Athletics is one of the sports at the quadrennial Mediterranean Games competition. It has been one of the sports competed at the event since the inaugural edition in 1951.
As of the most recent 2018 edition, the athletics program features 17 men's and 17 women's events. These include a total of 22 track events, 2 road events, and 10 field events.
| Event | 51 | 55 | 59 | 63 | 67 | 71 | 75 | 79 | 83 | 87 | 91 | 93 | 97 | 01 | 05 | 09 | 13 | 18 | 22 | Games |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current program | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 100 m | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 18 |
| 200 m | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 19 |
| 400 m | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 19 |
| 800 m | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 19 |
| 1500 m | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 19 |
| 5000 m | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 19 |
| 110 m hurdles | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 19 |
| 400 m hurdles | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 19 |
| 3000 m steeplechase | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 18 | |
| 4 × 100 m relay | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 19 |
| 4 × 400 m relay | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 19 |
| Half marathon | X | X | X | X | X | 5 | ||||||||||||||
| High jump | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 19 |
| Pole vault | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 17 | ||
| Long jump | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 19 |
| Triple jump | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 18 | |
| Shot put | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 19 |
| Discus throw | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 19 |
| Hammer throw | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 16 | |||
| Javelin throw | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 19 |
| Past events | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 10,000 m | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 17 | ||
| Marathon | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 14 | |||||
| 10 km walk | X | X | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
| 20 km walk | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 12 | |||||||
| 50 km walk | X | X | X | X | 4 | |||||||||||||||
| Decathlon | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 12 | |||||||
| Events | 23 | 24 | 23 | 21 | 22 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 20 | 23 | 23 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 17 | 20 | |
Updated after the 2022 Mediterranean Games
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Italy (ITA) | 179 | 161 | 127 | 467 |
| 2 |  France (FRA) | 151 | 124 | 100 | 375 |
| 3 |  Greece (GRE) | 63 | 69 | 78 | 210 |
| 4 |  Morocco (MAR) | 51 | 53 | 35 | 139 |
| 5 |  Yugoslavia (YUG) | 46 | 50 | 48 | 144 |
| 6 |  Spain (ESP) | 39 | 74 | 95 | 208 |
| 7 |  Algeria (ALG) | 33 | 19 | 35 | 87 |
| 8 |  Turkey (TUR) | 31 | 36 | 42 | 109 |
| 9 |  Tunisia (TUN) | 18 | 21 | 26 | 65 |
| 10 |  Cyprus (CYP) | 12 | 9 | 7 | 28 |
| 11 |  Slovenia (SLO) | 10 | 13 | 13 | 36 |
| 12 |  Croatia (CRO) | 10 | 8 | 9 | 27 |
| 13 |  Egypt (EGY) | 6 | 14 | 20 | 40 |
| 14 |  Serbia (SRB) | 5 | 5 | 2 | 12 |
| 15 |  Portugal (POR) | 3 | 4 | 4 | 11 |
| 16 |  Syria (SYR) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| 17 |  Albania (ALB) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 |
| 18 |  Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) | 1 | 1 | 6 | 8 |
| 19 |  Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 20 |  Libya (LBA) | 1 | 0 | 5 | 6 |
| 21 |  Montenegro (MNE) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 22 |  Malta (MLT) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Totals (22 entries) | 666 | 667 | 661 | 1994 | |
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