2 Tiwari (2004 :?)
↑ François (2016:) 35, 41); entry dege in François’ Lo-Toga online dictionary.
↑ Ladefoged (2005 :158)
↑ Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
↑ Eliasson (1986 :278–279)
↑ Keane (2004 :111)
↑ Lunsford (2001 :11–16)
↑ Thompson (1959 :458–461)

Related Research Articles

The voiced retroflex lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɭ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l`.

The voiced retroflex approximant is a type of consonant used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɻ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\`. The IPA symbol is a turned lowercase letter r with a rightward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter.

The voiced retroflex flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɽ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r`.

The voiced retroflex nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɳ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is n`.

The voiced retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʐ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a z.

The voiced retroflex stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɖ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a d, the letter that is used for the corresponding alveolar consonant. Many South Asian languages, such as Hindi and Urdu, have a two-way contrast between plain and murmured.

The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʂ⟩. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of the ess. A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.

The voiced alveolar implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɗ⟩. The IPA symbol is lowercase letter d with a rightward hook protruding from the upper right of the letter.

The voiced uvular implosive is an extremely rare type of consonantal sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʛ⟩, a small capital letter G with a rightward pointing hook extending from the upper right of the letter.

The voiced retroflex implosive is a type of consonantal sound. It is not known to be phonemically distinct from alveolar in any language. Sindhi has an implosive that varies between dental and retroflex articulation, while Oromo, Saraiki and Ngad'a have but not.

The voiceless retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʈ͡ʂ⟩, sometimes simplified to ⟨tʂ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ⟨ts`⟩.

The retroflex ejective affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʈ͡ʂʼ⟩, though it is frequently simplified to ⟨tʂʼ⟩.

The retroflex ejective is a rare consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʈʼ⟩.

The retroflex ejective fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʂʼ⟩.

The voiceless retroflex nasal is an extremely rare type of consonantal sound, used in very few spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɳ̊⟩, a combination of the letter for the voiced retroflex nasal and a diacritic indicating voicelessness.

The voiceless retroflex lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɭ̊⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l`_0.

The voiceless retroflex flap or tap is a sound that has been reported to occur as a dialectal realization of in the Dhivehi language. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɽ̊⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r`_0.

The voiceless retroflex approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɻ̊⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\`_0.

The voiceless retroflex lateral affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ʈ͜ɭ̊˔⟩.

A voiceless retroflex implosive is a rare consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. There is no official symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound, but ⟨ᶑ̊⟩ or ⟨ʈʼ↓⟩ may be used.

References

Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning (ed.), Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271–300
Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi: 10.1017/S0025100304001549
François, Alexandre (2016), "The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu" (PDF), in Pozdniakov, Konstantin (ed.), Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles, Faits de Langues, 47, Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 25–60.
Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 39 (3): 337–380, doi: 10.1017/s0025100309990181
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan" (PDF), M.A. thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language , New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120614526
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966], Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal, ISBN 81-225-0017-X

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[mazumdar-1] 1 2 Mazumdar (2000 :57)

[khatiwada-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Khatiwada (2009 :374)

[3] Ladefoged (2005 :141)

[tiwari-4] 1 2 Tiwari (2004 :?)

[5] François (2016:) 35, 41); entry dege in François’ Lo-Toga online dictionary.

[6] Ladefoged (2005 :158)

[7] Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.

[8] Eliasson (1986 :278–279)

[9] Keane (2004 :111)

[10] Lunsford (2001 :11–16)

[11] Thompson (1959 :458–461)