Contactless payment

Last updated

EMV contactless symbol used on compatible payment terminals. EMV stands for "Europay, Mastercard, and Visa", the three companies that created the standard. Universal Contactless Card Symbol.svg
EMV contactless symbol used on compatible payment terminals. EMV stands for "Europay, Mastercard, and Visa", the three companies that created the standard.

Contactless payment systems are credit cards and debit cards, key fobs, smart cards, or other devices, including smartphones and other mobile devices, that use radio-frequency identification (RFID) or near-field communication (NFC) for making secure payments. The embedded integrated circuit chip and antenna enable consumers to wave their card, fob, or handheld device over a reader at the point-of-sale terminal. Contactless payments are made in close physical proximity, unlike other types of mobile payments which use broad-area cellular or Wi-Fi networks and do not involve close physical proximity.

Contents

EMV (abbreviation for Europay, Mastercard, and Visa) is a common standard used by major credit card and smartphone companies for use in general commerce. Contactless smart cards that function as stored-value cards are becoming popular for use as transit system farecards, such as the Oyster card (London, UK) or RioCard (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). These can often store non-currency value (such as monthly passes), in additional to fare value purchased with cash or electronic payment.

Tokenisation is a newer concept of encapsulating a card issuer's details within a hardware device application such as via Apple Pay app on iPhones.

Some suppliers claim that transactions can be almost twice as fast as a conventional cash, credit, or debit card purchase. Because no signature or PIN verification is typically required, contactless purchases are usually limited to small value sales. Lack of authentication provides a window during which fraudulent purchases can be made while the card owner is unaware of the card's loss. Major financial institutions and multinational corporations now offer contactless payment systems to customers as contactless credit cards have become widespread in the U.S., UK, Japan, Germany, Canada, Australia, France, the Netherlands, etc., as consumers are likely to spend more money using their cards due to the ease of small transactions. With contactless cards growing in numbers and percentages of adoption, the number of payments by this method had increased significantly since the spending limit was raised.[ when? ] Purchases made by card now surpass those made by cash and account for approximately one-third of all card transactions in countries like the UK.[ citation needed ] Contactless payments specifically have become increasingly popular, accounting for 4 out of 5 point-of-sale credit card purchases in Australia as of 2019. [1] Card issuers indicate that they will increase the availability of contactless cards to consumers. As of October 2021 there are over 142 million contactless-enabled cards [2] and over 147,000 terminals in use in the UK alone.[ citation needed ] Visa estimated that there would be 300 million contactless cards issued in the US by the end of 2020, up from the predicted 100 million at the end of 2019.[ citation needed ][ needs update ]

Image of Contactless Card, opened up Contactless Payment Card opened to show RF antenna.jpg
Image of Contactless Card, opened up

History

1990s—2000s

Mobil was one of the most notable early adopters of a similar technology, and offered their "Speedpass" contactless payment system for participating Mobil gas stations as early as 1997. Although Mobil has since merged with Exxon, the service is still offered at many of ExxonMobil's stations. Freedompay also had early wins in the contactless space with Bank of America [3] and McDonald's. [4]

In 2002, Philips teamed up with Sony to elaborate the NFC standard. [5] [6] Then Philips Semiconductors applied for the six fundamental patents of NFC, invented by the Austrian and French engineers Franz Amtmann and Philippe Maugars who received the European Inventor Award in 2015. [7]

In July 2004, Sony, who had implemented the contactless RFID smart card FeliCa in Japan, introduced the Osaifu-Keitai (おサイフケータイ) system (literal translation: "wallet-phone") developed with the mobile phone operator NTT DoCoMo on multiple FeliCa systems such as Edy and, on 28 January 2006, on Mobile Suica used primarily on the railway networks owned by JR East. [8]

In May 2005, after some experimentation in the Netherlands, the contactless deferred payment at the end of each month, after the registration of the trips aboard with a contactless mobile phone on the client's account, was first experimented in Germany during 6 months on the tramways and bus of Hanau with the Nokia 3220 using the NFC standard of Philips and Sony. [9]

In October 2005, the immediate contactless payment was first experimented in France in Caen during 6 months with a Samsung NFC smartphone by Orange in collaboration with Philips Semiconductors in the Cofinoga shops (Galeries Lafayette, Monoprix) and Vinci parkings. For the first time, thanks to "Fly Tag", the system allowed to receive as well audiovisual informations, like bus timetables or cinema trailers from the concerned services. [8] [6] In June 2007, the payment with a contactless bank card was tested at the FNAC of La Défense in Paris and from 19 November 2007 to 2009 in some shops of Caen and Strasbourg, this time with smartphones NFC, provided by four operators (Orange, Bouygues Telecom, SFR and NRJ Mobile). [6] On 5 November 2007, Orange and the transport societies SNCF and Keolis associated themselves for a 2 months experimentation with smartphones in Rennes in the metro, bus and TER trains. [10] [6]

The first contactless cards in the UK were issued by Barclaycard in September 2007. [11] PayPass trialed the world's first NFC-enabled phone, the Nokia 6131 NFC, in New York in 2007. [12]

In March 2008, Eat became the first restaurant chain to adopt contactless. [13]

On 19 January 2009, NFC is used in transports for the first time in the world by China Unicom and Yucheng Transportation Card with Changhong DG28 and F4 mobile phones in the tramways and bus of Chongqing in China. [14]

2010s

In January 2010, Barclaycard partnered with mobile phone firm Orange, to launch a contactless credit card in the UK. [15] Orange and Barclaycard also announced in 2009 that they would be launching a mobile phone with contactless technology. [16]

After a test conducted from October 2005 to November 2006 with 27 users, [17] on 21 May 2010, the transport authority of Nice Régie Lignes d'Azur was the first public transport provider in Europe to add definitely to its own offer a contactless payment on its tramways and bus network either with a NFC bank card or smartphone application notably on Samsung Player One (with the same mobile phone operators than in Caen and Strasbourg in 2007), as well as the validation aboard with them of the transport titles and the loading of these titles onto the smartphone, in addition to the season tickets contactless card. [18] This service was as well experimented then respectively implemented for NFC smartphones on 18 and 25 June 2013 in the tramways and bus of Caen [19] [20] and Strasbourg, [21] [22] after the contactless payment on the 765 pay and display parking machines of Strasbourg was made available in October 2011. In the Paris transport network, after a 4 months testing from November 2006 with Bouygues Telecom and 43 persons [17] and finally with 8,000 users from July 2018, the contactless mobile payment and direct validation on the turnstile readers with a smartphone was adopted on 25 September 2019 [23] [24] [25] in collaboration with the societies Orange, Samsung, Wizway Solutions, Worldline and Conduent.

NFC is used in Seoul [26] after its introduction in South Korea by the discount retailer Homeplus in March 2010 [27] and in Tokyo it is tested then adopted or added to the existing systems, like the mobile wallet Osaifu-Keitai, from May 2010 to end of 2012. [28] [29] The NFC standard is implemented for the first time in a metro network, by China Unicom in Beijing on 31 December 2010. [30]

In October 2011, the first mobile phones with Mastercard PayPass and/or Visa payWave certification appeared. A PayPass or payWave account can be assigned to the embedded secure element and/or SIM card within the phones.

In October 2013, Citi Enterprise Payments and 3 Hong Kong, the mobile operation of Hutchison Telecommunications Hong Kong Holdings Limited (SEHK: 215), jointly announced the launch of ‘3 Citi Wallet.’ Using Near Field Communication (NFC) technology, the '3 Citi Wallet' was a multi-purpose mobile wallet service that included mobile payment, transaction history, a location-based special offer service and a search function that directed customers to the best deals within their vicinity. The 3Citi wallet was compatible with a wide range of designated smartphones, from Samsung, Sony, HTC, LG and iPhone. Over 9,000 Visa payWave readers across Hong Kong were able to accept contactless payments on Day 1. [31]

In February 2014, Mastercard announced that it would partner with Weve, which is a joint venture between EE, O2, and Vodafone UK, to focus on mobile payments. The partnership will promote the development of "contactless mobile payment systems" by creating a universal platform in Europe for it. [32]

On 9 September 2014, Apple Inc. announced Apple Pay, a proprietary form of contactless payment integrated with its smartphones, with the release of the iPhone 6. [33]

In September 2014, Transport for London's Tube began accepting contactless payment. The number of completed contactless journeys has now exceeded 300m. On Friday 18 December, the busiest single day in 2015, a record 1.24m journeys were completed by over 500k unique contactless cards. [34]

In 2016 Erste Group launched an NFC-only debit card implemented as a sticker in Austria. It can be used at any NFC supporting terminal for transactions of unlimited amount however for transactions over the floor limit of €25 a PIN is required to confirm the transaction. [35]

In 2016, contactless payments start to become even broader with wearable technology devices also offering this payment feature.

2020s

A Transport for London bus stop advertisement recommending contactless payment as safe during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tfl ad Contactless Safest Way to Pay.jpg
A Transport for London bus stop advertisement recommending contactless payment as safe during the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, [36] several banks raised their contactless payment limits. [37] [38] In the United Kingdom, the limit was increased from £30 to £45 in March 2020. [39] Contactless payments were recommended as a safer payment method compared to Chip and PIN card payments and cash transactions. [40] It was later raised to £100. [41]

In 2022, Apple Inc. announced Tap to Pay, a feature which allows merchants to use iPhone devices as payment terminals for contactless cards. [42] [43]

Adoption and usage

Google Pay is an application for devices running Google's Android OS, which allows users to make purchases using NFC, which initially required a physical secure element but this was replaced by host card emulation which was introduced in Android 4.4 (KitKat). Softcard (formerly known as Isis mobile wallet), Cityzi and Quick Tap wallets for example, use a secure SIM card to store encrypted personal information. Contactless payments with enabled mobile phones still occur on a small scale, but every month an increasing number of mobile phones are certified. [44]

In 2012, Mastercard Advisors wrote that consumers are likely to spend more money using their cards due to the ease of small transactions. [45] Mastercard Canada says it has seen "about 25 percent" higher spending by users of its Mastercard Contactless-brand RFID credit cards. [46]

As of December 2014, there were approximately 58 million contactless-enabled cards in use in the UK, and over 147,000 terminals in use. [47] [48] By June 2017 purchases made by card surpassed those made by cash. This was reported to have been driven by the rise in contactless payments, which accounted for approximately one third of all card transactions in the UK. The number of payments by this method had increased significantly since the spending limit was raised from £20 to £30. [49] In 2018, contactless payments made up around 19% of transactions in the UK. [50]

In 2018, the Westpac Banking Corporation in Australia revealed contactless payment statistics from 2017 and claimed in the report that contactless payments approached saturation point by being used in over 90% of purchases. The Australian St.George Bank reported 94.6% usage for the same period. [51]

Recent statements by Visa and other US card issuers indicate that they will increase the availability of contactless cards to US consumers. Visa estimates there will be 300 million contactless cards issued in the US by the end of 2020, up from the predicted 100 million at the end of 2019 as announced on its 2018 Q4 earnings call. [52]

Telecom operators are starting to get involved in contactless payments via the use of NFC-enabled phones. Belgacom's Pingping, for example, has a stored value account and via a partnership with Alcatel-Lucent's Touchatag provides contactless payment functionalities.

Major financial entities now offering contactless payment systems include Mastercard, China UnionPay, Citibank, JPMorgan Chase, American Express, KeyBank, Barclays, Barclaycard, HSBC, Lloyds Banking Group, FreedomPay, RuPay, The Co-operative Bank, Nationwide Building Society and NatWest Group. Visa payWave, Mastercard Contactless, and American Express Expresspay are examples of contactless credit cards which have become widespread in the U.S. and U.K.

Technology

There are three main standard usages for contactless payments adopted throughout payment terminals with the EMV standard.

EMV Chip

On issued bank cards a smart chip or cryptographic chip is placed on the card known as a smart card which allows wireless payments to be made from the EMV chip in range of a payment terminal using RFID technology following the EMVCo standard. When the smart card is tapped against a payment terminal that authenticates the card issuer's details through a series of PIN interactions the payment for the interaction will succeed.

Tokenisation

A newer approach to smart card technology is achieved by linking a smart card to a hardware device, such as through the Apple Pay application on an iPhone mobile phone, thereby allowing mobile devices the ability to make payments using RFID technology against a payment terminal on behalf of a smart card using a token generated by the card issuer, a process known as tokenisation. A Device Account Number (DAN) similar to a Private Account Number (PAN) in traditional payment stripe and chip cards, is generated along with a private key and sent to the card issuer during initial setup of the smart card on the hardware device. When payments are made via the respective approved application on the hardware device the DAN and relevant details such as expiry date and CVV are sent to the card issuer via a payment terminal for cryptography where the associated private key is then used to authorise the transaction.

NFC

The near field communication (NFC, compliant with ISO/IEC 14443 [53] standard) technology in contactless cards uses a 13.56Mhz radio frequency technology that only transmits digital data within a concise range.

Typically the optimum distance is 4 centimetres or less - beyond, the signal is rapidly decreasing and can never exceed 10 centimetres.

Security

In 2006 security researchers found that the cardholder's name, credit card number, and expiration date may be transmitted by contactless payment cards without encryption. They were able to use information leaked from a contactless credit card to make a purchase online, without opening the envelope in which the card was sent. [54]

Depending on the economic space, there may be a payment limit on single transactions without the need to input the PIN, and some contactless cards can only be used a certain number of times before customers are asked for their PIN. [55] Contactless debit and credit transactions use the same chip and PIN network as older cards and are protected by the same fraud guarantees. Where PIN is supported, the contactless part of the card may remain non-functional until a standard chip and PIN transaction has been executed. [56] This provides some verification that the card was delivered to the actual cardholder.

Under fraud guarantee standards, U.S. banks are liable for any fraudulent transactions charged to the contactless cards.

CVM limit

Because no signature or PIN verification is typically required, contactless purchases are often limited to a maximum amount per transaction, known as a Cardholder Verification Limit (CVM limit). Limits vary between banks. For transactions over the defined CVM limit a verification is usually required (e.g. PIN, signature, or biometric authentication).

Transactions under the floor limit , in addition to not requiring consumer authentication, are also accepted without sending the transaction online for verification by the acquiring host.

Note that these limits typically do not apply when CDCVM verification (such as in Apple Pay) is used.

Economic spaceCVM limitComment
AustraliaA$200For transactions over A$200 a PIN or biometric authentication is required. [57] [58]
Austria€25For transactions exceeding €25 a PIN is required. Additionally for cards produced before 2017 only five transactions can be made without a PIN. [59] Cards issued after December 2016 need a PIN code for transactions over €25 or a contactless total of €125.
Azerbaijan₼100For transactions of ₼100 and above using a physical card a PIN is required. There’s no mandatory PIN requirement when CDCVM (Apply Pay, Garmin Pay, or Google Pay) is used.
Bahrain20 BHD
BangladeshBDT5000.00For transactions over BDT 5000.00 a PIN is required.
Belgium€50Since the COVID crisis, transaction limits in Belgium were increased. For transactions over €50 a PIN is required. When several contactless payments in a row reach the amount of €125, the PIN is required.
BrazilR$200For transactions over R$200,00 a PIN is required. [60]
Bulgaria50 BGNFor transactions over 50 BGN (~€25) a PIN is required. 25 BGN (~€12) until April 12, 2019.
Bosnia and Herzegovina60 KMFor transactions exceeding 60 KM a PIN is required. [61] [62]
CanadaC$250Limits are completely at the discretion of the merchant's acquiring bank and the consumer's bank. There is no law limiting the amounts. However, in practice, financial institutions limit contactless payments to C$100. Some merchants may accept higher amounts subject to signature verification. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, MasterCard, Visa, and American Express increased their limits to $250. [63] [64]
Chile$12.000 CLP
ChinaCN¥1000 [65] UnionPay QuickPass. PIN required unless disabled with bank.
ColombiaCOP 100.000For transactions over COP 100.000 PIN is required.
Costa Rica₡30000For transactions over ₡30000 signature is required. [66] Beginning July 1, 2022, PIN will be required instead. [67]
Croatia [68] €40For transactions over €40 PIN is required.
CuraçaoANG 45For transactions over ANG 45 a PIN is required. When several contactless payments in a row reach the amount of ANG 100, the PIN is required.
Czech Republic500 CZKFor transactions over 500 CZK PIN is needed. After 5 consecutive contactless transactions below 500 CZK and/or after reaching the cumulative limit in CZK equal to €150, PIN is required. [69]
Denmark [70] 350 DKKFor transactions over 350 DKK PIN is needed. Sometimes PIN is needed anyway to ensure the card is used by its owner.
Dominican RepublicNo limit
EgyptEGP 600Transactions above EGP 600 requires a PIN. [71]
Estonia [72] €50
Finland€50€25 up until April 12, 2019. After that it will be €50.
France€50Can be used up to three times a day.
Germany€25/€50For each transaction over €25 or €50 (some Visa cards) a PIN or CDCVM verification is required.
Greece€50For transactions over €50 a PIN is required
Hong KongNo limitInitially banks, not government, set it for $500 or under, then (for some banks) under $1000 (HKD), until the limits were removed.
Hungary15000 HUFFor transactions over 5000 HUF PIN is needed. For every 10 consecutive contactless transactions or if you reach 10.000 HUF PIN is needed. Due the COVID-19 pandemic, the 5000 HUF limit is increased to 15 000 HUF. No limit for Apple Pay or similar contactless purchases.
IcelandISK 5.000Íslandsbanki has a lower limit of ISK 4.200. For each transaction over the limit, Chip and PIN are required. Also, a cumulative limit of ISK 10.000 between Chip and PIN uses.
India₹5000(US$61.04)For transactions above ₹5000(US$61.04), a PIN is required.
IndonesiaRp1.000.000Transactions above Rp1.000.000, must require 6-digits PIN authorization.
Ireland€50Increased from €30 to €50 on 1 April 2020. [73] There is no transaction limit when using contactless with two-factor authentication (e.g. Apple Pay), although some merchants still apply a €50 transaction limit [74]
Israel300 ILSFor transactions over 300 ILS PIN is needed
Italy€50For transactions over €50 PIN is needed
JapanJP¥20000JCB QUICPay and QUICPay＋ [75] Under Visa brand rules, the CVM limit for all card transactions is 15,000 yen

Under Mastercard brand rules, the CVM limit for contactless IC card transactions is 15,000 yen [76]

Latvia [77] €50
Lithuania [78] €25
North Macedonia750 MKD
MalaysiaRM250Cumulative limits (total amount and/or consecutive transactions) differ between card issuers. [79]

By default, for each transaction above RM250 PIN is required. But the limit is customizable. [80]

Netherlands [81] €25For card payments of more than €25 at once or €50 in a row a PIN is required. Some older cards only allow five transactions in a row without a PIN. Most if not all retailers have, by now, terminals that support CDCVM as verification (i.e. Apple Pay). Most banks have had Android NFC/Tap&Pay through their mobile banking apps for a few years now. While Apple Pay was launched (unofficially) by bunq on March 20, 2018, through a workaround, [82] and to be joined officially by ING on June 11, 2019, [83] followed by the official launch for bunq on Sept. 3rd and the announcement that banks ABN AMRO and Rabobank will also start to offer Apple Pay in The Netherlands sometime in 2019. [84] Also note that broad acceptance of credit cards isn't commonplace yet, so that's up to the individual merchant. Maestro by Mastercard is the dominant card type and accepted everywhere.
New ZealandNZ$200For each transaction over NZ$200 a PIN is required. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, this amount was temporarily raised from NZ$80 to NZ$200, in an effort to further reduce unnecessary contact. [85]
Norway [86] 500 NOKFor each transactions over 500 NOK a PIN is required. [87] Sometimes PIN is needed anyway to ensure the card is used by its owner.
PakistanRs 3000Transactions above Rs 3000 require pin verification.
Philippines₱5000Increased from ₱2000 to ₱5000 in 2020. [88]
Poland100 PLNFor transactions over or equal to 100 PLN PIN is required.
Portugal€50For more than €50 PIN verification is mandatory [89]
Romania100 leiFor transactions over or equal to 100 lei PIN is required.
Russia₽1000-₽5000CVM limit ranges from ₽1000 to ₽5000 depending on the acquirer and card payment system (in some cases, the issuer). In the terminals of the largest russian bank, Sberbank, the CVM limit is ₽3000 for all payment systems, this same limit is the most common in Russia. In some terminals of other banks (for example, VTB, Promsvyazbank, Russian Standard Bank), the CVM limit for Mastercard is ₽5000.

In NSPC (operator of the national payment system Mir), the CVM limit is ₽3000.

Saudi Arabia300 SARFor transactions over 300 SAR, PIN is required.
Serbia4000 RSDFor transactions over 4000 RSD, PIN verification is required.
SingaporeS$200Transaction limit for NETS contactless payments in Singapore was initially set at S$100, although some banks offer higher. [90] For mobile contactless payments, there are no transaction limits. [91] Most banks and payment processors set a S$200 limit. [92] [93] [94]
Slovakia€50 PINFor transactions over €50 PIN is needed (limit raised from €20 in 2020). After reaching the cumulative limit of €150, PIN is required. [95]
Slovenia€25 PINFor transactions over €25 PIN is needed.
South Africa200/500 ZARIncreased to R500 in May 2017 (except for ABSA Bank which remained at R200) [96]
Spain€50 PINFor more than €50 PIN verification is mandatory except using mobile payments sometimes. It was increased from €20 to €50 to avoid contact because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Sri LankaLKR 5000For more than LKR 5000 PIN/signature verification is required
Sweden200 SEKFor each transaction over 200 SEK a PIN is required.
Switzerland80 CHFFor transactions over 80 CHF a PIN is required.
TaiwanNo limitSignatures may be required for large purchases.
Thailand฿1500
Turkey₺750For transactions over ₺750 PIN is required.
Ukraine₴1,500For transactions over ₴1,500 a PIN is required
United Kingdom£100Previous limits:
  • £10 (1 September 2007 – 28 February 2010) [97]
  • £15 (1 March 2010 – 31 May 2012) [98]
  • £20 (1 June 2012 – 31 August 2015) [99]
  • £30 (1 September 2015 – 31 March 2020) [100]
  • £45 (1 April 2020 - 14 October 2021) [101]
  • Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak confirmed in the 2021 budget that this limit would increase to £100 on 15 October 2021. This floor limit increase was later confirmed by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA)

There is no transaction limit when using contactless with two-factor authentication (e.g. Apple Pay), although some merchants who have not updated their card terminals' software apply a £100 limit as if there was no authentication; this is gradually improving.

United StatesNo limitA signature may be required for large purchases. Banks may set their own limits or require a PIN.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Debit card</span> Card used for financial transactions, usually without a credit line

A debit card, also known as a check card or bank card, is a payment card that can be used in place of cash to make purchases. The card usually consists of the bank's name, a card number, the cardholder's name, and an expiration date, on either the front or the back. Many new cards now have a chip on them, which allows people to use their card by touch (contactless), or by inserting the card and keying in a PIN as with swiping the magnetic stripe. Debit cards are similar to a credit card, but the money for the purchase must be in the cardholder's bank account at the time of the purchase and is immediately transferred directly from that account to the merchant's account to pay for the purchase.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobile payment</span> Payment services via a mobile device

Mobile payment, also referred to as mobile money, mobile money transfer and mobile wallet, is any of various payment processing services operated under financial regulations and performed from or via a mobile device. Instead of paying with cash, cheque, or credit card, a consumer can use a payment app on a mobile device to pay for a wide range of services and digital or hard goods. Although the concept of using non-coin-based currency systems has a long history, it is only in the 21st century that the technology to support such systems has become widely available.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mastercard</span> American multinational financial services corporation

Mastercard Inc., stylized as MasterCard from 1979 to 2016 and as mastercard from 2016 to 2019, is an American multinational payment card services corporation headquartered in Purchase, New York. It offers a range of payment transaction processing and other related-payment services. Throughout the world, its principal business is to process payments between the banks of merchants and the card-issuing banks or credit unions of the purchasers who use the Mastercard-brand debit, credit and prepaid cards to make purchases. Mastercard has been publicly traded since 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Near-field communication</span> Radio communication established between devices by bringing them into proximity

Near-field communication (NFC) is a set of communication protocols that enables communication between two electronic devices over a distance of 4 cm or less. NFC offers a low-speed connection through a simple setup that can be used for the bootstrapping of capable wireless connections. Like other proximity card technologies, NFC is based on inductive coupling between two electromagnetic coils present on a NFC-enabled device such as a smartphone. NFC communicating in one or both directions uses a frequency of 13.56 MHz in the globally available unlicensed radio frequency ISM band, compliant with the ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface standard at data rates ranging from 106 to 848 kbit/s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">EMV</span> Smart payment card standard

EMV is a payment method based on a technical standard for smart payment cards and for payment terminals and automated teller machines which can accept them. EMV stands for "Europay, Mastercard, and Visa", the three companies that created the standard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">EZ-Link</span> Contactless smart card used in Singapore

The EZ-Link card is a rechargeable contactless smart card and electronic money system that is primarily used as a payment method for public transport such as bus and rail lines in Singapore. A standard EZ-Link card is a credit-card-sized stored-value contact-less smart-card that comes in a variety of colours, as well as limited edition designs. It is sold by SimplyGo Pte Ltd, a merged entity of TransitLink and EZ-Link since 2024, a subsidiary of the Land Transport Authority (LTA), and can be used on travel modes across Singapore, including the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), the Light Rail Transit (LRT), public buses which are operated by SBS Transit, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit Singapore and Go-Ahead Singapore, as well as the Sentosa Express.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maestro (debit card)</span> Debit card from Mastercard

Mastercard Maestro is a brand of debit cards and prepaid cards owned by Mastercard that was introduced in 1991. Maestro is accepted at around fifteen million point of sale outlets in 93 countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Navigo card</span> Public transportation fare card in Paris

The Navigo pass is a family of contactless smart cards that can be used for payment in public transportation in Paris and the Île-de-France region. It was first introduced on 1 October 2001. The cards are implemented as contactless smart cards using the Calypso standard, initially with Radio-frequency identification (RFID), then Near-field communication (NFC) since 9 December 2013, and enables authenticated access at turnstiles by scanning the card at an electronic reader. Cards can be loaded with tickets and passes at staffed counters and at ticket vending machines. Since July 2018, they can also be recharged directly using a smartphone. Certain smartphones and smartwatches can be used in place of physical Navigo passes using mobile apps, such as Île-de-France Mobilités, Samsung Wallet, or Apple Wallet, which allow verification at Navigo card readers using NFC functionality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NETS (company)</span> Singaporean electronic payment service provider

Network for Electronic Transfers, colloquially known as NETS, is a Singaporean electronic payment service provider. Founded in 1986 by a consortium of local banks, it aims to establish the debit network and drive the adoption of electronic payments in Singapore. It is owned by DBS Bank, OCBC Bank and United Overseas Bank (UOB).

Moneris is a Canadian financial technology company that specializes in payment processing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Payment terminal</span> Device for electronic fund transfers

A payment terminal, also known as a point of sale (POS) terminal, credit card machine, card reader, PIN pad, EFTPOS terminal, is a device which interfaces with payment cards to make electronic funds transfers. The terminal typically consists of a secure keypad for entering PIN, a screen, a means of capturing information from payments cards and a network connection to access the payment network for authorization.

JVL Ventures, LLC d/b/a Softcard, was a joint venture between AT&T, T-Mobile and Verizon which produced a mobile payments platform known as Softcard, which used near-field communication (NFC) technology to allow users to pay for items at stores and restaurants with credit and debit card credentials stored on their smartphones. The partnership was first announced on November 16, 2010; following a trial period in 2012, the service officially launched nationwide on November 14, 2013. The official Softcard app was available for NFC-compatible smartphones using the Android operating system and later on Windows Phone 8.1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Card security code</span> Security feature on payment cards

A card security code is a series of numbers that, in addition to the bank card number, is printed on a credit or debit card. The CSC is used as a security feature for card not present transactions, where a personal identification number (PIN) cannot be manually entered by the cardholder. It was instituted to reduce the incidence of credit card fraud. Unlike the card number, the CSC is deliberately not embossed, so that it is not read when using a mechanical credit card imprinter which will only pick up embossed numbers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apple Wallet</span> Digital wallet platform by Apple

Apple Wallet is a digital wallet developed by Apple Inc. and included with iOS and watchOS that allows users to store Wallet passes such as coupons, boarding passes, student ID cards, government ID cards, business credentials, resort passes, car keys, home keys, event tickets, public transportation passes, store cards, and – starting with iOS 8.1 – credit cards, and debit cards for use via Apple Pay.

Apple Pay is a mobile payment service by Apple Inc. that allows users to make payments in person, in iOS apps, and on the web. Supported on iPhone, Apple Watch, iPad, Mac, and Vision Pro, Apple Pay digitizes and can replace a credit or debit card chip and PIN transaction at a contactless-capable point-of-sale terminal. It does not require Apple Pay–specific contactless payment terminals; it can work with any merchant that accepts contactless payments. It adds two-factor authentication via Touch ID, Face ID, Optic ID, PIN, or passcode. Devices wirelessly communicate with point of sale systems using near field communication (NFC), with an embedded secure element (eSE) to securely store payment data and perform cryptographic functions, and Apple's Touch ID and Face ID for biometric authentication.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samsung Pay</span> Mobile payment and digital wallet service

Samsung Pay is a mobile payment and digital wallet service, operated by the South Korean company Samsung Electronics. It lets users make payments using compatible smartphones and other Samsung-produced devices, accessed using the Samsung Wallet app.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Common Mobility Card</span> Indian interoperable transport card

National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) is an open-loop, inter-operable transport card conceived by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's ‘One Nation, One Card' vision. It was launched on 4 March 2019. The transport card enables the user to pay for travel, toll tax, retail shopping and withdraw money.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Google Pay (payment method)</span> Mobile payments platform developed by Google

Google Pay is a mobile payment service developed by Google to power in-app, online, and in-person contactless purchases on mobile devices, enabling users to make payments with Android phones, tablets, or watches. Users can authenticate via a PIN, passcode, or biometrics such as 3D face scanning or fingerprint recognition.

Google Wallet is a digital wallet platform developed by Google. It is available for the Android, Wear OS, and Fitbit OS operating systems, and was announced on May 11, 2022, at the 2022 Google I/O keynote. It began rolling out on Android smartphones on July 18, 2022.

References

  1. ↑ Caddy, James; Delaney, Luc; Fisher, Chay; Noone, Clare (19 March 2020). "Consumer Payment Behaviour in Australia" (PDF). Reserve Bank of Australia. p. 13. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  2. ↑ "UK contactless debit and credit cards". Statista.
  3. ↑ Wehr, John (1 January 2003). "FreedomPay makes waves in contactless payment". SecureIDNews. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  4. ↑ "McDonald's testing e-payment system". USA Today. 29 May 2001. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  5. ↑ "Sony et Philips contrent Bluetooth". 01net.com (in French). 18 September 2002. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Les transports en commun niçois se mettent au paiement sans contact". 01net.com (in French). 24 May 2009. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  7. ↑ "Philippe Maugars : le père français du NFC sacré inventeur européen de l'année". 01net.com (in French). 12 June 2015. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  8. 1 2 "Caen, la ville où l'on paye et s'informe en sortant son portable". 01net.com (in French). 20 October 2005. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  9. ↑ "A Hanau, le portable-ticket de bus joue au juste prix". 01net.com (in French). 2 May 2005. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  10. ↑ "Les transports rennais payés par mobile 'sans contact'". 01net.com (in French). 7 November 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  11. ↑ "Barclaycard rolls out Oyster payments card". Finextra. 10 September 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  12. ↑ "Nokia 6131 NFC – touch to pay credit card mobile phones start trickling onto the market". The Red Ferret. 22 November 2007. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  13. ↑ "First Fully Integrated Contactless Payment System in UK". paymentnews.com. 26 March 2008. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  14. ↑ Clark, Sarah (19 January 2009). "Mobile and transit operators launch NFC payments system in Chongqing". nfcw.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  15. ↑ "Orange and Barclaycard deliver next step in their partnership with contactless co-branded credit card". Barclaycard. 7 January 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017.
  16. ↑ White, Garry (8 March 2009). "Barclaycard and Orange unveil pay-by-mobile service". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  17. 1 2 "Télécoms - La révolution mobile sans contact arrive en 2008". banquedesterritoires.fr (in French). 21 December 2007. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  18. ↑ "Nice, première ville à passer au paiement sans contact". 01net.com (in French). 21 May 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  19. ↑ "A Caen, avec un mobile sans contact, on valide dans les bus et trams". 01net.com (in French). 18 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  20. ↑ Boden, Rian (18 June 2013). "NFC transit ticketing service goes live in French city of Caen". nfcw.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  21. ↑ "A Strasbourg, on voyage en bus et en tram grâce à un mobile sans contact". 01net.com (in French). 27 June 2013. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  22. ↑ "Strasbourg NFC ticketing moves to commercial launch". nfcw.com. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  23. ↑ "Ça y est, certains smartphones Samsung peuvent servir de titres de transport en Île-de-France !" (in French). Twitter. 8 April 2019. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  24. ↑ "Le dernier (ticket de) métro, at 2:10 and 2:38". YouTube (in French). Télé Matin. 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  25. ↑ "Et si vous achetiez vos titres de transport depuis votre appli RATP ?" (in French). RATP. 12 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  26. ↑ Clark, Sarah (15 July 2010). "KDDI, Softbank Mobile and SK Telecom to introduce NFC standard services in Japan and Korea". nfcw.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  27. ↑ Clark, Sarah (25 March 2010). "SK Telecom and Hana launch SIM-based mobile contactless payments and promotions service". nfcw.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  28. ↑ Clark, Sarah (14 June 2010). "Gemalto provides KDDI with end-to-end NFC security solution". nfcw.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  29. ↑ Clark, Sarah (9 February 2011). "NTT Docomo partners with Korea's KT to switch to NFC at end of 2012". nfcw.com. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  30. ↑ Clark, Sarah (5 January 2011). "China Unicom launches commercial NFC service in Beijing". nfcw.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  31. ↑ "3 Hong Kong and Citibank Jointly Launch '3 Citi Wallet'". citigroup.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  32. ↑ Villarreal, Alexandra (10 February 2014). "MasterCard, Weve partner to accelerate contactless payments shift in U.K." Bank Credit News. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  33. ↑ Jeffries, Adrianne (September 9, 2014). "Apple Pay allows you to pay at the counter with your iPhone 6". The Verge . Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
  34. ↑ "Contactless has caught on underground". Barclaycard. 24 February 2016. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  35. ↑ "BankCard Sticker". Erste Bank und Sparkassen (in Austrian German). Erste Bank Group. January 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016.
  36. ↑ Huang, Roger (9 March 2020). "WHO encourages use of contactless payments due to COVID-19". Forbes . Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  37. ↑ Brennan, Joe (19 March 2020). "Increase in contactless payments limit may not be ready until April". The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  38. ↑ Sheldon, Jess (24 March 2020). "Contactless card payment limit to change in emergency move amid coronavirus pandemic". Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  39. ↑ "Contactless limit in UK to be increased to £45". UK Finance. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  40. ↑ Clark, Derin (24 March 2020). "Contactless limit is set to rise to £45 to help fight Covid-19". Moneyfacts.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  41. ↑ "Contactless limit to increase to £100 from 15 October". UK Finance. Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  42. ↑ "Apple empowers businesses to accept contactless payments through Tap to Pay on iPhone". apple.com. 8 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  43. ↑ Michail (8 February 2022). "Tap to Pay on iPhone announced, coming to the US later this year". GSM Arena. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  44. ↑ "Certified phones". nfc-phones.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  45. ↑ "New MasterCard Advisors Study on Contactless Payments Shows Almost 30% Lift in Total Spend Within First Year of Adoption". newsroom.mastercard.com. 3 May 2012. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  46. ↑ Dubinsky, Zach (1 June 2010). "New credit cards pose security problem". CBCNews.ca. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  47. ↑ Campbell, Francis (2 June 2015). "Contactless payments taking off in the UK in 2015". mobiletransaction.org. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
  48. ↑ "Key Facts and Stats". contactless.info. Archived from the original on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
  49. ↑ Jones, Rupert (12 July 2017). "Cash no longer king as contactless payments soar in UK stores". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  50. ↑ "UK Payments Market Summary 2019" (PDF). UK Finance. June 2019. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  51. ↑ "Latest data shows contactless payments approach saturation point". westpac.com.au. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  52. ↑ Sacchi, Guido. "Here's Why Contactless Payments Are About to Explode in the US". Global Payments. Archived from the original on 18 November 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  53. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14443-4:2018: Cards and security devices for personal identification — Contactless proximity objects". Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  54. ↑ Schwartz, John (23 October 2006). "Researchers See Privacy Pitfalls in No-Swipe Credit Cards". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  55. ↑ "Contactless Cards". Lloyds Bank. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  56. ↑ "Why doesn't my contactless card work?". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  57. ↑ "MasterCard® contactless". MasterCard. MasterCard Australia. Archived from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  58. ↑ "Visa payWave: FAQs". Visa Australia. Visa. Archived from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  59. ↑ "Maestro® kontraktlos". Maestro (in Austrian German). Maestro Austria. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  60. ↑ "Empresas aumentam limite de pagamentos por aproximação; veja valores". OlharDigital (in Brazilian Portuguese). 24 December 2020. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  61. ↑ "Kartična plaćanja | Mastercard Bosna i Hercegovina". www.mastercard.ba. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  62. ↑ "Ziraat Bank Mastercard Beskontaktno Plaćanje". www.ziraatbank.ba. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  63. ↑ Rumley, Jon (7 April 2020). "Mastercard, Visa Raise Tap Limits, And Stores Want Interac To Follow". huffingtonpost.ca. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  64. ↑ Ng, Gary (7 April 2020). "American Express Canada Increases Tap Payment Limit to $250 Due to COVID-19". iphoneincanada.ca. iPhone In Canada. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  65. ↑ "UnionPay "Quickpass" sets foot on first foreign market". unionpayintl.com. 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  66. ↑ Sequeira, Rebeca. "Pagos con tarjeta por menos de ₡30 mil no requerirán firma" [Card payments of less than ₡30,000 will not require a signature]. La República (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  67. ↑ Gudiño, Ronny. "Le solicitarán PIN en compras superiores a los ₡30 mil a partir de julio del 2022" [You will be asked your PIN on purchases over ₡30,000 beginning July 2022]. La República (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  68. ↑ "Contactless cards and PIN authorization". zaba.hr. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  69. ↑ Kučera, Petr (22 September 2020). "Platíte kartou příliš často. Banka zaskočila klienty, chce poplatek". Peníze.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  70. ↑ "Dankortet bliver nu kontaktløst". nets.edu (in Danish). Archived from the original on 8 September 2015.
  71. ↑ "Contactless Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)" (PDF). cibeg.com. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  72. ↑ "Contactless payment – even faster way to pay with a bank card". Swedbank. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  73. ↑ "Rollout of contactless limit increase well underway as all parties work towards national completion by 1 April". www.bpfi.ie. Banking and Payments Federation Ireland. 25 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  74. ↑ O'Brien, Ciara (7 March 2017). "Apple Pay contactless service launches in Ireland". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  75. ↑ "JCB QUICPay". jbc.co.jp. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  76. ↑ "ブランドルール改定に伴う端末機設定変更のお知らせ｜ご加盟店契約、アクワイアラーならクレジットカードの三井住友カード". 三井住友カード (in Japanese). Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  77. ↑ "Banks Increase Contactless Card Limits to 50 Euro". Finance Latvia Association. 25 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  78. ↑ "Contactless cards". Swedbank. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  79. ↑ "FAQs on migration to PIN-based payment cards" (PDF). Bank Negara Malaysia. 28 October 2016. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  80. ↑ Lim, John (3 January 2017). "How To Disable Paywave On Your New Debit Card". says.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  81. ↑ "Mijlpaal: 100 miljoen contactloze betalingen". www.ccv.nl (in Dutch). CCV Holland. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  82. ↑ "Apple Pay via omweg voor bunq-klanten alweer teruggedraaid". Bright.nl (in Dutch). 21 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  83. ↑ Born, Christian (11 June 2019). "Apple Pay nu gratis beschikbaar voor ING-klanten met iPhone". AD.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  84. ↑ "Ook ABN Amro, Rabobank en bunq kondigen Apple Pay-ondersteuning aan". AD.nl (in Dutch). 3 September 2019. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  85. ↑ Keall, Chris (8 April 2020). "Covid 19 coronavirus: Paywave eftpos limit raised to $200 - but two banks lag". New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  86. ↑ "200.000 tæpper hver dag". ntbinfo.no (in Norwegian). 30 October 2018. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  87. ↑ "Grensen for kontaktløs betaling med BankAxept uten PIN-kode økes". Finans Norge (in Norwegian). 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  88. ↑ "MasterCard raises payments limits for PH". The Manila Times. 26 July 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  89. ↑ "Os pagamentos "sem contacto" até 50 euros vieram para ficar". www.bportugal.pt (in Portuguese). Banco de Portugal. 13 July 2020. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  90. ↑ Boon, Rachel (8 February 2017). "Nets payments to go digital and contactless". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  91. ↑ "UOB lifting the transaction limit for mobile contactless payment at all its terminals islandwide" (PDF). uobgroup.com. United Overseas Bank. 25 May 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  92. ↑ "More than Half of Singaporeans Use Mobile Contactless Payments: Visa Study". Visa. 28 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  93. ↑ "Visa payWave" (PDF). dbs.com.sg. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  94. ↑ "Contactless". American Express. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  95. ↑ Beracka, Ján (22 April 2020). "Limit na bezkontaktné platby bez PIN-u sa plošne zvyšuje". Trend (in Slovak). Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  96. ↑ Knowler, Wendy (19 November 2017). "'Tap 'n go' not as risky as many fear". businesslive.co.za. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  97. ↑ "Ten years of contactless". Barclays. 4 September 2017. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  98. ↑ Gough, Owen (2 March 2017). "Supermarket contactless spending jumps as 'touch and go' overtakes Chip and PIN". Small Business. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  99. ↑ "Contactless card payments limit rises to £20". BBC News. 1 June 2012. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  100. ↑ "Contactless card limit rises to £30 as card use surges". BBC News. 1 September 2015. Archived from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  101. ↑ Grothaus, Michael (5 April 2016). "Apple Pay 100% Backed By UK's Major Banks -- Including Barclays". Know Your Mobile. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.