Egyptian men have participated in the Summer Olympics since the inaugural event in 1896, with Egyptian women participating since the 1984 games.
The Summer Olympics were first held in 1896 in Athens, but women were not permitted to participate until the second edition of the Games in 1900 in Paris. In that year, 23 female athletes competed alongside 1,201 male athletes.[1] Seventy-six years after the inaugural Summer Olympics, Egyptian women were on the cusp of participating in the 1972 Summer Olympics for the first time. However, the Egyptian delegation withdrew from the Games prematurely after the Munich incident. As documented in the official report of the Olympic Organizing Committee, Egypt's planned participation included one female athlete alongside 38 male athletes.[2] However, the participation featured no women and was limited to 23 male athletes.[3]
Egyptian women eventually made their Olympic debut 88 years after the Games' inception, during the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.[4] This made Egypt the fourth Arab country to have female participants in the Olympics, after Algeria, Libya, and Syria.[5] Since then, Egyptian women have consistently participated in every Summer Olympics to date.[4]
The number of Egyptian female participants in the Olympics has varied over the years. The first participation in the 1984 Games had the highest number of female athletes (6 athletes) until the 2000Sydney Games, which saw 15 female athletes.[6] Since then, the number of female athletes has increased in each subsequent Olympics,[6] reaching 34 athletes at the 2012 London Games. This represented the highest proportion of female participation within the Egyptian delegation (31%, with 34 female athletes versus 75 male athletes)[7] since Egyptian women began competing in the Olympics.[4]
Similarly, in terms of sports, the 1984 debut saw Egyptian women competing in most sports (4 sports)[8] until the 2000 Games (9 sports).[6] Since then, the number of sports in which Egyptian women compete has gradually increased, reaching 17 sports in the 2016 Rio Olympics.[4][9]
From the inaugural participation of Egyptian women in the 1984 Olympics until the conclusion of the 2012London Games, Egyptian female athletes were unable to secure any medals over 28 years.[4] The closest Egyptian women came to winning a medal was in the 2008 Olympics,[10] where Noha Abd Rabo placed fifth in taekwondo and Abeer Abdelrahman placed fifth in weightlifting.[7] Abeer replicated this achievement at the subsequent Olympics, securing fifth place alongside Nahla Ramadan in distinct weight categories within the weightlifting competition.[7]
On August 10, 2016, Sara Ahmed became the first Egyptian female athlete to win an Olympic medal. Sara Ahmed secured a bronze medal in the 69kg weightlifting category with a total lift of 255kg, thereby becoming the first Egyptian woman to win an Olympic medal in over a century of Egyptian participation in the Games.[11] Additionally, she became the inaugural Arab woman to secure an Olympic medal in weightlifting.[11] Subsequently, the International Olympic Committee and the International Weightlifting Federation awarded Abeer Abdelrahman the silver medal in the 75kg category at the 2012 Summer Olympics, following the disqualification of the top three competitors for doping.[12][13] On January 12, 2017, it was announced that Abeer had also been awarded the bronze medal in the 69kg category at the 2008 Summer Olympics due to the disqualification of the first and third-place competitors for doping.[14][15][16] Consequently, Abeer Abdelrahman became the first Egyptian female athlete to win an Olympic medal, the first to win two Olympic medals, and the only Egyptian woman to have won a silver medal to date.[17]
With female participation exceeding one-third of the Egyptian delegation, the Tokyo 2020 Olympics marked the largest Egyptian women's participation in the history of the Summer Games. A record 48 Egyptian female athletes competed in 21 different sports, representing the highest number of Egyptian women participating in the Olympics to date.[18]
The first gold medal [19] for an Egyptian woman was won by Feryal Abdelaziz in karate.[20][21] Additionally, the Egyptian delegation secured the highest number of medals in a single Olympics, with Hedaya Malak and Giana Farouk each winning bronze medals in taekwondo and karate, respectively.[22][18]
The participation of women in the Olympic Games has involved multiple instances of relatives competing in different or even the same editions of the Games. Sisters[25][26]Sherwet and Nevine Hafez were the first Egyptian women to compete together at the 1984 Olympics, participating in swimming events at the ages of 17 and 15,[8] respectively. Subsequently, sisters[27][28]Shaimaa and Eman El-Gammal both participated in fencing at the 2008 and 2012 Olympics, even competing together in team events in both editions.[7][10] Before her sister's participation,[27] Shaimaa had already competed in the 2000 and 2004 Games.
Dina Meshref participated in the 2012 London Olympics, following in the footsteps of her aunt,[29]Nihal Meshref, who had previously competed in the 1988 and 1992 Games in table tennis,[30] and her cousin, Yousra Helmy, who had also competed in the 2016 and 2020 Olympics in the same sport.[31] In conclusion, twin sisters Nada and Nihal Saafan participated together in the synchronized swimming team event at the 2016 Rio Olympics.[32][33]
1984 Summer Olympics marked the inaugural participation of Egyptian women in the history of the Olympics since its inception in 1912. Six female athletes, all under the age of 18, competed in three sports. The Egyptian contingent included sisters Sherwit and Nevin Hafez in swimming, Sahar Youssef, Dahlia Mokbel, Sahar Helal in rhythmic swimming, and Rim Hassan in diving.[34] The athletes were notably young,[8] except Sherwit, who was seventeen, and Sahar Helal, who was the youngest competitor in rhythmic swimming and the youngest member of the entire Egyptian delegation. The inaugural Egyptian female participation in the Olympics may be considered unsuccessful, as the athletes did not advance beyond the qualifying rounds. The exception was Dahlia Mokbel, who reached the finals of both the individual and doubles rhythmic swimming competitions.[34][35]
The participation of Egyptian women in the 1984 Olympics
The second appearance of Egyptian women at the 1988Seoul Olympics was marked by a limited participation of only one athlete, Nihal Meshref, in table tennis.[46] This was a notably weak showing in a Games that witnessed the participation of 2,202 athletes from a multitude of nationalities.[47] Table tennis was the fourth sport in which Egyptian women competed, following swimming, rhythmic swimming, and diving. Nihal participated in five matches within her group and was unsuccessful in all of them, concluding her Olympic experience with a final ranking of 41st and last.[48]
Egyptian women's participation in the 1988 Olympics
The number of female athletes at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona increased to three out of 2,721 athletes of different nationalities.[49] Additionally, the tournament witnessed the second participation of Nihal Meshref, the first Egyptian athlete to participate in two Olympic Games. Additionally, Egyptian women competed in a novel sport, judo, through Heba Hefny, marking the fifth sport in which Egyptian women participated, following swimming, rhythmic swimming, diving, and table tennis. The third athlete was Rania Elwany, who was the youngest member of the Egyptian delegation, at the age of 14 years and 286 days.[50]
Egyptian women's participation in the 1992 Olympics[50]
The participation of Egyptian women was notably limited, with Rania Elwany failing to advance beyond the preliminary stage in the four swimming events in which she competed. The events included the 50-, 100-, and 200-meter freestyle, as well as the 100-meter backstroke.[51] In judo, Heba Hefny was the last competitor to finish in her weight class, with 21 other competitors participating.[52] Finally, in table tennis, Nihal Meshref's final ranking improved from the previous round, placing 33rd after losing two matches and winning one in her group in the preliminary round.[53]
The number of Egyptian female participants in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta decreased to a mere two athletes: Heba Hefny and Rania Elwani. Both athletes had previously participated in the Olympics, with Hefny having competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona and Elwani having participated in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Elwani was the youngest athlete in the entire Egyptian delegation,[59] at 18 years and 280 days old. Consequently, women's participation was limited to only two sports, neither of which were represented for the first time: judo and swimming.
Egyptian women's participation in the 1996 Olympics[60]
In the most recent competition, Heba Hefny demonstrated an improvement in her performance, advancing from her previous ranking. She concluded the event in ninth place, among 20 participants in the heavyweight division of judo. Rania Elwany also exhibited a gain in her final standings in the 50- and 100-meter freestyle events. However, she experienced a decline in her performance in the 200-meter freestyle.[61]
The number of Egyptian female athletes participating in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney has reached 15, representing the largest number of female athletes from Egypt at the Summer Olympics since the inception of Egyptian women's participation in the Games. In addition to swimming, synchronized swimming, diving, table tennis, and judo, Egypt participated in five new sports in which it had never competed before: rhythmic gymnastics, archery, taekwondo, weightlifting, and fencing. This brought the total number of sports in which Egyptian women have participated since their Olympic debut to 10.
For the third consecutive time, Heba Hefny and Rania Elwany participated in the Olympic Games. Heba Hefny concluded the heavyweight judo competition in ninth place,[65] a ranking identical to that achieved in the previous edition. With regard to Rania, she was successful in qualifying for the semifinals in both the 50-meter and 100-meter freestyle events. She achieved this by placing first in her group in the preliminary round of both races, thereby qualifying for the semifinals. In the semifinals, she placed sixth and eighth, respectively. In her respective group, she did not qualify for the final. Additionally, in the 200-meter freestyle, she placed first in her group in the preliminary round, yet her overall ranking was insufficient to qualify for the semifinals. The remaining athletes demonstrated less noteworthy performances,[66][67][68] and the breakdown is as follows:
Egyptian women's participation in the 2000 Olympics[69]
Egypt's representation at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens increased from the previous Olympics, with 16 Egyptian athletes participating in 11 distinct sports. Egypt participated for the first time in the women's category in rowing, modern pentathlon, gymnastics, and athletics, thereby expanding the number of different sports in which Egyptian women participated to 14. Heba Abdel Gawad and Shaimaa El Gamal participated for the second consecutive time in the Olympics, while the remaining athletes were participating for the first time. Aya Medany was the youngest athlete in the men's and women's modern pentathlon, only 15 years and 281 days old.[93]
Egyptian women's participation in the 2004 Olympics[94]
Symbols: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (no medal); FC=Final B C (no medal); FD=Final B D (no medal); FE=Final E (no medal); FF=Final B F (no medal); SA/B=Semifinal A/B; SC/D=Semifinal C/D; SE/F=Semifinal E/F; R=Rehabilitation
Modern Pentathlon
Aya Medany of Egypt became the youngest competitor in the modern pentathlon, both for men and women, at the age of 15 years and 281 days.
Egypt's participation in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing saw a notable increase, with 27 Egyptian athletes representing 13 different sports, an increase of 11 athletes from the previous edition. Additionally, the number of sports in which Egyptian women have participated since their inaugural appearance at the Olympics increased to 17, including gymnastics, Romanian wrestling, and badminton. Notably, this was the highest number of female athletes who had previously participated in the Olympics, with five athletes: Samah Ramadan, Aya Madani, Shaimaa Abdel Latif, Shaimaa Abdel Aziz (second participation), and Shaimaa El Gamal (third participation).
Female athletes from Egypt demonstrated noteworthy achievements in select sports at the Games. Aya Madani secured the eighth position (out of 36) in the final ranking of the modern pentathlon competition,[121] while Noha Abd Rabbo attained the fifth position (out of 16) in the taekwondo heavyweight category. Additionally,[122] Noha Abd Rabbo attained the fifth position (out of 16) in the taekwondo heavyweight competition. Furthermore, Abeer Abdel Rahman also concluded the event in fifth place in weightlifting (light heavyweight category).[123]
On January 12, 2017, Abeer Abdel Rahman secured the bronze medal in the 69kg weightlifting competition following the disqualification of the first and third place finishers, who were subsequently found to have used performance-enhancing drugs. This achievement marked the first occasion that an Egyptian woman had won a medal at the Summer Olympics.
Egyptian women's participation in the 2008 Olympics
The Egyptian contingent at the Summer Olympics was the largest in the history of the Games, with 34 athletes representing Egypt, including 20 first-time participants, 12 second-time participants, Aya Madani, who was participating for the third time, and Shaimaa El Gamal, who was participating for the fourth time. El Gamal is the first Egyptian to participate in four Olympic Games since the inception of women's participation in the Olympics in 1984. Mona El-Hawary was the oldest member of the Egyptian delegation, having reached the age of 49 years and 269 days. In contrast, Farida Osman was the youngest, having reached the age of 17 years and 198 days.
Four years later, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF) awarded Abeer Abdel Rahman a silver medal in the 75kg category, following the disqualification of the top three finishers due to doping violations. This made her the first Egyptian athlete to win a silver medal at the Olympics.[12][13]
In the Romanian wrestling competition, Egypt fielded a team of 16 athletes, with Rabab Eid representing the country in the female category. The sport with the largest Egyptian female participation was rhythmic swimming, with the Egyptian delegation including eight female athletes, three of whom were participating in the Olympics for the first time. The largest representation in gender-neutral sports was in fencing, with six female and six male athletes from Egypt. In the sports in which both genders could participate, but in which Egypt's participation was limited to women, these included badminton, in which Hadia Hosny participated, and soccer, boat racing, wrestling, equestrian, judo, and athletics. In the latter sport, Noura El Sayed did not participate despite her registration to do so.[7]
Egyptian women's participation in the 2012 Olympics
Symbols: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (no medal); FC=Final B C (no medal); FD=Final B D (no medal); FE=Final E (no medal); FF=Final B F (no medal); SA/B=Semifinal A/B; SC/D=Semifinal C/D; SE/F=Semifinal E/F; R=Rehabilitation
The Egyptian synchronized swimming team has qualified for the Olympics, having finished as the top African team at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships. This marks the second occasion that Egypt has qualified for the Olympics at the team level, having previously done so in 2008.[179] Shatha Abdel Rahman and Dalia El Gebaly competed together in the doubles competition, finishing in 24th and last place, respectively. On the team level, Egypt finished in seventh place, ahead of only Australia.
Rabab Eid is the second Egyptian to compete in Romanian wrestling at the Olympic Games, following Hayat Farag in 2008. She secured a place in the 55kg freestyle category at the Olympics by finishing second in the African and Oceanian qualifying tournament, behind Tunisia's Marwa Amri.[192] However, at the Olympics, she was eliminated by Ukraine's Tetyana Lazareva in the round of 16.
Abeer Abdel Rahman concluded her participation in the 2012 Summer Olympics in fifth place. Subsequently, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF) announced that she had been awarded the only silver medal in the history of Egyptian women's participation in the Summer Olympics. This decision was made following the discovery that the top three finishers had engaged in the use of performance-enhancing substances.
The 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro saw the largest Egyptian women's contingent at that time, with 37 Egyptian athletes participating. Of these, 30 were competing for the first time, five were competing for the second time, and Sherine El-Zeiny and Shaimaa Abdel-Latif were participating for the third time.
In a historic moment for Egyptian women, Sara Ahmed became the first Egyptian woman to win an Olympic medal in weightlifting after lifting a total of 255kg, earning a bronze medal in the 69kg category. This achievement marks the first time an Egyptian woman has won an Olympic medal in weightlifting since Egypt's participation in the Olympics began 104 years ago. Additionally, Ahmed's accomplishment makes her the first Arab woman to win an Olympic medal in the weightlifting competition. Hedaya Malak subsequently validated the capabilities of Egyptian women by attaining a second bronze medal for Egyptian women and a third for the entire delegation in that session.[205] This occurred prior to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF) conferring a silver medal upon Abeer Abdel Rahman for the London 2012 Games and subsequently a bronze medal for the Beijing 2008 Games, following the disqualification of several medalists for doping violations.
Egyptian women's participation in the 2016 Olympics
Hedaya Malak was automatically designated a qualifier in the 57kg category, having achieved a ranking within the top six of the Olympic world rankings.[209] Meanwhile, Seham El-Sawalhy was designated a qualifier as one of the top two finishers in the 67kg category at the 2016 African Qualifying Championships in Agadir, Morocco.[210]
Hedaya Malak became the second Egyptian woman to win a bronze medal in the history of the Summer Olympics.
Nadeen El-Dawlatly and Dina Meshref were selected to represent their country at the Olympic Games after attaining a semifinal position at the 2015 African Games.[216] Youssa Helmy was additionally included in the Olympic qualifying team as the highest-ranked athlete from Africa in the Olympic world rankings.[217]
Following an apology from South Africa for the African seat, Sherine El-Zaini became the first South African to qualify for the Olympics on three occasions.[221][222][223][224]
The three Egyptian athletes were selected to participate in the weightlifting competitions at the Olympic Games based on the combined ranking of their respective teams in the 2014 and 2015 World Weightlifting Championships.[230]
The three Egyptian shooters were selected based on their performance in the 2014 and 2015 World Championships, the 2015 World Cup Series, and the African Championships up until March 31, 2016.[237]
Germany Laura Ludwig - Kira Walkenhorst 0-2(12-21 | 15 - 21) Italy Giombini - Marta Menegatti 0-2(10-21 | 13-21) Canada Bruder - Kristina May 0-2(12-21 | 16-21)
With the participation of over one-third of the Egyptian delegation, Tokyo2020 Summer Olympics witnessed the largest Egyptian women's participation in the history of the Games, with 48 Egyptian athletes representing 21 different sports, a record for the country.
Taekwondo athlete Hedaya Malak was the first Egyptian competitor to win a medal at the Games, claiming the bronze medal in the 67kg competition. This marks the second occasion on which Hedaya has secured a bronze medal, having previously achieved this same result at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games.[11] She thus becomes the fifth Egyptian athlete to win more than one medal in the history of the Summer Olympics, following in the footsteps of Farid Smika, Ibrahim Shams, Karam Gaber, and Abeer Abdel Rahman.
Feryal Ashraf became the first Egyptian woman to win an Olympic gold medal. She secured this achievement by winning the gold medal in the +61kg women's kumite event within the karate competition at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.[21][22]
On August 6, 2021, Gianna Farouk's medal was awarded to the Egyptian women's team, marking the third occasion on which the nation had achieved a podium finish in the Games.[18]
Egyptian women's participation in the 2020 Olympics
The Egyptian synchronized swimming team has secured a position at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, having attained the highest ranking among African teams at the 2019 World Championships. The team finished in 17th place out of 27 participating teams.[281]
Egypt qualified for the 2020 Olympic Games in rhythmic gymnastics for the first time by winning individual and team gold at the African Championships in Sharm El Sheikh.[317]
Five karate players from Egypt are participating in their inaugural Olympic Games. Of the three, Gianna Lotfy secured a direct qualification for the Olympics by finishing in the top four of the International Karate Federation (IKF) Olympic rankings. Feryal Abdelaziz finished among the top three in the 2021 World Qualifiers in Paris, France, thereby obtaining an additional seat for Egypt. Radwa Sayed qualified by attaining the highest ranking in the IKF Olympic rankings for Africa in her category.
Haydy Morsy in the modern pentathlon swimming competition.Amira Kandil in the modern pentathlon archery competition.
Haydy Morsy was granted qualification status following her victory at the 2019 African Championships in Cairo. In the case of Amira Kandil, she was granted the opportunity to participate following the initial qualifiers' declination to do so. She was thus able to qualify as the next in line in the International Federation's ranking for her category.[329]
Women's team was granted qualification status following their triumph at the 2019 African Games in Rabat, Morocco. This permitted a maximum of two male and two female athletes to participate in the singles competition. Additionally,[347] Egypt was awarded an additional seat in the mixed doubles competition following their victory in the final match against Nigeria at the 2020 African Olympic Qualification Tournament in Tunis, Tunisia.[348]
Egyptian participation in this session included two taekwondo athletes: Nour Abdel Salam, competing in the women's 49kg category, and Hedaya Malak, competing in the women's 67kg category. Abdel Salam had previously won the semifinals of the African Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Rabat,[356] while Malak had won the bronze medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics.
In 2020, Egypt made its inaugural appearance in the tennis competition at the Olympic Games in Tokyo. Mayar Sherif, who had secured the gold medal in the women's singles event at the 2019 African Games in Rabat, Morocco, was the nation's representative in this category.[365]
The modern pentathlon is an Olympic multisport that currently consists of fencing, freestyle swimming, equestrian show jumping, laser pistol shooting, and cross country running. Equestrian will be replaced by a form of obstacle course racing at the 2028 Summer Olympics.
The Paralympic Games or Paralympics, also known as the Games of the Paralympiad, is a periodic series of international multisport events involving athletes with a range of disabilities. There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, have been held shortly after the corresponding Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).
Canada has competed at 28 Summer Olympic Games, missing only the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics and the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics. This count includes the 1906 Olympic Games, deemed unofficial 43 years after they were held. The nation made its debut at the 1900 Summer Olympics. Canada competes under the IOC country code CAN.
Egypt, which is represented by the Egyptian Olympic Committee (EOC), competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States from July 19 to August 4, 1996. Twenty-nine Egyptian athletes, twenty-seven men and two women, competed in boxing, handball, judo, rowing, shooting, swimming, weightlifting, and wrestling, but the nation did not win any medals.
Modern pentathlon is a sport contested at the Summer Olympic Games.
Slovenia first participated as an independent nation at the Olympic Games at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France, and the country has sent athletes to compete at every Games since then. The Slovenian Olympic Committee was established in 1991 and was recognised by the International Olympic Committee on 5 February 1992.
Tunisia first participated at the Olympic Games in 1960, and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games except when they participated in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics.
The Marshall Islands took part in the 2008 Summer Olympics, which were held in Beijing, China from 8 to 24 August 2008. The 2008 Summer Olympics were the Marshall Islands' first appearance at the Olympics. The delegation included five athletes, two in athletics, two in swimming, and one in taekwondo. The Marshall Islands failed to win an Olympic medal at these Games.
The Marshall Islands marked its second consecutive Olympiad, at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, from July 27 to August 12, 2012. The Olympian delegation included two men and two women, one male and one female athlete in athletics and one male and one female athlete in swimming. Middle-distance runner Haley Nemra was honored as the national flag bearer at the opening ceremony. The Marshall Islands continued their streak of bringing home no medals.
Hedaya Malak Wahba is an Egyptian taekwondo practitioner. She participated in the Olympic Games in London in 2012, won a bronze medal in Rio 2016, and another bronze medal in Tokyo 2020.
The modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo took place in 2021 at Musashino Forest Sport Plaza and Ajinomoto Stadium.
Markus Thormeyer is a Canadian competitive swimmer who specializes in freestyle and backstroke. Originally from Delta, Thormeyer moved in 2015 to Vancouver, British Columbia after graduating high school to train with the High Performance Centre-Vancouver. While he swims he is also pursuing an undergraduate degree in environmental science at the University of British Columbia.
Competition climbing made its Olympic debut at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Two events were held, one each for men and women. The format controversially consisted of one combined event with three disciplines: lead climbing, speed climbing and bouldering. The medals were determined based on best performance across all three disciplines. This format was previously tested at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics. The Olympic code for sports climbing is CLB.
Marwan Aly Elkamash is an Egyptian swimmer.
Rachele Bruni is an Italian swimmer, specialising in open water long-distance races. She won the silver medal in the 10 km marathon at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in 10 km open water. She won the FINA 10km Marathon Swimming World Series 3 times in 2015, 2016 and 2019.
Egypt competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, Japan from 25 August to 6 September. This was Egypt's thirteenth appearance at the Summer Paralympics.
Israel competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo from 24 August to 5 September 2021. The delegation includes 33 athletes – 18 women and 15 men – competing in 11 sports: athletics, badminton, boccia, goalball, paracanoeing, powerlifting, rowing, shooting, swimming, table tennis, and wheelchair tennis.
↑ Cairostadium.com (August 21, 2015). "Islam Hamed and Heidi Morsi complete Rio Olympic qualifiers". Cairostadium.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Accessed on 2021-05-25.
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