1892 Japanese general election

1892 Japanese general election

←  1890 15 February 1892 March 1894  →
All 300 seats in the House of Representatives 151 seats needed for a majority
First party Second party Third party   Leader Itagaki Taisuke Ōkuma Shigenobu Party Liberal Chūō Club Rikken Kaishintō Last election 130 – 41 Seats won 94 81 38 Seat change 36 New 3   Fourth party Fifth party   Party Dokuristu Club Kinki Club Last election – – Seats won 31 12 Seat change New New
Prime Minister before election Matsukata Masayoshi Independent Prime Minister after election Matsukata Masayoshi Independent

General elections were held in Japan on 15 February 1892 to elect the members of the House of Representatives of the Diet of Japan.

Background

After the 1890 general elections for the lower house of the Diet of Japan, the elected members proved much less amenable to government persuasion than had been anticipated by Itō Hirobumi and other members of the Meiji oligarchy. Rather than docilely rubber stamp legislation issued from the House of Peers and the genrō, the leaders of the lower house used the only leverage granted to them under the Meiji Constitution, withholding budgetary approval, to show resistance. This stalemate led to earlier-than-anticipated dissolution of the government and new elections. Emperor Meiji expressed concern that if the same people were elected again, the same problem would recur, and suggested that regional offices encourage good people to run for office. ^[1]

Home Minister Shinagawa Yajirō interpreted this as a condemnation of political party activity, and sent memorandums to all regional government offices encouraging the dismissal of men deeply involved in political party activity. He also instructed the police to deal severely with any acts of bribery and intimidation. However, the elections became the most violent in Japanese history, with numerous riots, in which 25 people were killed and 388 wounded. Violence was particularly severe in areas of the country with strong support for the opposition Liberal Party. ^[2] Encouraged by Prime Minister Matsukata Masayoshi, Shinagawa arrested candidates he deemed "disloyal", and had gangs of toughs molest voters and burn opposition politicians' property. Prefectural governors and police chiefs were secretly ordered to disrupt campaigns of "disloyal" opposition politicians and to aid pro-government supporters. ^[3] Ballot boxes were stolen in Kōchi Prefecture, and voting was made impossible in parts of Saga Prefecture; violations were most conspicuous in these two prefectures, Ishikawa and Fukuoka.^{[ citation needed ]}

Electoral system

As with the 1890 elections, the electorate was based on limited suffrage, with only male citizens 25 years of age and over, who had paid 15 Yen or more in national taxes, and who had been resident in their prefecture for at least a year, qualified to vote. The number of eligible voters who met this requirement was 434,594. The number of candidates for office was 900.

Results

Despite the violence, the mintō (liberal parties) – the Liberal Party, Rikken Kaishintō and their affiliates maintained a plurality in the House of Representatives, winning 132 seats as opposed to 124 for pro-government candidates, with 44 independents. ^[1]

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Liberal Party			94	–36
	Chūō Club [a]			81	New
	Rikken Kaishintō			38	–3
	Dokuritsu Club [b]			31	New
	Kinki Club [c]			12	New
	Independents			44	–1
Total				300	0
Total votes		398,036	–
Registered voters/turnout		434,594	91.59
Source: Statistics Bureau of Japan [4]

Post-election composition by prefecture

Prefecture	Total seats	Seats won
		Liberal	Chūō	Rikken Kaishintō	Dokuritsu	Kinki	Ind.
Aichi	11	1	5	0	3	0	2
Akita	5	4	1	0	0	0	0
Aomori	4	3	0	0	0	0	1
Chiba	9	7	0	1	1	0	0
Ehime	7	3	0	3	0	0	1
Fukui	4	3	0	0	0	0	1
Fukuoka	9	1	8	0	0	0	0
Fukushima	7	4	0	0	0	0	3
Gifu	7	0	5	0	0	0	2
Gunma	5	4	0	0	0	0	1
Hiroshima	10	0	9	1	0	0	0
Hyōgo	12	6	0	3	0	3	0
Ibaraki	8	4	0	1	1	0	2
Ishikawa	6	3	2	0	1	0	0
Iwate	5	1	3	1	0	0	0
Kagawa	5	2	0	3	0	0	0
Kagoshima	7	2	0	4	0	0	1
Kanagawa	7	6	0	1	0	0	0
Kōchi	4	4	0	0	0	0	0
Kumamoto	8	1	7	0	0	0	0
Kyoto	7	1	0	0	1	0	5
Mie	7	1	1	2	2	0	1
Miyagi	5	1	1	0	1	0	2
Miyazaki	3	1	0	0	1	0	1
Nagano	8	3	2	1	0	0	2
Nagasaki	7	2	5	0	0	0	0
Nara	4	0	0	0	4	0	0
Niigata	13	7	0	5	1	0	0
Ōita	6	1	3	1	0	0	1
Okayama	8	3	0	1	0	0	4
Osaka	10	1	0	0	0	9	0
Saga	4	0	4	0	0	0	0
Saitama	8	3	1	3	0	0	1
Shiga	5	0	3	0	0	0	2
Shimane	6	2	0	0	4	0	0
Shizuoka	8	4	0	4	0	0	0
Tochigi	5	4	0	1	0	0	0
Tokushima	5	1	1	1	1	0	1
Tokyo	12	0	4	4	1	0	3
Tottori	3	1	0	0	2	0	0
Toyama	5	0	1	0	4	0	0
Wakayama	5	0	0	0	5	0	0
Yamagata	6	0	5	0	0	0	1
Yamaguchi	7	0	6	0	0	0	1
Yamanashi	3	0	2	0	0	0	1
Total	300	95	79	41	33	12	40
Note: Party affiliation after the general election.

Aftermath

The government faced an angry lower house when the next Diet term convened on 6 May; even members of the House of Peers were outraged, issuing a resolution condemning the manner in which the elections had been held on 11 May. Shinagawa was forced to resign the following month. ^[3]

Notes

1. lit. 'Central Negotiation Bloc'
2. lit. 'Independent Club'
3. lit. ' Kansai Club'

References

1. Donald Keene (2002). Emperor Of Japan: Meiji And His World, 1852–1912. Columbia University Press. pp. 460–464. ISBN   0-231-12341-8.
2. W. Scott Morton, J. Kenneth Olenik. Japan: Its History and Culture, p.163. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2004, ISBN   0-07-141280-8
3. Richard H. Mitchell. Political Bribery in Japan, p.16. University of Hawaii Press, 1996, ISBN   0-8248-1819-9
4. Statistics Bureau of Japan

Further reading

• Jansen, Marius B. (1989). Cambridge History of Japan: Vol. 5: The Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-22356-3.
• Fraser, Andrew (1995). Japan's Early Parliaments, 1890-1905: Structure, Issues and Trends. Routledge. ISBN   0-415-03075-7.
• Mason, R.H.P. (1969). Japan's First General Election, 1890 . Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-07147-X.
• Meyer, Milton Walter (1992). Japan: A Concise History . Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   0-8226-3018-4.