 in 2008 | |
| Categories | Women's magazine |
|---|---|
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Publisher | Sanoma Hearst Romania |
| Founded | 1878 |
| Country | Romania |
| Based in | Bucharest |
| Language | Romanian |
Femeia (Romanian : The Woman) is a women's magazine in Romania which was established in 1878. From 1946 on, it served as one of the propaganda publications of the Communist regime. The title was acquired and restarted by the Finnish media company Sanoma in 2006 as a mainstream women's magazine.
Founded in 1878, Femeia has adopted different political stances. These can be divided into three headings, as follows:
The magazine was started in Bucharest in 1878 under the title Femeia română: ziarul social, literar şi casnic (Romanian woman: A social, literary, and domestic magazine). [1] Its founders were a group of women led by Maria Flechtenmacher. [1] The magazine adopted a feminist approach, making it one of the early Romanian publications focusing on women. [1] The magazine's slogan was Libertate prin lumină! (Romanian: Liberty through Light). [2]
It reported significant events for women, including the First International Congress of Women's Rights held in Paris in 1878. [3] It was one of the supporters of the establishment of women's associations in the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. [3] The Romanian novelist Sofia Nădejde was among the notable contributors to the magazine, [2] which came out twice per week until 1881 and produced 230 issues during this period. [1]
The magazine was renamed Femeia Muncitoare (Romanian: The Working Woman) in 1946, becoming one of the propaganda periodicals of the Communist government. [4] [5] It was attached to the National Council of Women and frequently reported the women-related decisions of the Communist Party. [6] It also featured articles on women's rights, their condition in the modern society, health, beauty, housework, literature and fashion topics. [7] The magazine came out monthly. [8] It had a sister publication entitled Dolgozó nő which was printed in Hungarian language. [9]
Femeia fulfilled its propagandistic role until the 1990s, along with Săteanca (Romanian: The Country Woman), targeting women. [4] It was an imitation of the Soviet women's magazine Rabotnitsa in terms of its content, layout, and strict communist ideology as late as 1960. [4] Over time, Femeia developed its own political stance and design, which were a reflection of the changes in the ideology of the Romanian Communist Party. [4] Thus, the magazine supported much softer communist ideology between 1960 and 1965. [4] Femeia focused on cosmopolitism from 1965 to 1972 but then returned to its former stance, a softer communist ideology, in the period between 1972 and 1979. [4] It adopted a much stricter communist stance from 1980 to 1989. [4]
The license for Femeia was acquired by Sanoma in 2006, and it was restarted as a monthly magazine. [10] Its target audience is women aged between 25 and 45, and the magazine mostly features articles on fashion, beauty, home decoration, and hobbies. [10] Sanoma Hearst Romania, publisher of the magazine, claimed 459,000 readers for Femeia in 2008. [4]
Feminist theology is a movement found in several religions, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Neopaganism, Baháʼí Faith, Judaism, Islam, Christianity and New Thought, to reconsider the traditions, practices, scriptures, and theologies of those religions from a feminist perspective. Some of the goals of feminist theology include increasing the role of women among clergy and religious authorities, reinterpreting patriarchal (male-dominated) imagery and language about God, determining women's place in relation to career and motherhood, studying images of women in the religions' sacred texts, and matriarchal religion.
Corporate propaganda refers to corporations or government entities that spread specific ideology in order to shape public opinion or perceptions and promote its own interests. The more well known term, propaganda, refers to the spreading of information or ideas by someone who has an interest in changing another persons thoughts or actions. Two important early developers in this field were Harold Lasswell and Edward Bernays. Some scholars refer to propaganda terms such as public relations, marketing, and advertising as Organized Persuasive Communication (OPC). Corporations must learn how to use OPC in order to successfully target and control audiences.
Marxist feminism is a philosophical variant of feminism that incorporates and extends Marxist theory. Marxist feminism analyzes the ways in which women are exploited through capitalism and the individual ownership of private property. According to Marxist feminists, women's liberation can only be achieved by dismantling the capitalist systems in which they contend much of women's labor is uncompensated. Marxist feminists extend traditional Marxist analysis by applying it to unpaid domestic labor and sex relations.
Socialist feminism rose in the 1960s and 1970s as an offshoot of the feminist movement and New Left that focuses upon the interconnectivity of the patriarchy and capitalism. However, the ways in which women's private, domestic, and public roles in society has been conceptualized, or thought about, can be traced back to Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) and William Thompson's utopian socialist work in the 1800s. Ideas about overcoming the patriarchy by coming together in female groups to talk about personal problems stem from Carol Hanisch. This was done in an essay in 1969 which later coined the term 'the personal is political.' This was also the time that second wave feminism started to surface which is really when socialist feminism kicked off. Socialist feminists argue that liberation can only be achieved by working to end both the economic and cultural sources of women's oppression.
Intersectionality is a sociological analytical framework for understanding how groups' and individuals' social and political identities result in unique combinations of discrimination and privilege. Examples of these factors include gender, caste, sex, race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, religion, disability, height, age, weight and physical appearance. These intersecting and overlapping social identities may be both empowering and oppressing. However, little good-quality quantitative research has been done to support or undermine the practical uses of intersectionality.
Antifeminism, also spelled anti-feminism, is opposition to feminism. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, antifeminists opposed particular policy proposals for women's rights, such as the right to vote, educational opportunities, property rights, and access to birth control. In the mid and late 20th century, antifeminists often opposed the abortion-rights movement.
Lipstick feminism is a variety of feminism that seeks to embrace traditional concepts of femininity, including the sexual power of women, alongside traditional feminist ideas. The concept emerged within the third-wave as a response to ideals created by previous movements, where women felt that they could not both be feminine and a feminist.
Communist propaganda is the artistic and social promotion of the ideology of communism, communist worldview, communist society, and interests of the communist movement. While it tends to carry a negative connotation in the Western world, the term propaganda broadly refers to any publication or campaign aimed at promoting a cause and is/was used for official purposes by most communist-oriented governments. The term may also refer to political parties' opponents' campaign. Rooted in Marxist thought, the propaganda of communism is viewed by its proponents as the vehicle for spreading their idea of enlightenment of working class people and pulling them away from the propaganda of who they view to be their oppressors, that they claim reinforces exploitation, such as religion or consumerism. Communist propaganda therefore stands in opposition to bourgeois or capitalist propaganda.
In one scholarly conception, the history of feminism in Poland can be divided into seven periods, beginning with 19th-century first-wave feminism. The first four early periods coincided with the foreign partitions of Poland, which resulted in an eclipse of a sovereign Poland for 123 years.
Mihaela Miroiu is a Romanian political theorist and feminist philosopher, the most prominent activist for women's rights and a very well known activist for Roma rights and, more generally, for the rights of minorities. She is currently a professor of Political science at the Faculty of Political Science, National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest.
Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan was a Romanian literary critic, educationist, opinion journalist, poet and feminist militant. She spent her youth advocating socialism, and rallied with left-wing politics for the remainder of her life, primarily as a representative of Poporanist circles and personal friend of culture critic Garabet Ibrăileanu. Under Ibrăileanu's guidance, Sadoveanu wrote for Viața Românească review, where she tried to reconcile ethnic nationalism and traditionalism with aestheticism. As literary critic, she championed the recognition of Symbolism as an independent cultural phenomenon, and reviewed modern developments in English literature.
Rabotnitsa is a women's journal, published in the Soviet Union and Russia and one of the oldest Russian magazines for women and families. Founded in 1914, and first published on Women's Day, it is the first socialist women's journal, and the most politically left of the women's periodicals. While the journal's beginnings are attributed to Lenin and several women who were close to him, he did not contribute to the first seven issues.
Maria Flechtenmacher was a Romanian writer, publicist and pedagogue.
Libelle is a Flemish weekly lifestyle and women's magazine based in Mechelen, Belgium. The magazine is the spin-off the magazine with the same name, Libelle, published in the Netherlands.
Carla Lonzi was an Italian art critic and feminist activist, who is best known as the cofounder of Rivolta Femminile, an Italian feminist collective formed in 1970.
Uusi Nainen was a Finnish communist women's magazine published in Helsinki, Finland. The magazine existed between 1945 and 2008.
Adela Xenopol (1861–1939) was a Romanian feminist and writer. She published both literary works and feminist tracts, founding several magazines. In 1914, just prior to the advent of World War I she and other feminists presented a petition for women's suffrage to the Romanian Parliament. In 1925, she founded the Society of Romanian Women Writers to encourage women to publish their works and the following year founded an influential journal as the publishing arm of the society which published works by both women and men on feminist topics.
Il Travaso delle idee, mostly known as Il Travaso, was a satirical magazine which was in circulation between 1900 and 1966 with an interruption in the period 1944–1946. Its subtitle was Organo ufficiale delle persone intelligenti. The magazine was headquartered in Rome, Italy.
Dolgozó nő was a monthly illustrated women's magazine which was published in Cluj-Napoca, Communist Romania, between 1945 and 1989. It was the sole publication targeting Hungarian women in the country.
Proceedings of the Education, Reflection, Development