David and Gladys Wright House

Last updated

David and Gladys Wright House
David Wright House.JPG
The house as seen from Rubicon Avenue
David and Gladys Wright House
Location5212 East Exeter Boulevard (405 North Rubicon Avenue), Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.
Coordinates 33°30′05″N111°58′09″W / 33.50138°N 111.96908°W / 33.50138; -111.96908
Built1950–1952
Architect Frank Lloyd Wright
Architectural style Organic architecture
NRHP reference No. 100007156
Added to NRHPJanuary 28, 2022 [1]

The David and Gladys Wright House is a residence at 5212 East Exeter Boulevard in the Arcadia neighborhood of Phoenix, Arizona, United States. Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in an organic style for his son David and daughter-in-law Gladys, it was built from 1950 to 1952. In the 2010s, the house was one of four remaining buildings designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in Phoenix and one of nine such buildings in Arizona. In addition to the main house, the site includes a small guesthouse to the northeast. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Contents

The main house is a curved structure made of concrete and sits on seven piers; it is accessed by a spiraling ramp. The house has 2,553 square feet (237.2 m2) of space, with three bedrooms and four bathrooms, and is made of concrete blocks and mahogany boards. The house forms a 270-degree arc around an interior courtyard, with a kitchen to the northeast, a living room to the southwest, and bedrooms to the southeast. The interior uses circular motifs and geometric shapes, in addition to furnishings designed by Wright, such as a carpet. The guesthouse is built of similar materials to the main house but is much smaller, with one primary room.

David Wright and his wife Gladys acquired land for the house in 1950 and 1951. After the building's completion, the couple initially invited guests, though they had stopped doing so by the 1960s. The couple continued to live in the house until their respective deaths. After Gladys died in 2008, her granddaughters sold the house the next year to a limited partnership, JT Morning Glory Enterprises. The new owner canceled a planned renovation of the house, instead reselling it in June 2012 to the real-estate development firm 8081 Meridian, who planned to demolish and redevelop it. Following efforts to preserve the house as a landmark, it was sold to Zach Rawling in December 2012. Rawling attempted to repurpose the house as a museum and cultural center before trying to donate it to the School of Architecture at Taliesin, though neither plan was carried out. After Benson Botsford LLC bought the house in August 2020, the family of Bing Hu and Wenchin Shi moved into the residence, renovating it.

Description

The house was designed by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright and built for the architect's fourth son David, along with David's wife Gladys. [2] It is located at 5212 East Exeter Boulevard, [3] [4] with an alternate address of 405 North Rubicon Avenue, [1] in the Arcadia neighborhood of Phoenix, Arizona, United States. [5] The site covers either 5.6 acres (2.3 ha) [6] or 5.9 acres (2.4 ha). [7] There is a detached single-story guesthouse to the northeast. [8] [9] The surrounding area includes detached ranch homes, some of which have been replaced with newer mansions. [10] Prior to the development of the David and Gladys Wright House, the land had been part of block H within the politically separate subdivision of Arcadia. The site was among hundreds that were created in 1919 when Arcadia was platted out into multiple land lots. [11]

By 2012, the house was one of four remaining buildings designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in Phoenix and one of nine such buildings in Arizona. [12] The house is also one of two that Wright designed for his children, the other being the Robert Llewellyn Wright House in Bethesda, Maryland. [13] [14] An example of organic architecture, the David and Gladys Wright House has a circular plan. The house uses numerous design elements seen in Wright's other buildings; for example, the design integrates the exterior and interior spaces, and Wright used natural materials from the surrounding area. [15] The house wraps around an interior courtyard that originally had an almond-shaped pool and bougainvillea flowers, [16] though the pool has since been infilled. [17] [18]

Main house

Exterior

The house is raised on seven piers, [17] which are made of concrete blocks. [15] [19] At the time of construction, the area was full of orange trees, and Wright wanted his son and daughter-in-law to be able to see above the trees. [20] [21] The pier design allowed breezes to pass through the building as well. [16] [22] The rooms themselves are placed on a concrete slab that is cantilevered above the piers. [15] [19] Circular columns carry the roof above the cantilevered floor slabs. [23] The exterior of this floor slab is decorated with a cast-concrete frieze. [24] [25] The frieze contains scalloped patterns, [26] which was cast using aluminum formwork. [24] The decorations are similar to those used at the Arizona Biltmore Hotel and at several houses in Greater Los Angeles. [25]

The facade is mostly composed of rectangular concrete blocks, [24] which are hollow and are filled with pumice. [2] To create the impression of a curved facade, rounded blocks were used for the piers, and smaller blocks were used in walls with sharp curves. Wright left gaps in between the blocks to create contrasting light and dark patterns, and he applied silicone-based paint onto the concrete for waterproofing. [24] Glazed window panes are used as well; [15] these windows are flat, contrasting with the rest of the facade. [27] There is a circular window just outside the kitchen, which is similar to those in Wright buildings such as the Marin County Civic Center, Gammage Memorial Auditorium, and Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. [28] To take advantage of natural light, there are floor-to-ceiling windows on the southern wall of the master bedroom and living room. [29] The other windows have miters to give the impression of invisible corners. [2]

View of the ramp David & Gladys Wright House ramp closeup.jpg
View of the ramp

A ramp ascends counterclockwise [30] [31] from an entry courtyard at the northeast to the front door at the house's southwest corner. [15] Though there are claims that the spiral ramp predated the design of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, [32] [33] Wright had designed buildings with spiral ramps as early as the 1920s. [34] [35] The David and Gladys Wright House and the Guggenheim Museum are two of three extant Wright structures with spiral designs, the other being the V. C. Morris Gift Shop in San Francisco. [36] [19] Just outside the front entrance, a second ramp ascends from the main floor to the roof deck. [37] [31] Wright wanted his son and daughter-in-law to be able to observe the nearby desert and Camelback Mountain from the roof. [36] [37] The rest of the roof is painted turquoise [2] [15] and has diagonal seams. [15] [27]

Interior

The house covers 2,553 square feet (237.2 m2), [32] [38] with three bedrooms and four bathrooms. [38] [39] The main floor forms a 270-degree arc around the courtyard, and each of its rooms occupies nearly the entire width of the house. [15] There are smaller spaces leading to larger rooms, an example of the compression-and-release principle that Wright espoused. [17] [40] According to House & Home magazine, the house contained "literally no 90° angle" because all the rooms are curved. [24] The floors and walls are made of concrete, [28] and many of the furnishings are made of Philippine mahogany. [13] The interior spaces have mahogany-board ceilings, doors, and window frames. [15] [19] The interior uses circular motifs, [38] [17] in addition to geometric shapes including squares and hexagons. [19] When the Wrights lived there, the house had recessed ceiling lamps, [41] which David rarely used. [2] Instead, the house was illuminated by natural light during the daytime and exterior floodlights at night. [2] From the outset, the house also had a built-in air conditioning system. [23]

The layout, described by House & Home as an "in-line plan", consists of rooms arranged in succession, similarly to Wright's other designs such as the Lloyd Lewis House. [20] Just inside the entrance is a coat closet. [31] Next to it is a cylindrical kitchen, a double-height space [41] occupying the northwestern portion of the arc. [15] [17] The circular living room occupies the center (southwestern corner) of the arc. [15] [17] The living room features a conical fireplace, [15] [41] described by The Arizona Republic as resembling a Native American kiva. [42] There is a dining niche at one end of the living room, next to the kitchen and living room fireplace. [31] A hallway, along the inner portion of the arc, connects the living room to the bathrooms and bedrooms. [31] [43] The southeastern portion of the house contains the bedrooms, with the master bedroom cantilevered off the end of the arc. [15] [43] The house has three bedrooms in total, [16] all of which face outward. [31] The master bedroom has an attached en-suite bathroom [31] and a conical fireplace. [15] The two other bedrooms share a bedroom which also faces outward. [31] All of the rooms have views of both the interior courtyard and the exterior landscaping. [21] [44]

Wright designed many of the furnishings. [2] [45] For example, he designed a carpet with a "March balloons" pattern, consisting of colorful circular motifs, for the living room; [19] [46] a reproduction was installed after the original carpet was sold off. [17] Though not designed by Wright, the living room also had a grand piano, which was later moved to the Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio in Oak Park, Illinois. [18] Wright was also responsible for the design of the dining room's round table, the house's chairs, and the bedside desk in David's master bedroom. [2] During his lifetime, David left many of his father's original decorative details intact, down to such items as the garbage cans, which were made specially for the house. [13]

Guesthouse

The guesthouse, designed by John Howell, [16] is built of similar materials to the main house. [47] [48] The roofline slopes up from south to north, toward Camelback Mountain. [48] [49] The rectangular floor plan consists of a bedroom that doubles as living and dining space, in addition to a kitchenette and a bathroom. [9] [47] To conserve space, the guest house incorporates various pieces of built-in furniture, including a sofa bed. [9] The interior has mahogany window frames, ceilings, and doors, in addition to a cylindrical fireplace. There is a carport and storage rooms at the guesthouse's western end. [47] Sources disagree over whether the guesthouse has 260 square feet (24 m2), [9] 350 square feet (33 m2), [16] or 360 square feet (33 m2). [39] Because it was hidden in a citrus grove, the guesthouse remained little-known into the 21st century. [9]

History

Wright ownership

Development

House and grounds David and Gladys Wright House Phoenix.JPG
House and grounds

In 1950, Frank Lloyd Wright began drawing up plans for a house to be occupied by his son David and daughter-in law Gladys. [50] David had asked his father to design the house after realizing that none of his six siblings had asked their father to design their houses. [2] According to Wright's archivist Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer, the architect drew up preliminary plans for the building on a blank sheet of paper at his office in Taliesin West, spending at most one hour on these drawings. [51] [52] The drawings for the house were originally titled "How to Live in the Southwest". [50] [51] [53] That May, David and Gladys bought a site in Arcadia, lot 7, from the Patrick family. [11] The Wrights bought an adjacent parcel, lot 8, from the Patricks in January 1951. This allowed the site to be accessed both from the west on Rubicon Avenue and from the south on Exeter Boulevard. [54]

The engineering drawings had been finished by February 1951. [55] David, a concrete machinery salesman by trade, [2] was the general contractor for his own house. [54] [56] Gordon Chadwick was hired as the construction supervisor, while Ray Parrish was the foreman for the project; both had formerly apprenticed under Frank. [55] [54] The original proposal called for four bedrooms, later downsized to three. [2] The residence was also supposed to be made of wood, but David requested that it instead be made of concrete. [13] [54] At the time, concrete was not commonly used as a construction material in residences. [2] Furthermore, David specified that only his company could make the concrete blocks that were used in the house's construction. [17]

During the house's construction, David modified several elements of the design, such as the master bedroom's entrance. By June 1951, David indicated that the foundations and piers had been constructed and that he was looking for a cabinet manufacturer. [55] Relations between David and Parrish had deteriorated by that October, when Frank sent his apprentice William Wesley Peters to mediate the disagreements and oversee the house's completion. [43] Although Frank had wanted to pour the concrete in place, it was Peters who suggested that the building instead be constructed of concrete blocks, with rooms cantilevered from the structure. [26] Further issues arose from the fact that David was having trouble finding a new foreman and a new carpenter; the first carpenter could not climb ladders because he had arthritis. [43] That October, Peters revised the plans to fit David's needs. Only one of David's proposed changes—which involved raising the house's floor slab—could not be carried out, so Peters instead elected to lower the height of the garden under it. [43]

Usage

The residence was finished no later than May 1952. [43] Gladys wrote in her diary that the house frequently leaked, a common occurrence in Frank's buildings. [13] The guesthouse was built in 1954, [29] [50] and the house sometimes hosted visiting architects in its earliest years. [36] [13] David and Gladys kept a leather-bound guestbook for visitors from Japan and from Frank's Wisconsin studio, Taliesin. In addition, they entertained family members such as David's niece, the actress Anne Baxter. [13] Over the years, the Wrights kept the original design intact, except for the addition of insulation. [2] The house was originally located in the politically separate subdivision of Arcadia, which became part of the city of Phoenix in 1961. [50]

The surrounding land was sold off between 1968 and 1970, and the estate decreased in size from 10 to 2 acres (4.05 to 0.81 ha) as a result. [29] [50] David and Gladys sold the southeastern part of lot 8 to their son David in 1968, and they sold all of lot 7 to the Sipe family in 1969. The year afterward, the Stiteler family bought the southwestern part of lot 8, leaving the Wrights with just the northern half of lot 8. [29] By the 1960s, the family had stopped inviting guests. [13] [21] The family stopped tourists from going into their citrus grove, and they asked bus drivers not to use their driveway. [13] In a 1979 news article, the elder David recalled that the house "brings us publicity. And that I don't like." [2] Due to the Wrights' aversion to publicity, the house fell into obscurity, [36] [21] and outsiders assumed that the house had become dilapidated. [57]

Even though David and Gladys Wright's granddaughter grew up in a neighboring house, David still required his granddaughters to make appointments when they visited. [13] In addition, David did not allow his granddaughters to go past the living room, and Gladys required them to wear bathing caps when they swam in the pool. [13] David and Gladys lived in their house for the rest of their lives; David died in 1997 at the age of 102, and Gladys died in 2008 at age 104. [16] [58] [59] According to their great-granddaughter Sarah Levi, the Wright family had never considered applying for a historic-landmark designation for the building, which would have temporarily prevented it from demolition. [60]

JT Morning ownership

Detail of exterior wall David & Gladys Wright House - 8041904807.jpg
Detail of exterior wall

Gladys bequeathed the house to her three granddaughters, one of whom wanted to sell the house. [56] Her two sisters, who had no money to buy out her stake in the house, agreed to the sale, [56] listing it at an asking price of $3.99 million. [37] At the time, many of the house's original objects, such as letters from Frank and a toilet-seat cover owned by Gladys, remained in place. [13] JT Morning Glory Enterprises, a limited partnership composed of Carolyn and Spencer Russell and Jean Tichenor, [61] bought the house in 2009 for about $2.8 million. [12] [14] [62] Anne Wright-Levi, one of David and Gladys's granddaughters, said that the family could no longer afford to pay for the house's upkeep. [62]

Tichenor wanted to renovate the house for use as a personal residence. [56] The Wright family sold the March balloons carpet, [56] which was acquired in 2010 by the film producer Joel Silver. [17] The Russells and Tichenor ultimately never renovated the house; [21] a real-estate agent said the owners had a "change of life plans". [10]

8081 Meridian ownership

In June 2012, the property was resold to Steve Sells and John Hoffman of real-estate firm 8081 Meridian for $1.8 million. [5] [63] 8081 Meridian planned to demolish the house and split the site in half. [64] [65] At the time, the house needed approximately $300,000 in repairs, [5] [62] and NPR reported that the house was surrounded by chain-link fencing and that the site had become overgrown. [33] 8081 Meridian claimed that they did not know about the house's history when they announced their plans. [66] When the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy learned about the redevelopment plans, it launched a petition in favor of the house's preservation, [67] obtaining 30,000 signatures. [63] [68] Phoenix mayor Greg Stanton was among those who supported the house's preservation. [22] After the conservancy started its petition, Hoffman and Sells agreed to discuss the possibility of preserving the house, [22] but the owners subsequently expressed opposition to the designation. [58] By that July, the Phoenix Planning Commission had agreed to host hearings on designating the building as a landmark. [64] If the designation were successful, the building could not be demolished for three years. [21] [66]

8081 Meridian threatened to sue the city, claiming that the designation was illegal and would reduce the property's value. [66] [69] The firm received a demolition permit in September 2012; [63] had the building been razed, it would have been the first Wright–designed structure in four decades to be intentionally demolished. [56] The owners also hired the landscaper Alexander Malatesta to demolish the house, but Malatesta hesitated once he saw the building itself, instead contacting Phoenix city officials. [70] The demolition permit was rescinded that October because, in Phoenix, buildings under consideration for municipal-landmark status could not be demolished. [21] [69] [71] Police officers were stationed outside the house to prevent its demolition. [72] Three municipal agencies supported the historic designation. [5] The house needed to meet only one criterion to be eligible for the designation, and the city's Historic Preservation Commission found that the house met three such criteria. [12] Despite this, the Phoenix City Council twice postponed a vote on designating the house as a city landmark. [5] [63]

The Wright Building Conservancy wanted to find a buyer before the city council voted on the designation. [66] [58] The house was thus placed on sale for $2.379 million. [62] [66] Several unidentified buyers, including an actor and an architect, reportedly were interested in the site. [69] One prospective buyer submitted three bids for the house in mid-2012, all of which were rejected. [62] At the time, Hoffman wanted to resell the building for at least $2.2 million, but the buyer had offered only $2 million. [21] [65] Another potential buyer agreed to buy the house in November 2012. [62] The buyer withdrew their bid shortly afterward, [66] [73] as they wanted to stay anonymous, which would not be possible if the house continued to attract visitors. [63] The conservancy also considered having several buyers take joint ownership of the house. [68] In addition, the City Council passed legislation that allowed structures with historic designations to be opened to the public with a permit. [74]

Rawling ownership

The house was resold in December 2012 to an anonymous buyer, [75] which was initially reported as a Delaware limited liability company. [5] Zach Rawling, a residential developer and lawyer, was later reported as the real owner; [46] [76] he had been interested in Wright's architecture since he was a child. [6] [77] Rawling later recalled that he had become involved after hearing about the demolition permit. [77]

Proposed conversion into museum

The house's interior David & Gladys Wright House - 8043398050.jpg
The house's interior

After Rawling acquired the house, he wanted to convert the David and Gladys Wright House into a museum. [76] [78] He anticipated that the house could attract more than 100,000 annual visitors, a similar number to that of Taliesin West in nearby Scottsdale. [78] [44] Rawling obtained three neighboring homes and demolished them, [79] [80] intending to create an entrance from the north. [81] In addition, Rawling reinforced the walls and replanted 100 olive trees. [80] In an interview with USA Today , Rawling denied that he wanted to live in the home himself. [6] By 2014, Rawling had applied for a historical designation for the house, though he had not yet opened it to the public. [81] In early 2015, Rawling requested a permit from the Phoenix city government to begin hosting tours and events at the house. [6] [78] He formed the David and Gladys Wright House Foundation, [6] which hosted limited tours for small groups starting that April. [56] The same year, Rawling invited Levi to live there and become the house's first artist in residence. [18] [56] Levi retained many of the original pieces of furniture and added a television. [18] A replica of the original living room carpet was also added. [42]

The David and Gladys Wright House Foundation hired Organic Architecture Inc. and several architecture firms to create a master plan for the house. [82] The plans included a museum and education center, in addition to a restoration of the original house. [82] [74] [83] The 25,000-square-foot (2,300 m2) visitor center would have been placed underground, and there would have been paths and a pool above it. [84] If the permit were approved, Rawling could host events and weddings at the house, and he would be able to invite artists-in-residence and overnight guests. To alleviate concerns, Rawling proposed restricting events to no more than 500 people, and these events would be required to end at 10 p.m. [74] Some of his neighbors opposed the permit because they worried it would create noise and vehicular traffic, [6] [78] and they claimed that the house's events and tours violated the residential zoning of the site. [85] Opponents, who included the businessman Peter Sperling, circulated petitions and flyers against the project. [6] [44]

Phoenix's Historic Preservation Commission voted in November 2015 to recommend that the Phoenix City Council designate the building and 3.67 acres (1.49 ha) of surrounding land as a city landmark. [86] [87] Rawling had wanted the commission to preserve a 6-acre (2.4 ha) area, which had included land that the Wrights had not owned. [88] Some of Rawling's neighbors supported a less restrictive designation that would not allow the house to be turned into an event venue and museum. [86] Rawling temporarily stopped hosting events and tours at the house in May 2016 so he could focus on its preservation. [60] [89] At the time, he was talking with several organizations, including Arizona State University (ASU), to gauge whether they were interested in jointly operating the house. [89] [90] ASU ultimately declined to operate the house, citing opposition from neighbors. [91] Rawling also offered to donate the house to the Arizona Community Foundation. [85] Also in 2016, the city government submitted a competing application to have the house designated as a landmark. [92] The city withdrew its landmark-designation application that December, at Rawling's request. [93]

Donation to the School of Architecture

On June 8, 2017, the 150th anniversary of Frank Lloyd Wright's birth, Rawling decided to donate the home to the School of Architecture at Taliesin, an architecture college headquartered at Taliesin West. [94] [95] [59] In exchange, the college had to raise $7 million for an endowment fund by 2020. [76] [95] College officials planned to teach students at the house, [95] [96] who would help restore the building. [77] [95] The house's preservation architect, Victor Sidy, estimated that the renovation could cost up to $3 million. [97] At the time of the announcement, the School of Architecture had hoped to move into the house by late 2017. [59] Neighbors expressed concerns about the house's conversion into a school, and a lawyer for some of the neighbors said she had only heard of the proposal through the news. [96] The guesthouse was renovated the same year for $100,000. [9]

In June 2018, the agreement with the School of Architecture was canceled. [76] [98] Neighbors had expressed concerns that vehicular traffic would increase. [38] [76] Furthermore, the School of Architecture had been unable to raise the required endowment, [76] as the college was trying to raise funding for other projects and could not commit to a definite timetable for the Wright house's fundraiser. [99] Subsequently, the house was placed for sale that September for $12.9 million; [76] [99] [100] the real estate listing also included the adjacent guesthouse. [3] According to the real estate listing, the main house had undergone some upgrades but still needed electrical and structural work. [7] By 2019, the asking price had been reduced to about $10 million. [7] [101]

Hu and Shi ownership

Closeup of windows David & Gladys Wright House 2012.jpg
Closeup of windows

In August 2020, the David and Gladys Wright House was sold for $7.25 million to Benson Botsford LLC. [102] [103] The buyers included Jim Benson, a businessman, and Bing Hu, an architect who worked at Taliesin West as an apprentice; [104] [57] both men were on the board of the School of Architecture at Taliesin. [53] [105] Hu planned to move into the house with his wife Wenchin Shi and restore it. [57] Hu and Shi's plans included installing a copper roof and constructing a few smaller mid-century modern houses on the site. [53] In contrast to Rawling's proposal to convert the house into a cultural center, Hu and Shi wanted to use it as a private residence. [57]

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 28, 2022. [1] Hu and his daughter Amanda helped renovate the structure. [106] [40] Due to leaks in the roof over the years, the wood had to be cleaned and reinstalled; furthermore, the wood used in the building was no longer being actively manufactured. The Hu family also found that, over the years, the previous owners had added several layers of foam insulation in an attempt to address the leaks. [40] In 2023, after the renovation was completed, Amanda granted a preservation easement on the building to the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy. [106] The home is not open to visitors as of 2023, since it is used as a private residence. [4]

Impact

Shortly after David and Gladys Wright's house was finished, in 1953, House & Home magazine wrote that the residence was the most widely-discussed of Wright's residential work since Fallingwater, [45] [56] and the magazine compared it to a Gila monster and a rattlesnake. [107] Pedro E. Guerrero, who spent an entire day taking pictures for the House & Home article, was ejected from the property after he tried to adjust the Wrights' bougainvilleas for a photo shoot. [45] [108] In 1955, House Beautiful magazine published images of the house under the title "A Modern Castle in the Air", [17] [56] writing that the house signified Wright's design philosophy and his thoughts on residential living. [45] [109] Wright's archivist, Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer, described the wooden ceilings as "one of the most stunning examples of fine carpentry in modern architecture". [43] [110]

When the house was placed for sale in 2008, Peter Corbett of The Arizona Republic called it "a cultural treasure, a gem of the desert", at a time when gaudy mansions and the demolitions of existing buildings were commonplace in Phoenix. [16] The scholar Neil Levine said, "I do consider the David and Gladys Wright house to be one of Wright's most significant and unusual buildings," [6] and he characterized the structure as a "complete work of art". [65] The New York Times called the David and Gladys Wright House "among Wright's most significant later works". [78] Michael Kimmelman, The New York Times' architectural critic, described the house as "the Guggenheim's prodigal son", which had an air of grandeur in part because of its exterior ramp. [21] Local architect Victor Sidy called the house "one of the last great masterworks of Frank Lloyd Wright". [57] Thomas A. Payton of the School of Architecture at Taliesin regarded the building as one of Wright's best house designs. [22] The historian Robert McCarter wrote that, in contrast to Wright's previous works, David and Gladys Wright's residence had "lost contact with the earth as the fundamental foundation for the act of building". [111]

Drawings of the house were exhibited at the Phoenix Art Museum in 1990. [112] David Wright's great-granddaughter Sarah Levi displayed photographs of the house at an art gallery in Phoenix in 2013, [56] and Levi later wrote her master's degree thesis about the house. [17] [18]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frank Lloyd Wright</span> American architect (1867–1959)

Frank Lloyd Wright Sr. was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator. He designed more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years. Wright played a key role in the architectural movements of the twentieth century, influencing architects worldwide through his works and mentoring hundreds of apprentices in his Taliesin Fellowship. Wright believed in designing in harmony with humanity and the environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was exemplified in Fallingwater (1935), which has been called "the best all-time work of American architecture".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arizona Biltmore Hotel</span> Historic hotel

The Arizona Biltmore is a historic resort located in Phoenix near 24th Street and Camelback Road. Designed by Albert Chase McArthur, it opened on February 23, 1929, as part of the Biltmore Hotel chain. Actors Clark Gable and Carole Lombard often stayed there and the Tequila sunrise cocktail was invented there. It is part of LXR Hotels & Resorts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robie House</span> House in Chicago, Illinois

The Frederick C. Robie House is a historic house designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1908-09 and constructed in 1909-10. It is located in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, on the campus of the University of Chicago. Robie House is regarded as a high point of the Prairie Style and marks the end of Wright’s Oak Park years, an incredibly creative and productive twenty-year period that has been called his first golden age.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taliesin (studio)</span> Studio and home in Spring Green, Wisconsin

Taliesin is a house-studio complex located 2.5 miles (4.0 km) south of the village of Spring Green, Wisconsin, United States. Developed and occupied by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, the 600-acre (240 ha) estate is an exemplar of the Prairie School of architecture. Wright began developing the estate in 1911 on land that previously belonged to his maternal family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taliesin West</span> Studio and home in Scottsdale, Arizona

Taliesin West is a studio and home developed by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in Scottsdale, Arizona, United States. Named after Wright's Taliesin studio in Spring Green, Wisconsin, Taliesin West was Wright's winter home and studio from 1937 until his death in 1959. The complex is the headquarters of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, a nonprofit organization that hosts tours and events there. Taliesin West is designated as a National Historic Landmark and a World Heritage Site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edgar Tafel</span> American architect

Edgar A. Tafel was an American architect, best known as a disciple of Frank Lloyd Wright.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cedric G. and Patricia Neils Boulter House</span> Historic house in Ohio, United States

Cedric G. Boulter and Patricia Neils House is a Frank Lloyd Wright-designed registered historic home in the Clifton neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. It was commissioned in 1953, with construction beginning in 1954, and completed in 1956. Additions to the design were completed in 1958.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gerald B. and Beverley Tonkens House</span> Historic house in Ohio, United States

The Gerald B. and Beverley Tonkens House, also known as the Tonkens House, is a single story private residence designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1954. The house was commissioned by Gerald B. Tonkens and his first wife Rosalie. It is located in Amberley Village, a village in Hamilton County, Ohio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olgivanna Lloyd Wright</span> Montenegrin-American dancer (1898–1985)

Olgivanna Lloyd Wright was the third and final wife of architect Frank Lloyd Wright. They first met in November 1924 and married in 1928. In 1932, the couple established Wright's architectural apprentice program and Taliesin Fellowship. In 1940, Olgivanna and Frank, along with their son-in-law William Wesley Peters, co-founded the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. Following her husband's death in 1959, Olgivanna assumed the role of President of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, a position she held until a month prior to her death in 1985.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taliesin Associated Architects</span> Firm founded by Frank Lloyd Wright apprentices

Taliesin Associated Architects was an architectural firm founded by apprentices of Frank Lloyd Wright to carry on his architectural vision after his death in 1959. The firm disbanded in 2003.

The Rayward–Shepherd House, also known as Tirranna and as the John L. Rayward House, is a home in New Canaan, Connecticut originally built in 1955 to a design of renowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Commissioned by Joyce and John Rayward, the home was expanded to a design of Wright’s successor firm, Taliesin Associated Architects by subsequent owner Herman R. Shepherd after his purchase in 1964.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tan-y-Deri</span> House in Wyoming, Wisconsin

Tan-y-Deri, also known as the Andrew T. Porter Home and the Jane and Andrew Porter Home, is a house in Wyoming, Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. It was designed in 1907 by the architect Frank Lloyd Wright for his sister Jane Porter (1869–1953) and her family. Jane, her husband Andrew Porter (1858–1948), and their children James (1901–1912) and Anna (1905–1934) moved into the house by late January 1908. The home stands in a valley that was originally settled by the Lloyd Joneses, who were the family of Wright and his sister's mother. The Lloyd Joneses were originally from Wales and, as a result of this heritage, Wright chose a Welsh name for the Porter home: "tan-y-deri" is Welsh for "under the oaks".

Howard Madole was an architect who was most known for building homes in the Sedona, Phoenix, and surrounding areas of Arizona. His influence as an architect, especially during the development and growth of Sedona in the 1950s and 1960s, led to him being called "the first architect of Sedona".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hillside Home School II</span> United States historic place

The Hillside Home School II was originally designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1901 for his aunts Jane and Ellen C. Lloyd Jones in the town of Wyoming, Wisconsin. The Lloyd Jones sisters commissioned the building to provide classrooms for their school, also known as the Hillside Home School. The Hillside Home School structure is on the Taliesin estate, which was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976. There are four other Wright-designed buildings on the estate : the Romeo and Juliet Windmill tower, Tan-y-Deri, Midway Barn, and Wright's home, Taliesin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hillside Home School I</span> Building in Wyoming, Wisconsin

Hillside Home School I, also known as the Hillside Home Building, was a Shingle Style building that architect Frank Lloyd Wright designed in 1887 for his aunts, Ellen and Jane Lloyd Jones for their Hillside Home School in the town of Wyoming, Wisconsin. The building functioned as a dormitory and library. Wright had the building demolished in 1950.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Midway Barn</span> United States historic place

Midway Barn was designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright for farming on his Taliesin estate in the town of Wyoming, Wisconsin. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth Murphy House</span> Model A203 in Frank Lloyd Wrights American System-Built Homes Series

The Elizabeth Murphy House is an American System-Built Home (ASBH), Model A203, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, and located in the Village of Shorewood near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The house takes its name from Shorewoodian Elizabeth Murphy, wife of loan broker Lawrence Murphy, who purchased a lot as an investment on which to build the house speculatively, and who contracted with Herman F. Krause Jr., a local carpenter, to build the house in 1917 according to plans supplied by Frank Lloyd Wright via Wright's marketing agent for ASBH projects, the Arthur L. Richards Company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The School of Architecture</span> Institution in Paradise Valley, Arizona, US

The School of Architecture is a private architecture school in Paradise Valley, Arizona. It was founded in 1986 as an accredited school by surviving members of the Taliesin Fellowship. The school offers a Master of Architecture program focusing on the organic architecture design philosophy of Frank Lloyd Wright. The school is the smallest accredited graduate architecture program in the United States and emphasizes hands-on learning, architectural immersion, experimentation, and a design-build program that grew out of the Taliesin Fellowships’ tradition of building shelters in the Arizona desert. The school is not ranked by any ranking publications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">House of the Future (Phoenix)</span> Modernist house in Arizona

The House of the Future is a home of the future in Ahwatukee, an urban village in Phoenix, Arizona. The idea was originated by Randall Presley, the developer of Ahwatukee to promote his then-new development and bring more residences to the then-less populated Ahwatukee neighborhood. The House was designed by Charles R. Schiffner Taliesin Associated Architects of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation in Scottsdale, who got inspiration from his drawings of one of his box projects originally intended for Frank Lloyd Wright and Olgivanna Lloyd Wright. It was opened for tours in 1980; tours cost $3. Between 1980 and 1984 the House attracted approximately 250,000 people, who were also given tours of various model homes in the development. After four years the House was sold, and is now in private ownership, having changed hands several times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright</span> UNESCO World Heritage Site

The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright is a UNESCO World Heritage Site consisting of eight buildings across the United States designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. These sites demonstrate his philosophy of organic architecture, designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment. Wright's work had an international influence on the development of architecture in the 20th century.

References

    Citations

    1. 1 2 3 "Weekly List 2022 02 04". National Register of Historic Places (U.S. National Park Service). February 4, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
    2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Patterson, Ann (November 25, 1979). "Frank Lloyd Wright leaves a circular legacy to his son". Arizona Republic. p. 203. Retrieved January 19, 2025– via newspapers.com.
    3. 1 2 Lagdameo, Jennifer Baum (September 17, 2018). "The Iconic Home Frank Lloyd Wright Built For His Son Is Listed For $13M". Dwell. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    4. 1 2 Carpenter, Yvonne (November 16, 2023). "David Wright House- Phoenix, AZ". Frank Lloyd Wright Sites. Archived from the original on September 12, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Santos, Fernanda; Kimmelman, Michael (December 20, 2012). "Sale of Wright House Assures Its Preservation". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 3, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Morrison, Kara G. (May 5, 2015). "Wright homeowner, neighbors at odds over museum". USA Today. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    7. 1 2 3 Reagor, Catherine (March 16, 2019). "$3 million price drop for Phoenix Frank Lloyd Wright house". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    8. ↑ Vint & Associates Architects 2015 , pp. 2–3.
    9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sisson, Patrick (September 13, 2017). "Rare Frank Lloyd Wright tiny home undergoes restoration". Curbed. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    10. 1 2 Corbett, Peter. "Wright-designed home at center of tug of war". Arizona Republic. ProQuest   1266774438.
    11. 1 2 Graham 2012 , p. 7.
    12. 1 2 3 Haldiman, Philip (September 21, 2012). "Wright House moves closer to reprieve from demolition". Arizona Republic. pp. Z6, Z8. ProQuest   1137008409 – via newspapers.com.
    13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rose, Jaimee (March 14, 2009). "Growing Up Wright". Arizona Republic. pp. E1, E2, E3 . Retrieved January 19, 2025– via newspapers.com.
    14. 1 2 "Frank Lloyd Wright house sold". The Grand Rapids Press. Associated Press. July 5, 2009. p. 48. Retrieved January 19, 2025– via newspapers.com.
    15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Vint & Associates Architects 2015 , p. 2.
    16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Corbett, Peter (September 5, 2008). "Spiral house in Arcadia is all Wright". Arizona Republic. p. 3. Retrieved January 19, 2025– via newspapers.com.
    17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Feldman, Melissa (December 7, 2016). "Discover Frank Lloyd Wright's Family Retreat". Galerie – Galerie Magazine. Archived from the original on April 21, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    18. 1 2 3 4 5 Kleinman, Rebecca (December 24, 2015). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Great-great-granddaughter Inaugurates Residency at David and Gladys Wright Home". Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kupfer, Rachel (October 18, 2018). "Pay Design Homage to the Iconic David and Gladys Wright House". Phoenix Home & Garden. Archived from the original on June 15, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    20. 1 2 House & Home 1953 , p. 104.
    21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kimmelman, Michael (October 3, 2012). "Wright Masterwork Is Seen in a New Light: A Fight for Its Life". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 8, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    22. 1 2 3 4 Haldiman, Philip (June 28, 2012). "Buyers Decide They Will Preserve Wright Home: Frank Lloyd Wright Built Historic House in 1950s for His Son". Arizona Business Gazette. p. BG.3. ProQuest   2441366520.
    23. 1 2 House & Home 1953 , p. 107.
    24. 1 2 3 4 5 House & Home 1953 , p. 102.
    25. 1 2 Vint & Associates Architects 2015 , p. 6.
    26. 1 2 Williams, Leslie (October 2, 1983). "Frank Lloyd Wright: How well does genius age?". Arizona Republic. pp. 1, 4, 47 . Retrieved January 19, 2025– via newspapers.com.
    27. 1 2 House & Home 1953 , p. 106.
    28. 1 2 Vint & Associates Architects 2015 , p. 7.
    29. 1 2 3 4 Graham 2012 , p. 13.
    30. ↑ Vint & Associates Architects 2015 , p. 5.
    31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 House & Home 1953 , p. 100.
    32. 1 2 Bleiberg, Larry (June 7, 2015). "10 Great: Frank Lloyd Wright Homes". USA Today .
    33. 1 2 O'Dowd, Peter (October 4, 2012). "Frank Lloyd Wright Home Threatened In Arizona". NPR. Archived from the original on August 29, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    34. ↑ "Gordon Strong Automobile Objective". Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. Archived from the original on December 4, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
    35. ↑ "VC Morris Gift Shop". Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation.
    36. 1 2 3 4 Sisson, Patrick (May 12, 2015). "David and Gladys Wright Home Owner Talks Preservation Plans". Curbed. Archived from the original on December 3, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    37. 1 2 3 Corbett, Peter (September 3, 2008). "$3.99 mil Wright home hits market". Arizona Republic. p. 37. Retrieved January 19, 2025– via newspapers.com.
    38. 1 2 3 4 Mafi, Nick (September 7, 2018). "The House Frank Lloyd Wright Designed for His Son Is For Sale". Architectural Digest. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    39. 1 2 Hubbard, Lauren (September 5, 2018). "The House Frank Lloyd Wright Designed for His Son Is On the Market for $12.95 Million". Town & Country. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    40. 1 2 3 "Inside The Home Frank Lloyd Wright Designed For His Son". Architectural Digest. April 23, 2024. Archived from the original on January 19, 2025. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    41. 1 2 3 House & Home 1953 , p. 105.
    42. 1 2 "David and Gladys Wright House". Arizona Republic. May 1, 2015. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Graham 2012 , p. 11.
    44. 1 2 3 "Wright House, Wrong Place? Neighbors Battle Proposed FLW Museum". curbed.com. May 4, 2015. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    45. 1 2 3 4 Graham 2012 , p. 12.
    46. 1 2 Marchese, Kieron (September 5, 2018). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Spiralling House". designboom. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    47. 1 2 3 Vint & Associates Architects 2015 , p. 3.
    48. 1 2 Vint & Associates Architects 2015 , p. 8.
    49. ↑ "House designed by Wright deserves to be celebrated". Arizona Republic. September 28, 2015. pp. A8. Retrieved January 19, 2025– via newspapers.com.
    50. 1 2 3 4 5 "Timeline: Saving the David Wright house in Phoenix". Arizona Republic. October 7, 2015. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    51. 1 2 Graham 2012 , pp. 8–9.
    52. ↑ Pfeiffer, Bruce Brooks; Futagawa, Yukio (1987). Frank Lloyd Wright. [11], Preliminary studies, 1933–1959. Vol. 11. Tokyo: A.D.A. Edita. ISBN   978-4-87140-522-5. OCLC   17732786.
    53. 1 2 3 Florence, Bree (September 11, 2020). "A $7.25 Million Sale Saved this Frank Lloyd Wright Masterpiece from Years of Demolition Bids". Phoenix Home & Garden. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    54. 1 2 3 4 Graham 2012 , p. 9.
    55. 1 2 3 Graham 2012 , p. 10.
    56. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Morrison, Kara G. (May 13, 2015). "The Wrights' home, through the years". Arizona Republic. pp. A3, A4. ProQuest   1680488296 . Retrieved January 19, 2025– via newspapers.com.
    57. 1 2 3 4 5 Trimble, Lynn (August 20, 2020). "Saga Continues for Phoenix House Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright". Phoenix New Times. Archived from the original on November 28, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    58. 1 2 3 Muskal, Michael (November 12, 2012). "Buyer ends pursuit of embattled Frank Lloyd Wright house in Arizona". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    59. 1 2 3 Santos, Fernanda (June 8, 2017). "Frank Lloyd Wright House, a Demolition Target, Is Now an Architecture School's Lifeline". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    60. 1 2 Tang, Terry (April 23, 2016). "Frank Lloyd Wright house temporarily halting tours". The Journal News. Associated Press. pp. C2. Retrieved January 19, 2025– via newspapers.com.
    61. ↑ Corbett, Peter (July 3, 2009). "Wright-designed house garners $2.8 mil in cash". Arizona Republic. pp. 12, 13 . Retrieved January 19, 2025– via newspapers.com.
    62. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Santos, Fernanda (November 2, 2012). "A New Buyer Appears for a Threatened Wright House". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    63. 1 2 3 4 5 Haldiman, Philip (December 4, 2012). "Historic landmark vote for Wright house delayed". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    64. 1 2 Hill, David (July 26, 2012). "Buyer Sought for Threatened Frank Lloyd Wright House in Phoenix". Architectural Record. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    65. 1 2 3 Newcomb, Tim (October 4, 2012). "Bulldozer Fate Not Yet Ruled Out for Frank Lloyd Wright Home". Time. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
    66. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gossie, Michael (November 13, 2012). "Sale of home designed by Frank Lloyd Wright falls through". AZ Big Media. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    67. ↑ "Wright House saved". ArchitectureAu. January 4, 2013. Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    68. 1 2 "The David & Gladys Wright House, Designed by Dad Frank Lloyd Wright, Now Saved". National Trust for Historic Preservation. April 10, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    69. 1 2 3 "Wright House owners threaten suit". Arizona Republic. October 4, 2012. p. B.1. ProQuest   1082436395.
    70. ↑ Betsky, Aaron (November 22, 2016). "AIA Arizona Awards Two Protectors of Architecture". Architect. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
    71. ↑ "Demolition on hold for Wright house in Phoenix". The Journal Record. Associated Press. October 4, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    72. ↑ Steinhauer, Jillian (October 5, 2012). "Frank Lloyd Wright House Escapes Demolition for Now". Hyperallergic. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    73. ↑ "Buyer drops bid to purchase Frank Lloyd Wright-designed home". Phoenix Business Journal. November 12, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    74. 1 2 3 Goth, Brenna (August 12, 2015). "Filings offer first look at Wright House plans". Arizona Republic. pp. A9, A10 . Retrieved January 19, 2025– via newspapers.com.
    75. ↑ "Frank Lloyd Wright-designed home sold in Arizona, will be preserved". Chicago Tribune. December 20, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2025; Haldiman, Philip (December 21, 2012). "Sale seals future of historic Frank Lloyd Wright home". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    76. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Phoenix home for sale for $12.9M". AP News. September 4, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    77. 1 2 3 Sayer, Jason (June 12, 2017). "Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture gifted a new Wright-designed home in Phoenix". The Architect's Newspaper. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    78. 1 2 3 4 5 Pogrebin, Robin; Kovaleski, Serge F. (April 30, 2015). "A Debate Arises Over Frank Lloyd Wright House in Phoenix". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    79. ↑ Reagor, Catherine; McLean, John (October 11, 2014). "Owner of Phoenix Frank Lloyd Wright house buys another Wright house next door". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    80. 1 2 "Wright house owner's plans to build sprawling museum worry neighbors in Phoenix". Star Tribune. December 20, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    81. 1 2 Haldiman, Philip (March 17, 2014). "Owner of Frank Lloyd Wright home in Phoenix seeks more time". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on April 2, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    82. 1 2 Sisson, Patrick (August 12, 2015). "Restoration Plans Released for David and Gladys Wright House". Curbed. Archived from the original on November 16, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    83. ↑ Carson, Corbin (August 13, 2015). "Debate surrounding Frank Lloyd Wright home in Arcadia intensifies". KTAR.com. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    84. ↑ McGlade, Caitlin (December 15, 2014). "Frank Lloyd Wright house plans concern Phoenix neighbors". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on June 21, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    85. 1 2 Goth, Brenna (August 17, 2016). "Phoenix Frank Lloyd Wright House could be donated to community foundation". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    86. 1 2 Goth, Brenna (November 18, 2015). "Phoenix Wright house recommended as historic landmark". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 7, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    87. ↑ Olgin, Alexandra (November 17, 2015). "Historic Status Recommended For Phoenix Frank Lloyd Wright House". KJZZ. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    88. ↑ Goth, Brenna (November 11, 2015). "Report: Phoenix Frank Lloyd Wright house worthy of landmark status". Arizona Republic. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    89. 1 2 Goth, Brenna (March 2, 2016). "Phoenix Frank Lloyd Wright house to stop tours, explore ASU partnership". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2025; "Wright house in Phoenix to temporarily halt public tours". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. April 17, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    90. ↑ "BREAKING: ASU could solve Frank Lloyd Wright House fight". Phoenix Business Journal. March 1, 2016. Archived from the original on November 29, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    91. ↑ Goth, Brenna (May 13, 2016). "ASU won't take over Frank Lloyd Wright house in Arcadia". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    92. ↑ Goth, Brenna (December 5, 2016). "Big vote nears on David and Gladys Wright House at Phoenix City Council". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    93. ↑ Goth, Brenna (December 8, 2016). "Phoenix ends city effort to preserve David and Gladys Wright House". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2025; Estes, Christina (December 8, 2016). "Lawsuit Threat Leads Phoenix to Withdraw City Effort To Preserve Wright House". KJZZ. Archived from the original on November 29, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    94. ↑ Goth, Brenna (June 9, 2017). "Neighborhood turmoil: Will Frank Lloyd Wright House donation end Arcadia feud?". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2025; Kleinman, Rebecca (June 8, 2017). "This Iconic Frank Lloyd Wright House Is a Major Gift to His Fans". Architectural Digest. Archived from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    95. 1 2 3 4 "Frank Lloyd Wright House Rescued, Will Be 'Lab' for Students". Omaha World-Herald. Associated Press. June 10, 2017. Archived from the original on June 8, 2017. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
    96. 1 2 Goth, Brenna (June 9, 2017). "Neighborhood turmoil: Will Frank Lloyd Wright House donation end Arcadia feud?". Arizona Republic. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    97. ↑ Sisson, Patrick (June 8, 2017). "Frank Lloyd Wright home donated to School of Architecture at Taliesin". Curbed. Archived from the original on December 7, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    98. ↑ Reagor, Catherine (June 21, 2018). "Frank Lloyd Wright Phoenix house won't go to Taliesin West school". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on December 3, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    99. 1 2 Hilburg, Jonathan (September 7, 2018). "Frank Lloyd Wright's David and Gladys Wright House back on the market". The Architect's Newspaper. Archived from the original on November 17, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    100. ↑ Barber, Megan (September 4, 2018). "Spiraling Frank Lloyd Wright house can be yours for $12.9M". Curbed. Retrieved January 19, 2025; Libbey, Peter (September 6, 2018). "Frank Lloyd Wright House for Sale After Donation Falls Through". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    101. ↑ Press, Associated (October 17, 2019). "Arizona home designed by Frank Lloyd Wright before his death sells for $1.7m". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    102. ↑ Reagor, Catherine (August 17, 2020). "Phoenix Frank Lloyd Wright house sells for $7.25M, plan to save home". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on December 4, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
    103. ↑ Hickman, Matt (August 17, 2020). "Imperiled David and Gladys Wright House in Arizona finds a buyer". The Architect's Newspaper. Archived from the original on November 30, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
    104. ↑ "A Frank Lloyd Wright home in Phoenix has sold for $7.25 million". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. September 10, 2020. Archived from the original on December 4, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
    105. ↑ "Frank Lloyd Wright's Son's Arcadia Home Sells for $7.25M | AZ Big Media". August 18, 2020. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020.
    106. 1 2 Waters, John (July 21, 2023). "David and Gladys Wright House Protected by Preservation Easement". Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy. Archived from the original on November 28, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
    107. ↑ House & Home 1953 , p. 101.
    108. ↑ Guerrero, Pedro E.; Filler, Martin (2007). Pedro E. Guerrero : a photographer's journey. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN   978-1-56898-590-9. OCLC   67922020.
    109. ↑ Wright, F.L. (1955). House Beautiful: Frank Lloyd Wright : His Contribution to the Beauty of American Life. Hearst Corporation. p. 279.
    110. ↑ Larkin, David; Pfeiffer, Bruce Brooks; Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation (1993). Frank Lloyd Wright : the masterworks. New York: Rizzoli in association with the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. p. 233. ISBN   978-0-8478-1715-3. OCLC   27896218.
    111. ↑ McCarter, Robert (1997). Frank Lloyd Wright. London: Phaidon Press. p. 324. ISBN   978-0-7148-3148-0.
    112. ↑ Goldberger, Paul (February 6, 1990). "Review/Architecture; Frank Lloyd Wright Is Lauded in Phoenix With His Own Work". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2025.

    Sources

    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.