Concrete canoe

Last updated
Coed sprint race at 2008 National Concrete Canoe Competition in Montreal, Quebec Coed Sprint.jpg
Coed sprint race at 2008 National Concrete Canoe Competition in Montreal, Quebec

A concrete canoe is a canoe made of concrete, typically created for an engineering competition.

Contents

In spirit, the event is similar to that of a cardboard boat race make the seemingly unfloatable float. However, since concrete and other poured surfaces are an integral part of a civil engineer's education, concrete canoes typically feature more development than cardboard boats.

Principles

Ignoring hydrodynamic effects, all ships or boats float because the weight of the water they displace is equal to the weight of the boat (Archimedes' principle). However, many boats are made of materials that are denser than water, meaning that the boat will sink if filled with water.

Being designed for an engineering competition, concrete canoes often make use of experimental or innovative concrete mix designs or fabrication processes, such as 3D-printed formworks, [1] [2] smart dynamic casting, [3] or 3D-printed concrete. [4]

Although it is not required by the rules of the competition, some competitive concrete canoes have concrete mix designs that are less dense than water. They must pass a test in which the canoe is filled with water and pushed below the surface; the canoe must then resurface in order to qualify for racing. This is possible because, unlike normal concrete which uses sand and small rocks, concrete canoes are created with porous aggregates such as Macrolite and microspheres. However, because many teams still design their concrete mixes to be denser than water, in the United States, teams are allowed to insert concrete-covered, non-structural foam pieces in their canoes to make the canoes float after being submerged.

ASCE National Competition

The ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) National Concrete Canoe Competition (NCCC) provides students with a practical application of the engineering principles they learn in the classroom, along with important team and project management skills they will need in their careers. The event challenges the students' knowledge, creativity and stamina, while showcasing the versatility and durability of concrete as a building material.

Each year, the NCCC, which is held in mid-June, is hosted by an ASCE Student Organization. Some 200 university teams attempt to qualify for the NCCC by placing first in one of the 18 conference competitions held throughout the United States during the spring. Until 2018, teams placing second in a conference competition behind a university that finished in the top five at the previous year's national competition are also invited. This was replaced by the Wild Card drawing in 2018. If the Concrete Canoe team was part of a student chapter that placed within the top one-third of all annual reports, and the team finished within the top half of all teams in their regional competition, the team was eligible for the Wild Card drawing. Of all qualifying team, six were randomly drawn to attend the 2018 National Concrete Competition. To be eligible to compete in the Concrete Canoe Competition, the entrant school must be a recognized ASCE Student Chapter or ASCE International Student Group. Typically, frontrunners include University of Alabama in Huntsville, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Florida, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, the University of California at Berkeley, Clemson University, École de technologie supérieure, Université Laval, and the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

The winners of the ASCE National Concrete Canoe Competition are determined by compiling the team's total number of points from the academic and race portions of the competition. Academic scholarships totaling $9,000 are awarded to the winning teams' undergraduate civil engineering program.

History

Concrete Canoe competition in the United States began in the 1960s, when a small number of ASCE student chapters began holding intramural Concrete Canoe races.[ citation needed ] Then, in the 1971, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign held the first intercollegiate race against Purdue. [5] In the more than 45 years since, the students’ efforts to combine engineering excellence and hydrodynamic design to construct water-worthy canoes have culminated in an advanced form of concrete construction and racing technique known as the “America’s Cup of Civil Engineering.”

In 1981 as part of the FIP congress in Stockholm, Sweden there was the 1st FIP international concrete canoe race. [6] won by the Danish team from Technical University of Denmark. [7] inspired by Herbert Krenchel

In 1988, ASCE expanded the competition to the national level, when Master Builders, Inc. (now known as BASF) signed-on to become the sole corporate sponsor for the event. In its first year, 18 teams of enthusiastic civil engineering students from the nation's premier academic programs gathered in East Lansing, Mich., to test the waters of this innovative and educational event. Over the next two decades, the competition became a great success, with regional winners traveling across the country by plane, train and Ryder truck, canoes in tow, in their quest to become National Concrete Canoe Competition champions.

As competition was developing in the United States, the idea had also taken hold in other countries. Today, concrete canoe racing happens around the world in places like Germany, South Africa, Canada, Japan and the United Arab Emirates; and with sponsorship from ASCE and the American Concrete Institute (ACI), the 2007 National Concrete Canoe Competition winning team, University of Wisconsin - Madison, travelled to the Netherlands to represent the United States in the 30th Annual Dutch Concrete Canoe Challenge.

The Concrete Canoe Competition is designed to provide civil engineering students with an opportunity to gain hands-on, practical experience and leadership skills by working with concrete mix designs and project management. Organizers, sponsors and participants are dedicated to building awareness of concrete technology and application, as well as the versatility and durability of concrete as a construction material, among civil engineering students, educators, practitioners, the concrete industry and the general public. They also strive to increase awareness among industry leaders, opinion makers and the general public of civil engineering as a dynamic and innovative profession essential to society. In its history, the National Concrete Canoe Competition has challenged the knowledge, creativity and stamina of more than 400 teams and 5000 students. In 2008, more than 200 teams competed in 18 conference competitions to qualify for participation at the national level.

Past winners

Year [8] Host CityHost SchoolChampionSecond PlaceThird Place
1988 East Lansing, Michigan Michigan State University University of California, Berkeley University of New Hampshire University of Akron
1989 Lubbock, Texas Texas Tech University University of California, Berkeley Michigan State University University of New Hampshire
1990 Buffalo, New York State University of New York Michigan State University University of Maryland, College Park University of California, Berkeley
1991 Orlando, Florida University of Central Florida University of California, Berkeley University of Maryland, College Park State University of New York at Buffalo
1992 Fort Collins, Colorado Colorado State University University of California, Berkeley University of Alabama, Huntsville University of New Orleans
1993 Sacramento, California California State University, Sacramento University of Alabama, Huntsville Michigan State University University of California, Berkeley
1994 New Orleans, Louisiana University of New Orleans University of Alabama, Huntsville University of California, Berkeley University of New Orleans
1995 Washington, D.C. George Washington University South Dakota School of Mines & Technology California State University, Sacramento Michigan State University
1996 Madison, Wisconsin University of Wisconsin at Madison University of Alabama, Huntsville Michigan State University University of California, Berkeley
1997 Cleveland, Ohio Cleveland State University Florida Institute of Technology University of Alabama, Huntsville University of California, Berkeley
1998 Rapid City, South Dakota South Dakota School of Mines & Technology University of Alabama, Huntsville California State University, Sacramento Clemson University
1999 Melbourne, Florida Florida Institute of Technology Clemson University University of Alabama, Huntsville Oklahoma State University
2000 Golden, Colorado Colorado School of Mines Clemson University Oklahoma State University Florida Institute of Technology
2001 San Diego, California San Diego State University University of Alabama, Huntsville Clemson University Oklahoma State University
2002 Madison, Wisconsin University of Wisconsin Clemson University Université Laval Oklahoma State University
2003 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Drexel University University of Wisconsin, Madison Université Laval University of California, Berkeley
2004 Washington, D.C. The Catholic University of America University of Wisconsin, Madison Université Laval University of Alabama, Huntsville
2005 Clemson, South Carolina Clemson University University of Wisconsin, Madison Clemson University Michigan Technological University
2006 Stillwater, Oklahoma Oklahoma State University University of Wisconsin, Madison California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Clemson University
2007 Seattle, Washington University of Washington University of Wisconsin, Madison University of Florida University of Nevada, Reno
2008 Montreal, Quebec École de technologie supérieure University of Nevada, Reno University of California, Berkeley École de technologie supérieure
2009 Tuscaloosa, Alabama University of Alabama University of California, Berkeley École de technologie supérieure California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
2010 San Luis Obispo, California California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo University of Nevada, Reno École de technologie supérieure
2011 Evansville, Indiana University of Evansville California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo University of Wisconsin, Madison Université Laval
2012 Reno, Nevada University of Nevada, Reno California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Université Laval Michigan Technological University
2013 Homer, Illinois University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign École de technologie supérieure University of Nevada, Reno University of Florida
2014 Johnstown, Pennsylvania University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown University of Nevada, Reno California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Université Laval
2015 Clemson, South Carolina Clemson University University of Florida California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo University of California, Berkeley
2016 Tyler, Texas University of Texas at Tyler École de technologie supérieure University of California, Los Angeles University of Nevada, Reno
2017 Golden, Colorado Colorado School of Mines California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo University of Florida University of Akron
2018 San Diego, California San Diego State University California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo University of Florida Université Laval
2019 Melbourne, Florida Florida Institute of Technology University of Florida California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Université Laval
2020Not held due to COVID-19 University of Wisconsin Not held due to COVID-19Not held due to COVID-19Not held due to COVID-19
2021Held Virtually University of Wisconsin University of Florida Youngstown State University University of Washington
2022 Ruston, Louisiana Louisiana Tech University California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Université Laval Western Kentucky University
2023 [9] Platteville, Wisconsin University of Wisconsin-Platteville California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Youngstown State University University of Florida
2024 Provo, Utah Brigham Young University University of Florida Université Laval California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
Championship Records
UniversityChampionshipsChampionship YearsRunner-upsRunner-up Years3rd Place3rd Place Years
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo72010, 2011, 2012, 2017, 2018, 2022, 202342006, 2014, 2015, 201922009, 2024
University of Alabama, Huntsville51993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 200131992, 1997, 199912004
University of Wisconsin, Madison52003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 200712011
University of California, Berkeley51988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 200921994, 200861990, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2015
University of Florida42015, 2019, 2021, 202432007, 2017, 201822014, 2023
Clemson University31999, 2000, 200222001, 200521998, 2005
University of Nevada, Reno22008, 201422010, 201322007, 2016
École de technologie supérieure22013, 20161200922008, 2010
Michigan State University1199031989, 1993, 199611995
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology11995
Florida Institute of Technology1199712000
Université Laval62002, 2003, 2004, 2012, 2022, 202442011, 2014, 2018, 2019
University of Maryland, College Park21990, 1991
California State University, Sacramento21995, 1998
Youngstown State University22021, 2023
University of New Hampshire1198811989
Oklahoma State University1200031999, 2001, 20032
University of California, Los Angeles12016
University of New Orleans21992, 1994
Michigan Technological University22005, 2012
University of Akron21988, 2017
State University of New York at Buffalo11991
University of Washington12021
Western Kentucky University12022

National sponsors

Sponsors include BASF, Kiewit Corporation, American Concrete Institute, Holcim, Bentley Systems, Cemex, and Propex.

Requirements and preparation

Teams of engineering students will gather for a weekend designed to be both challenging and fun. Twenty-five percent of each team's total team score will be based on the engineering design and construction principles used in the creation of their concrete canoe; 25 percent will be based on a technical design report detailing the planning, development, testing and construction of their canoe; and 25 percent will be based on a formal business presentation highlighting the canoe's design, construction, racing ability and other innovative features. The remaining 25 percent of each team's score is based on the performance of the canoe and the paddlers in five different race events: men's and women's slalom/endurance races, and men's, women's and co-ed sprint races.

For the purpose of the competition, concrete is defined as a mixture of cement, of which at least 30% (by mass) must be Portland cement, and aggregate, which must constitute at least 25% (by volume) of the mix. The aggregate need not be conventional construction aggregate (sand, etc.), but may include materials such as hollow glass beads and fibers. Epoxy is not permitted. Up to 50% of the thickness of the canoe may be a reinforcement mesh.

Concrete canoe teams must design their canoes from scratch. Typically they create the shape of the hull with a computer design program specifically made for yachts, canoes, and other watercraft. The shape is optimized for racing. This hull shape is then given to a construction team, responsible for making a mold for the canoe to be formed on. A special concrete mix is designed over several months, emphasizing among other qualities, an optimal balance between strength and low density. The finalized mix design is placed on the form; the hull thickness usually ranges from about 3/8" to 3/4". Teams later spend hundreds of hours sanding and applying exterior graphics to their canoes for a nice finish. Scoring in the competition is based on the quality of construction, race performance, a design paper, and a business presentation.

Canadian Concrete Canoe

YearHost cityChampionSecond placeThird place
1995 Montreal, Quebec, École de Technologie Supérieure unknownunknownunknown
1996 Montreal, Quebec, École de Technologie Supérieure Université Laval unknownunknown
1997 Montreal, Quebec, École de Technologie Supérieure Université Laval University of Toronto Université de Sherbrooke
1998 Montreal, Quebec, École de Technologie Supérieure University of Toronto Université Laval École de Technologie Supérieure
1999 Sherbrooke, Quebec, Université de Sherbrooke École de Technologie Supérieure Université Laval Queen's University
2000 Kingston, Ontario, Queen's University Université Laval École de Technologie Supérieure Queen's University
2001 Quebec City, Quebec, Laval University Université Laval University of Toronto Queen's University
2002 Toronto, Ontario, University of Toronto Université Laval École de Technologie Supérieure University of Toronto
2003 Montreal, Quebec, École de Technologie Supérieure Université Laval Université de Sherbrooke University of Toronto
2004 Moncton, New Brunswick, Université de Moncton Université Laval Université de Sherbrooke University of Toronto
2005 Windsor, Ontario, St Clair College Université Laval Ryerson University Dalhousie University
2006 Sherbrooke, Quebec, Université de Sherbrooke Université de Sherbrooke Université Laval Queen's University
2007 Kingston, Ontario, Queen's University Université de Sherbrooke École de Technologie Supérieure University of Windsor
2008 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Dalhousie University École de Technologie Supérieure Université de Sherbrooke Université Laval
2009 Montreal, Quebec, École Polytechnique de Montréal École de Technologie Supérieure Université Laval Université de Sherbrooke
2010 Toronto, Ontario, University of Toronto École de Technologie Supérieure Université Laval École Polytechnique de Montréal
2011 Quebec City, Quebec, Laval University Université Laval Université de Sherbrooke École de Technologie Supérieure
2012 Moncton, New Brunswick, Université de Moncton Université Laval École de Technologie Supérieure Université de Sherbrooke
2013 Montreal, Quebec, École de Technologie Supérieure Université de Sherbrooke École de Technologie Supérieure University of Toronto
2014 Sherbrooke, Quebec, Université de Sherbrooke Université Laval École de Technologie Supérieure Université de Sherbrooke
2015 Toronto, Ontario, University of Toronto Université Laval École de Technologie Supérieure École Polytechnique de Montréal
2016 Montréal, Quebec, Mcgill University École de Technologie Supérieure Université Laval Université de Sherbrooke
2017 Quebec City, Quebec, Université Laval École Polytechnique de Montréal Université de Sherbrooke École de Technologie Supérieure
2018 Waterloo, Ontario, University of Waterloo École de Technologie Supérieure École Polytechnique de Montréal Université de Sherbrooke
2019 [10] Montreal, Quebec, École Polytechnique de Montréal École Polytechnique de Montréal Université de Sherbrooke Université Laval
2020 London, Ontario, Ontario, University of Western Ontario Not held due to COVID-19Not held due to COVID-19Not held due to COVID-19
2021 (Online) Online University of British Columbia University of Toronto University of Waterloo
2022 Université de Sherbrooke Université Laval Université de Sherbrooke University of Toronto
2023 London, Ontario, University of Western Ontario Université de Sherbrooke Université Laval École de Technologie Supérieure
2024 Quebec City, Quebec, Université Laval Université Laval Université de Sherbrooke École de Technologie Supérieure

Statistics

Université Laval 14 Gold7 Silver1 Bronze
École de Technologie Supérieure 6 Gold7 Silver5 Bronze
Université de Sherbrooke 4 Gold8 Silver6 Bronze
École Polytechnique de Montréal 2 Gold1 Silver2 Bronze
University of Toronto 1 Gold2 Silver5 Bronze
Queen's University 4 Bronze
Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University)1 Silver
Dalhousie University 1 Bronze
University of Waterloo 1 Bronze
University of Windsor 1 Bronze
McMaster University

National news

National appearance

  • École de Technologie Supérieure
  • École Polytechnique de Montréal
  • McGill University
  • Queen's University
  • St-Clair College
  • University of Windsor
  • University of Manitoba
  • Université de Moncton
  • Université de Sherbrooke
  • Université Laval
  • University of Toronto
  • University of/d' Ottawa
  • University of Waterloo
  • University of Western Ontario
  • Ryerson University (now TMU)
  • University of British Columbia
  • Concordia University
  • University of Victoria
  • Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
  • Dalhousie University

Concrete canoe community

Concrete canoe competitions have a significant following from both present and past competitors. The concrete canoe community now includes a dedicated concrete canoe news website, ConcreteCanoe.org, which follows competitions around the world, as well as Concrete Canoe Magazine, which publishes scientific papers, studies, and articles written on the techniques used by top teams.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polytechnique Montréal</span> Engineering university in Montréal, Quebec, Canada

Polytechnique Montréal is a public research university affiliated with the Université de Montréal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The school offers graduate and postgraduate training, and is very active in research. Following tradition, new Bachelors of Engineering (B.Eng) graduating from Polytechnique Montréal receive an Iron Ring, during the Canadian Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer ceremony.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">École de technologie supérieure</span> Engineering school in Montréal, Canada

École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS), founded in 1974, is a public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and affiliated to the Université du Québec system. The school specializes in applied teaching and research in engineering as well as transferring advanced technologies to companies.

<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande école</i></span> French institutions of higher education

A grande école is a specialized top-level educational institution in France and some other previous French colonies such as Morocco or Tunisia. Grandes écoles are part of an alternative educational system that operates alongside the mainstream French public university system, and take the shape of institutes dedicated to teaching, research and professional training in either pure natural and social sciences, or applied sciences such as engineering, architecture, business administration, or public policy and administration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Université du Québec à Chicoutimi</span> Canadian University

The Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC) is a branch of the Université du Québec network founded in 1969 and based in the Chicoutimi borough of Saguenay, Quebec, Canada. UQAC has secondary study centres in La Malbaie, Saint-Félicien, Alma, and Sept-Îles. In 2017, 7500 students were registered and 209 professors worked for the university, making it the fourth largest of the ten Université du Québec branches, after Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), and École de technologie supérieure (ETS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">École des Mines de Douai</span>

IMT Nord Europe or École nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai is a French graduate school of engineering. It is located in the Hauts-de-France region, shared between 2 campuses: the science campus of the University of Lille ; and the city of Douai. It is accredited by the Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur (CTI) to deliver the French Diplôme d'Ingénieur.

Exchange programs for Electrical Engineering students between 18 universities in Europe. It is also known as Entree. Their members are:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Omer (submarine)</span> Series of human-powered submarines

Omer is the name of a series of human-powered submarines. The submarines were built by students of the École de technologie supérieure in Montreal, Quebec, for the International Submarine Races. As of 2014, Omer teams hold the human-powered submarine world speed records for two-seater and non-propeller categories. Those records are :

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal University of Itajubá</span> Federal public university in Itajuba, Minas Gerais, Brazil

The Federal University of Itajubá, is a federal university located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is considered the first technological university and one of top ten engineering schools in Brazil. Extremely reputable among Brazilian engineering schools, it carries more than 100 years of tradition in teaching, with emphasis on Electrical Engineering – which is one of the best research institutes on Power Systems field in Latin America – Mechanical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Materials Engineering, Automation and Control engineering and Computer Engineering.

The École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM) is a French school of engineering. It is part of Polyméca, a network of schools focusing on mechanical engineering.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Western Brittany</span>

The University of Western Brittany is a French university, located in Brest, in the Academy of Rennes. On a national scale, in terms of graduate employability, the university oscillates between 18th and 53rd out of 69 universities depending on fields of study. Overall, the university is ranked 12th out of 76 universities in France.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Technology of Troyes</span>

The University of Technology of Troyes is a French university, in the academy of Reims. The UTT is part of the network of the three universities of technology, found by the University of Technology of Compiègne. Inspired by the American University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, these three universities are a French mixture between the universities of this country and its schools of engineers .UTT is ranked in the top 10 engineering schools 2017 in France by Usine Nouvelle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Upper Alsace</span>

University of Upper Alsace is a multidisciplinary teaching and research centre based in the two cities of Mulhouse and Colmar, France. Research and teaching at UHA concentrates mainly on science, technology, economics, management, arts and humanities. In 2017, UHA has more than 8000 students with about a hundred courses offered. The founding of UHA was driven by social and business players, among them was Jean-Baptiste Donnet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdou Moumouni University</span> Public university in Niamey, Niger

Abdou Moumouni University, formerly the University of Niamey from 1974 to 1994, is a public university based in Niamey, the capital of Niger. The main campus is situated on the right bank of the Niger River. Historically, its students and faculty have been involved in protest movements in the capital.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory</span>

The Nathan M. Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory, or Newmark Lab, located at 205 N. Mathews Avenue in Urbana, Illinois on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, houses the university's Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. The Lab was built in 1967, and has been modified and updated a number of times since then. The facility was named after professor and department head Nathan M. Newmark after his death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo</span>

The Escola Politécnica of the University of São Paulo is an engineering school at the University of São Paulo (USP) in São Paulo, Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Douala</span>

The University of Douala, or Université de Douala (UDla), is located in Douala in Cameroon. The University of Douala is one of the eight public universities of Cameroon and has around 40.000 students, 600 teachers and around 600 administrators and collaborators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louisiana Tech University College of Engineering and Science</span>

The College of Engineering and Science (COES) is one of five colleges at Louisiana Tech University, a public research university in Ruston, Louisiana. The roots of the college date back to the founding of Louisiana Tech in 1894 when the Department of Mechanics was created. Today, the college includes twenty-five degree-granting programs: fourteen undergraduate, seven master's, and four doctoral programs. College programs are located on the Louisiana Tech campus in Ruston, Louisiana. In addition, courses are offered at the CenturyLink Headquarters in Monroe, Louisiana, at Barksdale Air Force Base, in Bossier City, Louisiana, and at the Louisiana Tech Shreveport Center in Shreveport, Louisiana.

RoboSub is a competition whose goal is to advance the development of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) by challenging a new generation of engineers to perform realistic missions in an underwater environment. It was launched in 1997 and is co-sponsored by the RoboNation and the Office of Naval Research (ONR). The event also serves to foster ties between young engineers and the organizations developing AUV technologies. The competition is open to high school and college teams from around the world. Since about 2002, it has been held each summer at the U.S. Navy Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific's TRANSDEC Anechoic pool in San Diego, California. In 2022, the competition took place at the University of Maryland, College Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cadi Ayyad University</span> University in Marrakesh, Morocco

Cadi Ayyad University : jāmiʿat al-qāḍī ʿayyāḍ, French: Université Cadi Ayyad) is a university in Marrakesh and one of the largest universities in Morocco. One of its associated colleges, the École nationale des sciences appliquées de Marrakech, was created in 2000 by the Ministry of Higher Education and specializes in engineering and scientific research. Cadi Ayyad University was established in 1978 and operates 13 institutions in the Marrakesh-Safi region of Morocco in four main cities, including Kalaa of Sraghna, Essaouira and Safi in addition to Marrakesh.

References

  1. Jipa, Andrei; Bernhard, Mathias; Dillenburger, Benjamin; Ruffray, Nicolas; Wangler, Timothy; Flatt, Robert J. (2017). "skelETHon Formwork: 3D Printed Plastic Formwork for Load-Bearing Concrete Structures". Proceedings of the 21st Congreso Internacional de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Gráfica Digital. 3. Blucher: 345–352. doi: 10.5151/sigradi2017-054 . hdl: 20.500.11850/237357 .
  2. Jipa, Andrei; Bernhard, Mathias; Ruffray, Nicolas; Wangler, Timothy; Flatt, Robert; Dillenburger, Benjamin (2019-09-06). "Formwork fabrication freedom for a concrete canoe". Gestão & Tecnologia de Projetos. 14 (1): 25–44. doi: 10.11606/gtp.v14i1.148264 . hdl: 20.500.11850/387459 . ISSN   1981-1543.
  3. Lloret-Fritschi, Ena; Reiter, Lex; Wangler, Timothy; Gramazio, Fabio; Kohler, Matthias; Flatt, Robert J. (2017). "Smart Dynamic Casting: Slipforming with Flexible Formwork - Inline Measurement and Control". HPC/CIC Tromsø 2017. Norwegian Concrete Association: Paper no. 27. doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000219663.
  4. "ITE - Concrete Canoe TU Graz 2017". www.tugraz.at. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
  5. "Forty Years of Concrete Canoes".
  6. http://www.concretecanoepictures.com/Concrete_Canoe_Pictures/Correspondence_files/International_Competition.pdf [ dead link ]
  7. "1st FIP International Concrete Canoe Race: Stockholm, June 8, 1982 : Result". 1982.
  8. Concrete Canoe Past Winners
  9. "Concrete Canoe Competition Final Results". Archived from the original on 2023-12-03. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  10. "CNCCC | CSCE Student Competitions".

Canadian National Concrete Canoe Competition