Cambric

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Embroidered cutwork on cambric Sample of Swiss Embroidery.jpg
Embroidered cutwork on cambric
Morning blouse made of cambric Morning blouse (matinee) in white cambric, decorated with embroidery, 1850-1855.jpg
Morning blouse made of cambric
Corsage made of cambric (1898) Charvet corsage.jpg
Corsage made of cambric (1898)

Cambric or batiste is a fine dense cloth. [1] It is a lightweight plain-weave fabric, originally from the commune of Cambrai (in present-day northern France), woven greige (neither bleached nor dyed), then bleached, piece-dyed, and often glazed or calendered. Initially it was made of linen; from the 18th and 19th centuries the term came to apply to cotton fabrics as well.

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Chambray is a similar fabric, [2] with a coloured (often blue or grey) warp and white filling; the name "chambray" replaced "cambric" in the United States in the early 19th century. [3]

Cambric is used as fabric for linens, shirts, handkerchiefs, ruffs, [4] lace, and in cutwork and other needlework. [5] [6] Dyed black, it is also commonly used as the dustcover on the underside of upholstered furniture. [7]

Description

Cambric is a finely woven cloth with a plain weave and a smooth surface appearance, the result of the calendering process. It may be made of linen or cotton. The fabric may be dyed any of many colours. [8]

Batiste is a kind of cambric; [9] it is "of similar texture, but differently finished, and made of cotton as well as of linen". [10] Batiste also may be dyed or printed. [9] Batiste is the French word for cambric, and some sources consider them to be the same, [8] but in English, they are two distinct fabrics.

Chambray, though the same type of fabric as cambric, has a coloured warp and a white weft, though it may be "made from any colour as you may wish, in the warp, and also in the filling; only have them differ from each other." [11]

Chambray differs from denim in that "chambray's warp and weft threads will alternate one over the other, while denim’s warp thread will go over two threads in the weft before going under one." [12] As a result, the colour of chambray cloth is similar front and back, while the reverse side of denim is lighter in colour. [13]

History

Cambric was originally a kind of fine, white, plain-weave linen cloth made at or near Cambrai. [10] [9] The word comes from Kameryk or Kamerijk, the Flemish name of Cambrai, [10] [9] which became part of France in 1677. The word is attested since 1530. [10] It is a synonym of the French word batiste, [10] itself attested since 1590. [14] Batiste itself comes from the Picard batiche, attested since 1401 and derived from the old French battre for bowing wool. The modern form batiste, or baptiste, comes from a popular merge with the surname Baptiste, pronounced Batisse, as indicated by the use of the expressions thoile batiche (1499) and toile de baptiste (1536) for the same fabric. [14] The alleged [15] invention of the fabric, around 1300, by a weaver called Baptiste or Jean-Baptiste Cambray or Chambray, from the village of Castaing in the peerage of Marcoing, near Cambrai, has no historic ground. [14] [16] [17] [18] Cambric was a finer quality and more expensive [19] than lawn (from the French laune, initially a plain-weave linen fabric from the city of Laon in France [20] ). Denoting a geographic origin from the city of Cambrai or its surroundings (Cambresis in French), cambric is an exact equivalent [21] of the French cambrésine (/kɑ̃.bʁe.zin/), [10] a very fine, almost sheer white linen plain-weave fabric, [22] to be distinguished [23] from cambrasine, a fabric comparable to the French lawn despite its foreign origin. [24]

A blue chambray fabric, made of a blend of linen and cotton, with blue warp and white filling Chambray fabric.jpg
A blue chambray fabric, made of a blend of linen and cotton, with blue warp and white filling

Cambric is also similar to chambray (/ˈʃɒmbreɪ/) from a French regional variant of "Cambrai", [10] a name which "also comes from Cambrai, the French city, where the material was originally made of linen yarn". [25] Chambray (also spelled "chambrai") appears in North American English in the early 19th century. [10] Though the term generally refers to a cotton plain weave with a coloured warp and a white weft, close to gingham, "silk chambray" seems to have coexisted. [26] Chambray was often produced during this period by the same weavers producing gingham. [27]

White linen cambric or batiste from Cambrai, noted for its weight and lustre, [28] was "preferred for ecclesiastical wear, fine shirts, underwear, shirt frills, cravats, collars and cuffs, handkerchiefs, and infant wear". [29] Technical use sometime introduced a difference between cambric and batiste, the latter being of a lighter weight and a finer thread count.

In the 18th century, after the prohibition of imports into England of French cambrics, [30] with the development of the import of Indian cotton fabrics, similar [5] cotton fabrics, such as nainsook, from the Hindi nainsukh ("eyes' delight"), [10] became popular. These fabrics, initially called Scotch cambrics to distinguish them from the original French cambrics, [31] came to be referred to as cotton cambrics or batistes. [29] Some authors increased the confusion with the assumption the word batiste could come from the Indian fabric bastas. [32]

In the 19th century, the terms cambric and batiste gradually lost their association with linen, implying only different kinds of fine plain-weave fabrics with a glossy finish. [33] [34] In 1907, a fine cotton batiste had 100 ends per inch in the finished fabric, while a cheap-grade, less than 60. [35] At the same time, with development of an interest in coloured shirts, cambric was also woven in colours, such as the pink fabric used by Charvet for a corsage, reducing the difference between cambric and chambray. Moreover, the development and rationalization of mechanical weaving led to the replacement, for chambray, of coloured warp and white weft by the opposite, white warp and coloured weft, which allowed for longer warps. [36]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weaving</span> Technology for the production of textiles

Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. Other methods are knitting, crocheting, felting, and braiding or plaiting. The longitudinal threads are called the warp and the lateral threads are the weft, woof, or filling. The method in which these threads are interwoven affects the characteristics of the cloth. Cloth is usually woven on a loom, a device that holds the warp threads in place while filling threads are woven through them. A fabric band that meets this definition of cloth can also be made using other methods, including tablet weaving, back strap loom, or other techniques that can be done without looms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Denim</span> Warp-faced textile

Denim is a sturdy cotton warp-faced textile in which the weft passes under two or more warp threads. This twill weave produces a diagonal ribbing that distinguishes it from cotton duck. Denim as it is recognized today was first produced in Nîmes, France.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Satin</span> Shiny, fragile fabric weave pattern, with long floats

A satin weave is a type of fabric weave that produces a characteristically glossy, smooth or lustrous material, typically with a glossy top surface and a dull back; it is not durable, as it tends to snag. It is one of three fundamental types of textile weaves alongside plain weave and twill weave.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poplin</span> Strong, plain-weave fabric with a fine cross-rib

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serge (fabric)</span> Type of twill fabric

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twill</span> Woven fabric textile weave

Twill is a type of textile weave with a pattern of diagonal parallel ribs. It is one of three fundamental types of textile weaves along with plain weave and satin. It is made by passing the weft thread over one or more warp threads then under two or more warp threads and so on, with a "step," or offset, between rows to create the characteristic diagonal pattern. Because of this structure, twill generally drapes well.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Warp and weft</span> Two constituent threads of woven cloth

Warp and weft are the two basic components used in weaving to turn thread or yarn into fabric. The lengthwise or longitudinal warp yarns are held stationary in tension on a frame or loom while the horizontal weft is drawn through and inserted over and under the warp. A single thread of the weft crossing the warp is called a pick. Terms vary. Each individual warp thread in a fabric is called a warp end or end.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crêpe (textile)</span> Any of various fabrics with twisted threads, often crinkled surface

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Balanced fabric</span> A type of fabric

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bands (neckwear)</span> Type of formal neckwear

Bands are a form of formal neckwear, worn by some clergy and lawyers, and with some forms of academic dress. They take the form of two oblong pieces of cloth, usually though not invariably white, which are tied to the neck. When worn by clergy, they typically are attached to a clerical collar. The word bands is usually plural because they require two similar parts and did not come as one piece of cloth. Those worn by clergy are often called preaching bands or Geneva bands; those worn by lawyers are called barrister's bands or, more usually in Ireland and Canada, tabs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plain weave</span> Method of weaving cloth in which each warp and weft thread crosses over/under every other thread

Plain weave is the most basic of three fundamental types of textile weaves. It is strong and hard-wearing, and is used for fashion and furnishing fabrics. Fabrics with a plain weave are generally strong, durable, and have a smooth surface. They are often used for a variety of applications, including clothing, home textiles, and industrial fabrics.

The manufacture of textiles is one of the oldest of human technologies. To make textiles, the first requirement is a source of fiber from which a yarn can be made, primarily by spinning. The yarn is processed by knitting or weaving, which turns yarn into cloth. The machine used for weaving is the loom. For decoration, the process of colouring yarn or the finished material is dyeing. For more information of the various steps, see textile manufacturing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">End-on-end</span>

End-on-end is a type of closely woven, plain weave cloth created by the alternation of light and dark warp and weft threads, resulting in a heathered effect. The English term comes from the French "fil-à-fil", literally "thread-to-thread". It is most commonly woven from cotton or linen fibers. End-on-end is almost identical to cambric, lacking only the calendering which gives cambric fabric its glossy appearance.

References

  1. ↑ Sir David Brewster (1814). Second American edition of the new Edinburgh encyclopædia. Published by Samuel Whiting and John L. Tiffany [and others]. pp. 189–190.
  2. ↑ Extension of the Emergency Price Control Act of 1942. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1944. p. 823. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  3. ↑ Bradley, Linda Arthur (2014). Ethnic Dress in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 67–68. ISBN   9780759121508.
  4. ↑ Westman, Hab'k O. (1844). Transactions of the Society of Literary & Scientific Chiffoniers. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 58.
  5. 1 2 Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier; Bernard Berthod; Martine Chavent-Fusaro (1994). Les étoffes: dictionnaire historique (in French). Editions de l'amateur. p. 120. ISBN   9782859171759.
  6. ↑ Betzina, Sandra (2004). More Fabric Savvy: A Quick Resource Guide to Selecting and Sewing Fabric. Taunton Press. ISBN   978-1-56158-662-2.
  7. ↑ Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. December 1935. p. 935.
  8. 1 2 Mytum, Harold, ed. (2018). Death Across Oceans: Archaeology of Coffins and Vaults in Britain, America, and Australia. Smithsonian. ISBN   9781944466169.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cambric"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 89.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Oxford English Dictionary
  11. ↑ Bronson, J. and R. (1977) [First published in 1817]. Early American Weaving and Dyeing: The Domestic Manufacturer's Assistant and Family Directory in the Arts of Weaving and Dyeing. New York: Dover Publications. p. 21.
  12. ↑ "WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHAMBRAY AND DENIM?". Nenad SEO. 30 January 2023.
  13. ↑ "Chambray vs Denim". Proper Cloth. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  14. 1 2 3 Le Robert: Dictionnaire historique de la langue française (in French). Vol. 1. Dictionnaires Le Robert. 2000. p. 352. ISBN   2-85036-532-7.
  15. ↑ Archives historiques et littéraires du nord de la France, et du midi de la Belgique (in French). Au Bureau des Archives. 1829. pp.  341–.
  16. ↑ France. Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. Section d'histoire et de philologie (1898). Bulletin historique et philologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques (in French). Impr. nationale. Pas plus une réalité historique que l'étymologique brasseur Cambrinus.
  17. ↑ Société d'émulation de Cambrai (1859). Séance publique [afterw.] Mémoires (in French). pp.  1–. On ignore complètement le siècle où a vécu Jean-Baptiste Cambrai.
  18. ↑ Max Pfister (1980). Einführung in die romanische Etymologie (in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, [Abt. Verl.] ISBN   978-3-534-07834-9. Obschon Cambrai fûr die mittelalterliche Leinenindustrie bekannt ist und Baptiste sogar mit einem Denkmal geehrt wurde, dürfte dieser Fabrikant historisch nicht nachweisbar sein, da batiste etymologisch auf battre zurück geht.
  19. ↑ Belfast Literary Society (1808). Select papers. p. 32. Cloth of this fabrick, lower than 5s. per yard, is called Lawn, above 5s., Cambrick.
  20. ↑ Société des amis de la Romania (1900). Romania. Vol. 29. Société des amis de la Romania. p. 182.
  21. ↑ Revue de l'enseignement des langues vivantes (in French). 1902. p. 304.
  22. ↑ Bernardini, Michele (2004). "The Illustrations of a Manuscript of the Travel Account of François de la Boullaye le Gouz in the Library of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in Rome". Muqarnas. 21: 64. doi:10.1163/22118993-90000054. Elle a une pièce de cambrésine sur son corps tellement fine que l'on voit à travers.
  23. ↑ Académie française (1836). Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (in French). Firmin Didot frères. p. 135.
  24. ↑ Guillaumin (Gilbert-Urbain, M.) (1839). Dictionnaire universel théorique et practique du commerce et de la navigation (in French). Guillaumin et Cie. p. 493. On a donné ce nom à des toiles fines d'Égypte, à cause de leur ressemblance avec la toile de Cambrai. Il y a aussi des cambrasines, que l'on tire de Smyrne; elles sont de deux sortes : celles qui viennent de la Perse, et celles apportées de la Mecque. Les premières conservent la dénomination de cambrasinbes; les secondes se nomment mamoudis.
  25. ↑ Eliza Bailey Thompson (1917). The cotton and linen departments. Ronald press company. p.  63.
  26. ↑ Bassett, Lynne Z. (2001). Textiles for Regency clothing 1800-1850: a workbook of swatches and information. Q Graphics Production Co. p. 28. ISBN   9780965819763.
  27. ↑ Fowler Mohanty, Gail (Summer 1989). "Putting up with Putting-Out: Power-Loom Diffusion and Outwork for Rhode Island Mills, 1821-1829". Journal of the Early Republic. 9: 204, 206, 214.
  28. ↑ Savary des Bruslons, Jacques (1741). Dictionnaire universel de commerce (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Vve Estienne. p. 902. Sorte de toile de lin, très fine, & très blanche
  29. 1 2 Greene, Susan W. (2005). Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion. Vol. 1. Charles Scribner's sons. p. 217.
  30. ↑ The Gentleman's magazine. F. Jefferies. 1759. p. 241.
  31. ↑ Official descriptive and illustrated catalogue: Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations, 1851. By Authority of the Royal Commission. In 3 volumes. Spicer Brothers. 1851. p. 516.
  32. ↑ George Ripley; Charles Anderson Dana (1859). The new American cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge. D. Appleton and Co. pp.  738–.
  33. ↑ Denny, Grace Goldena (1923). Fabrics and How to Know Them. Lippincott. OCLC   2231068. In this century, [nainsook] is described as a soft-finished white cotton fabric with a polish on one side ... not so closely woven as cambric but heavier than batiste.
  34. ↑ Philippine magazine. 1922. p. 382. Cambric is a fine calendered cotton or linen cloth of plain weave characterised by the smooth glossy surface.
  35. ↑ Frank P. Bennett & Co (1914). A cotton fabrics glossary. Frank P. Bennett & co., inc. p.  125.
  36. ↑ David Page Coffin (1998). Shirtmaking: developing skills for fine sewing. Taunton Press. p. 7. ISBN   978-1-56158-264-8.
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