Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale

Last updated
Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale
LOINC 62750-5

The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Symptom Checklist is a self-reported questionnaire used to assist in the diagnosis of adult ADHD. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a neurological disorder that can present itself not only in childhood, but also adolescence and adulthood. Adults with ADHD may experience difficulties in relation to cognitive, academic, occupational, social and economic situations. [1]

Contents

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that can present itself in adolescence and adulthood. Adults with ADHD may experience difficulties in relation to cognitive, academic, occupational, social and economic situations. [2] Several types of ADHD can present in Adults including inattentive ADHD, Hyperactivity, Impulsive ADHD, and Combined type. Inattentive types have difficulty to paying attention to details and make careless mistakes. Hyperactive type may talk a lot or have behavior issues. Impulsive types might also act out or interrupt conversations. Combined type have a combination of symptoms.

ADHD has no single cause but can be genetically inherited in many cases, and roughly 76% of those diagnosed inherited it from their parent(s). For the remaining percentage of individuals, 14-15%, ADHD may have been caused due to their environment, such as trauma in the womb or during birth. [1] Changes in the genes that influence the neurochemicals serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels can cause them to be overactive or under active, possibly playing a role in the development of an individual with ADHD. [3] It has also been shown that activity in the frontal lobe is decreased in an individual with ADHD compared to an individual without ADHD. [1] The Adult ADHD Self-Reporting Scale (ASRS) was created to estimate the pervasiveness of an adult with ADHD in an easy self survey. [4]

The ASRS was developed in conjunction with the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Workgroup on Adult ADHD which included researchers from New York University Medical School and Harvard Medical School. The ASRS has eighteen questions, which are consistent with the DSM-IV [5] criteria and address ADHD symptoms in adults. The six question ASRS Screener was later developed as a subset of the WHO's eighteen question ASRS. At least one study has found that the six question ASRS Screener outperformed the eighteen question ASRS in diagnosing ADHD in the general population. [6]

ASRS has been translated to other languages including Spanish and Chinese. [7] [8] Conducted research proved that the scale is a valid and useful tool for the screening of adult ADHD. [9] The ASRS was externally validated on approximately 60 adult patients, and showed high internal consistency and high concurrent validity with the physician-administered ADHD rating system. [9]

Development and history

Self-rating scales are generally useful tools because they create a way to collect a large, accurate amount of data in an organized, quick, and cost effective way. [10] The diagnostic criteria originally designed for determining whether an individual was experiencing ADHD symptoms was designed for children. [11] These criteria has been criticized for being limiting for adults and the symptoms that may be found in adults with ADHD such as procrastination, poor motivation, and time management difficulties. [11]

Scoring

Both versions of the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Reporting Rating Scale (ASRS) are composed of 18 questions. Each column is used to describe the severity of the individuals symptoms based on the question asked. The participant is asked to make a mark within one column for each question that best describes their answer. [12] The questions are split up into two separate parts; Part A consists of questions 1-6, which comprises a screener, and Part B consists of questions 7-18; together parts A and B comprise a symptoms checklist. [12]

Applications

The Adult ADHD Self Report Scale is used to test the probability of adults, (18 years and older), having ADHD. [12]

Reliability/Validity

There have been studies done to test the validity and reliability of the ASRS by comparing results of participants that were diagnosed with childhood ADHD, after completing the self reporting on their own and then were subsequently tested with a clinician. There was high correlation between the grouped symptoms (hyperactivity/impulsiveness and inattentiveness) when comparing the administration results of the tests. [9] After an experiment with 60 adults, who completed the self rating scale and whose results were compared to their ratings with an administered ADHD rating scale, the results showed that the self rating scale has a high internal reliability and also validity. [9]

Limitations

The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale is only applicable for adults who may or may not be diagnosed or undiagnosed with ADHD. A positive screening is not a proper diagnosis, but an indication that the adult should seek a healthcare professional for further analysis. [10] Although the 6 question ASRS screener can be effective in diagnosing ADHD in adults and can be completed quickly, it cannot rule out other medical conditions that could be impacting the diagnosis of ADHD. [11] Some symptoms of ADHD do contain some overlap with other mood disorders, which are not tested for within the ASRS. [13] Other limitations, such as paying attention to possible comorbid conditions, along with a history of each individual who takes this questionnaire, and those who struggle with substance abuse issues, need to be taken into consideration when comparing their results to the scale. Keeping in mind that the symptoms must be ongoing, these symptoms cannot be considered indicators of ADHD if they've only been present for the past few months or even years. [1]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</span> Neurodevelopmental disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by executive dysfunction occasioning symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and emotional dysregulation that are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and developmentally-inappropriate.

Developmental disorders comprise a group of psychiatric conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in different areas. There are several ways of using this term. The most narrow concept is used in the category "Specific Disorders of Psychological Development" in the ICD-10. These disorders comprise developmental language disorder, learning disorders, developmental coordination disorders, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In broader definitions, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is included, and the term used is neurodevelopmental disorders. Yet others include antisocial behavior and schizophrenia that begins in childhood and continues through life. However, these two latter conditions are not as stable as the other developmental disorders, and there is not the same evidence of a shared genetic liability.

Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is the persistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) into adulthood. It is a neurodevelopmental disorder, meaning impairing symptoms must have been present in childhood, except for when ADHD occurs after traumatic brain injury. Specifically, multiple symptoms must be present before the age of 12, according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. The cutoff age of 12 is a change from the previous requirement of symptom onset, which was before the age of 7 in the DSM-IV. This was done to add flexibility in the diagnosis of adults. ADHD was previously thought to be a childhood disorder that improved with age, but recent research has disproved this. Approximately two-thirds of childhood cases of ADHD continue into adulthood, with varying degrees of symptom severity that change over time and continue to affect individuals with symptoms ranging from minor inconveniences to impairments in daily functioning.

Cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) is an attention syndrome characterised by prominent dreaminess, mental fogginess, hypoactivity, sluggishness, slow reaction time, staring frequently, inconsistent alertness, and a slow working speed. To scientists in the field, it has reached the threshold of evidence and recognition as a distinct syndrome.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive, is one of the three presentations of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In 1987–1994, there were no subtypes or presentations and thus it was not distinguished from hyperactive ADHD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III-R). In DSM-5, subtypes were discarded and reclassified as presentations of the same disorder that change over time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies</span> Controversies surrounding the topic of ADHDs nature, diagnosis, and treatment

Despite the scientifically well-established nature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), its diagnosis, and its treatment, each of these has been controversial since the 1970s. The controversies involve clinicians, teachers, policymakers, parents, and the media. Positions range from the view that ADHD is within the normal range of behavior to the hypothesis that ADHD is a genetic condition. Other areas of controversy include the use of stimulant medications in children, the method of diagnosis, and the possibility of overdiagnosis. In 2009, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, while acknowledging the controversy, stated that the current treatments and methods of diagnosis are based on the dominant view of the academic literature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impulsivity</span> Tendency to act on a whim without considering consequences

In psychology, impulsivity is a tendency to act on a whim, displaying behavior characterized by little or no forethought, reflection, or consideration of the consequences. Impulsive actions are typically "poorly conceived, prematurely expressed, unduly risky, or inappropriate to the situation that often result in undesirable consequences," which imperil long-term goals and strategies for success. Impulsivity can be classified as a multifactorial construct. A functional variety of impulsivity has also been suggested, which involves action without much forethought in appropriate situations that can and does result in desirable consequences. "When such actions have positive outcomes, they tend not to be seen as signs of impulsivity, but as indicators of boldness, quickness, spontaneity, courageousness, or unconventionality." Thus, the construct of impulsivity includes at least two independent components: first, acting without an appropriate amount of deliberation, which may or may not be functional; and second, choosing short-term gains over long-term ones.

The Test of Variables of Attention (T.O.V.A.) is a neuropsychological assessment that measures a person's attention while screening for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Generally, the test is 21.6 minutes long and is presented as a simple, yet boring, computer game. The test is used to measure a number of variables involving the test taker's response to either a visual or auditory stimulus. These measurements are then compared to the measurements of a group of people without attention disorders who took the T.O.V.A. This test should be used along with a battery of neuropsychological tests, such as a detailed history, subjective questionnaires, interviews, and symptom checklists before a diagnosis should be concluded.

The Pediatric Attention Disorders Diagnostic Screener (PADDS), created by Dr. Thomas K. Pedigo and Kenneth L. Pedigo, is a suite of computer administered neuropsychological tests of attention and executive functioning. The PADDS is used in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children between the ages of 6 and 12 years. The PADDS software program represents a multi-dimensional, evidence-based approach to ADHD assessment, consisting of the Computer Administered Diagnostic Interview (CADI), the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham—IV (SNAP-IV) Parent and Teacher rating scales, and the three computer-administered objective measures of the Target Tests of Executive Functioning (TTEF). It calculates a diagnostic likelihood ratio, where each data source is allowed to contribute to (or detract from) the prediction of the diagnosis, as well as normalized relative standard scores, t-scores, z-scores, and percentile ranks for comparison to the non-clinical reference group.

Hyperactivity has long been part of the human condition, although hyperactive behaviour has not always been seen as problematic.

The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) is an assessment of executive function behaviors at home and at school for children and adolescents ages 5–18. It was originally developed by Gerard Gioia, Peter Isquith, Steven Guy, and Lauren Kenworthy

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulty focusing attention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior. Treatments generally involve behavioral therapy and/or medications. ADHD is estimated to affect about 6 to 7 percent of people aged 18 and under when diagnosed via the DSM-IV criteria. When diagnosed via the ICD-10 criteria, hyperkinetic disorder gives rates between 1 and 2 percent in this age group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metadoxine</span> Medication used for alcohol intoxication

Metadoxine, also known as pyridoxine-pyrrolidone carboxylate, is a drug used to treat chronic and acute alcohol intoxication. Metadoxine accelerates alcohol clearance from the blood.

The Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Teacher and Parent Rating Scale (SNAP), developed by James Swanson, Edith Nolan and William Pelham, is a 90-question self-report inventory designed to measure attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms in children and young adults.

The Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scale (VADRS) is a psychological assessment tool for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and their effects on behavior and academic performance in children ages 6–12. This measure was developed by Mark L Wolraich at the Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and includes items related to oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, anxiety, and depression, disorders often comorbid with ADHD.

The ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) is a parent-report or teacher-report inventory created by George J. DuPaul, Thomas J. Power, Arthur D. Anastopoulos, and Robert Reid consisting of 18–90 questions regarding a child's behavior over the past 6 months. The ADHD Rating Scale is used to aid in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children ranging from ages 5–17.

The Child Mania Rating Scales (CMRS) is a 21-item diagnostic screening measure designed to identify symptoms of mania in children and adolescents aged 9–17 using diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV, developed by Pavuluri and colleagues. There is also a 10-item short form. The measure assesses the child's mood and behavior symptoms, asking parents or teachers to rate how often the symptoms have caused a problem for the youth in the past month. Clinical studies have found the CMRS to be reliable and valid when completed by parents in the assessment of children's bipolar symptoms. The CMRS also can differentiate cases of pediatric bipolar disorder from those with ADHD or no disorder, as well as delineating bipolar subtypes. A meta-analysis comparing the different rating scales available found that the CMRS was one of the best performing scales in terms of telling cases with bipolar disorder apart from other clinical diagnoses. The CMRS has also been found to provide a reliable and valid assessment of symptoms longitudinally over the course of treatment. The combination of showing good reliability and validity across multiple samples and clinical settings, along with being free and brief to score, make the CMRS a promising tool, especially since most other checklists available for youths do not assess manic symptoms.

The Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS) is a rating scale for evaluation of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) severity and improvement. It is an 18-item clinician-administered scale.

The Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) is a psychological assessment tool used to help diagnose attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. It is a self-report questionnaire that asks individuals to retrospectively recall and rate the frequency and severity of symptoms they experienced during childhood that are characteristic of ADHD. The assessment was released in 1993 after being developed by Paul H. Wender and his colleagues at the University of Utah School of Medicine.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Chandler, J., Yarmouth, M. F., Apnea, S., Apnea, D. S., & Diagnosing, A. (2002). What is ADHD. Retrieved April 15, 2007.
  2. ↑ Gray, Sarah; Woltering, Steven; Mawjee, Karizma; Tannock, Rosemary (25 March 2014). "The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): utility in college students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". PeerJ. 2: e324. doi: 10.7717/peerj.324 . PMC   3970798 . PMID   24711973.
  3. ↑ Namy, Laura L.; Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Woolf, Nancy Jean (5 July 2013). Psychology : from inquiry to understanding. Boston: Pearson. ISBN   978-0205960057.
  4. ↑ Kessler, RC; Adler, L; Ames, M; Demler, O; Faraone, S; Hiripi, E; Howes, MJ; Jin, R; Secnik, K; Spencer, T; Ustun, TB; Walters, EE (February 2005). "The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population". Psychological Medicine. 35 (2): 245–56. doi:10.1017/S0033291704002892. PMID   15841682. S2CID   2338488.
  5. ↑ American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. pp. 85–93. OCLC   43483668.
  6. ↑ Kessler, Ronald C.; Adler, Lenard; Ames, Minnie; et al. (February 2005). "The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population". Psychological Medicine. 35 (2): 245–56. doi:10.1017/S0033291704002892. PMID   15841682. S2CID   2338488.
  7. ↑ Yeh, Chin-Bin; Gau, Susan Shur-Fen; Kessler, Ronald C.; Wu, Yu-Yu (March 2008). "Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the adult ADHD Self-report Scale". International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 17 (1): 45–54. doi:10.1002/mpr.241. PMC   6878254 . PMID   18286465.
  8. ↑ Ramos-Quiroga, JA; Daigre, C; Valero, S; Bosch, R; Gómez-Barros, N; Nogueira, M; Palomar, G; Roncero, C; Casas, M (1 May 2009). "Validación al español de la escala de cribado del trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad en adultos (ASRS v. 1.1): una nueva estrategia de puntuación" [Validation of the Spanish version of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adult screening scale (ASRS v. 1.1): a novel scoring strategy]. Revista de Neurología (in Spanish). 48 (9): 449–52. doi:10.33588/rn.4809.2008677. PMID   19396760.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Adler, Lenard A.; Spencer, Thomas; Faraone, Stephen V.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Howes, Mary J.; Biederman, Joseph; Secnik, Kristina (July 2006). "Validity of Pilot Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) to Rate Adult ADHD Symptoms". Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 18 (3): 145–148. doi:10.1080/10401230600801077. PMID   16923651. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  10. 1 2 Treumer, Taryn Nicole (28 March 2015). "Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale: Implementation In A Primary Care Setting" (PDF). library.ndsu.edu. North Dakota State University. A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science
  11. 1 2 3 Hines, J. L.; King, T. S.; Curry, W. J. (7 November 2012). "The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale for Screening for Adult Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)". The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 25 (6): 847–853. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2012.06.120065 . PMID   23136325.
  12. 1 2 3 Daigre Blanco, C; Ramos-Quiroga, JA; Valero, S; Bosch, R; Roncero, C; Gonzalvo, B; Nogueira, M (2009). "Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) symptom checklist in patients with substance use disorders". Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría. 37 (6): 299–305. PMID   20066581.
  13. ↑ Stanton, Kasey; Forbes, Miriam K.; Zimmerman, Mark (December 2018). "Distinct dimensions defining the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale: Implications for assessing inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms". Psychological Assessment. 30 (12): 1549–1559. doi:10.1037/pas0000604. PMID   29878817. S2CID   46960922.

Sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.