Dysgeusia, also known as parageusia, is a distortion of the sense of taste. Dysgeusia is also often associated with ageusia, which is the complete lack of taste, and hypogeusia, which is a decrease in taste sensitivity. An alteration in taste or smell may be a secondary process in various disease states, or it may be the primary symptom. The distortion in the sense of taste is the only symptom, and diagnosis is usually complicated since the sense of taste is tied together with other sensory systems. Common causes of dysgeusia include chemotherapy, asthma treatment with albuterol, and zinc deficiency. Liver disease, hypothyroidism, and rarely certain types of seizures can also lead to dysgeusia. Different drugs could also be responsible for altering taste and resulting in dysgeusia. Due to the variety of causes of dysgeusia, there are many possible treatments that are effective in alleviating or terminating the symptoms of dysgeusia. These include artificial saliva, pilocarpine, zinc supplementation, alterations in drug therapy, and alpha lipoic acid.
Immunosuppressive drugs, also known as immunosuppressive agents, immunosuppressants and antirejection medications are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system.
Azathioprine (AZA), sold under the brand name Imuran among others, is an immunosuppressive medication. It is used in rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in kidney transplants to prevent rejection. It is taken by mouth or injected into a vein.
Mycophenolic acid (MPA), and also called mycophenolate, is an immunosuppressant medication used to prevent rejection following organ transplantation and to treat Crohn's disease. Specifically it is used following kidney, heart, and liver transplantation. It can be given by mouth or by injection into a vein. It comes as mycophenolate sodium and mycophenolate mofetil.
Isoniazid, also known as isonicotinylhydrazide (INH), is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis. For active tuberculosis it is often used together with rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and either streptomycin or ethambutol. For latent tuberculosis it is often used by itself. It may also be used for atypical types of mycobacteria, such as M. avium, M. kansasii, and M. xenopi. It is usually taken by mouth but may be used by injection into muscle.
Rifampicin, also known as rifampin, is an antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, leprosy, and Legionnaires’ disease. It is almost always used together with other antibiotics, except when given to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b and meningococcal disease in people who have been exposed to those bacteria. Before treating a person for a long period of time, measurements of liver enzymes and blood counts are recommended. Rifampicin may be given either by mouth or intravenously.
Ceftriaxone, sold under the trade name Rocephin, is an antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. These include middle ear infections, endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, bone and joint infections, intra-abdominal infections, skin infections, urinary tract infections, gonorrhea, and pelvic inflammatory disease. It is also sometimes used before surgery and following a bite wound to try to prevent infection. Ceftriaxone can be given by injection into a vein or into a muscle.
Leukopenia is a decrease in the number of leukocytes. Found in the blood, they are the white blood cells, and are the body's primary defense against infection. Thus leukopenia places individuals at increased risk of infection.
In organic chemistry, peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, compounds where multiple amino acids are linked via amide bonds, also known as peptide bonds. Peptides are chemically synthesized by the condensation reaction of the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another. Protecting group strategies are usually necessary to prevent undesirable side reactions with the various amino acid side chains. Chemical peptide synthesis most commonly starts at the carboxyl end of the peptide (C-terminus), and proceeds toward the amino-terminus (N-terminus). Protein biosynthesis in living organisms occurs in the opposite direction.
Fingolimod is an immunomodulating drug, mostly used for treating multiple sclerosis (MS). It has reduced the rate of relapses in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis by approximately one-half over a two-year period. Fingolimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, which sequesters lymphocytes in lymph nodes, preventing them from contributing to an autoimmune reaction.
Caspofungin (INN) is a lipopeptide antifungal drug from Merck & Co., Inc. discovered by James Balkovec, Regina Black and Frances A. Bouffard. It is a member of a new class of antifungals termed the echinocandins. It works by inhibiting the enzyme (1→3)-β-D-glucan synthase and thereby disturbing the integrity of the fungal cell wall. Caspofungin was the first inhibitor of fungal (1→3)-β-D-glucan synthesis to be approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Caspofungin is administered intravenously.
Natalizumab, sold under the brand name Tysabri among others, is a medication used to treat multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease. It is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the cell adhesion molecule α4-integrin. It is given by intravenous infusion every 28 days. The drug is believed to work by reducing the ability of inflammatory immune cells to attach to and pass through the cell layers lining the intestines and blood–brain barrier. Natalizumab has proven effective in treating the symptoms of both diseases, preventing relapse, vision loss, cognitive decline and significantly improving quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis, as well as increasing rates of remission and preventing relapse in multiple sclerosis.
Melphalan, sold under the trade name Alkeran among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer, melanoma, and amyloidosis. It is used by mouth or by injection into a vein.
Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate is a reagent widely used in organic synthesis. Since this compound can be regarded formally as the acid anhydride derived from a tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) group, it is commonly referred to as "Boc anhydride." This pyrocarbonate reacts with amines to give N-tert-butoxycarbonyl or so-called Boc derivatives. These carbamate derivatives do not behave as amines, which allows certain subsequent transformations to occur that would be incompatible with the amine functional group. The Boc group can later be removed from the amine using moderately strong acids. Thus, Boc serves as a protective group, for instance in solid phase peptide synthesis. Boc-protected amines are unreactive to most bases and nucleophiles, allowing for the use of the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl group (Fmoc) as an orthogonal protecting group.
The tert-butyloxycarbonyl protecting group or tert-butoxycarbonyl protecting group is a protecting group used in organic synthesis.
Alefacept is a genetically engineered immunosuppressive drug. It was sold under the brand name Amevive in Canada, the United States, Israel, Switzerland and Australia. In 2011, the manufacturers made a decision to cease promotion, manufacturing, distribution and sales of Amevive during a supply disruption. According to Astellas Pharma US, Inc., the decision to cease Amevive sales was neither the result of any specific safety concern nor the result of any FDA-mandated or voluntary product recall. On the other hand, usage of Amevive was associated with a certain risk of development systemic diseases such as malignancies. This drug was never approved for the European drug market.
Oseltamivir total synthesis concerns the total synthesis of the antiinfluenza drug oseltamivir marketed by Hoffmann-La Roche under the trade name Tamiflu. Its commercial production starts from the biomolecule shikimic acid harvested from Chinese star anise with a limited worldwide supply. Due to its limited supply, searches for alternative synthetic routes preferably not requiring shikimic acid are underway and to date several such routes have been published. Control of stereochemistry is important: the molecule has three stereocenters and the sought-after isomer is only 1 of 8 stereoisomers.
{{Drugbox | Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 385028149 | IUPAC_name = 2-deoxy-1-O-[(3S,15R,18R,34R,35S,38S,48R,50aR)-5,31-dichloro-38-{[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbamoyl}-6,11,34,40,44-pentahydroxy-42-(α-D-mannopyranosyloxy)-15-(methylamino)-2,16,36,50,51,59-hexaoxo-2,3,16,17,18,19,35,36,37,38,48,49,50,50a-tetradecahydro-1H,15H,34H-20,23:30,33-dietheno-3,18:35,48-bis(iminomethano) 4,8:10,14:25,28:43,47-tetrametheno[1,14,6,22]dioxadiazacyclooctacosino[4,5-m][10,2,16]benzoxadiazacyclotetracosin-56-yl]-2-[(10-methylundecanoyl)amino]-β-D-glucopyranuronic acid | image = Dalbavancin_B0.svg | tradename = Dalvance, Xydalba | pregnancy_AU = | pregnancy_US = | pregnancy_category = | licence_EU = yes | legal_AU = | legal_CA = | legal_UK = | legal_US = | legal_status = | routes_of_administration = Intravenous | bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = | elimination_half-life = | excretion = | CAS_number_Ref = | CAS_number = 171500-79-1 | ATC_prefix = J01 | ATC_suffix = XA04 | PubChem = 16134410 | DrugBank_Ref = | DrugBank = | UNII_Ref = | UNII = 808UI9MS5K | ChEBI_Ref = | ChEBI = 82721 | ChEMBL_Ref = | ChEMBL = 527063 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = | ChemSpiderID = 23340937 | smiles = CC(C)CCCCCCCCC(=O)N[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H] O)O | StdInChI_Ref = | StdInChI = 1S/C88H100Cl2N10O28/c1-38(2)13-10-8-6-7-9-11-14-61(106)94-70-73(109)75(111)78(86 121)128-87(70)127-77-58-31-43-32-59(77)124-55-23-19-42(29-50 89)71(107)69-85(119)98-67(80 92-25-12-26-100 5)48-33-44(102)34-57(125-88-76 74 72 60 126-88)62(48)47-28-40(17-22-52 103)65(82 99-69)95-83(117)66(43)96-84(118)68-49-35-46(36-54 63 90)123-56-24-18-41(30-53 104)64(91-3)81(115)93-51(79 97-68)27-39-15-20-45(122-58)21-16-39/h15-24,28-36,38,51,60,64-76,78,87-88,91,101-105,107-112H,6-14,25-27,37H2,1-5H3,(H,92,114)(H,93,115)(H,94,106)(H,95,117)(H,96,118)(H,97,113)(H,98,119)(H,99,116)(H,120,121)/t51-,60-,64-,65-,66-,67+,68+,69+,70-,71-,72-,73-,74+,75+,76+,78+,87-,88+/m1/s1 | StdInChIKey_Ref = | StdInChIKey = IZJRUXNZMRDQJI-SZUNQUCBSA-N | C=88 | H=100 | Cl=2 | N=10 | O=28 | molecular_weight = 1816.7 g/mol }}
Ateviridine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that has been studied for the treatment of HIV.
Neuraminidase inhibitors inhibit enzymatic activity of the enzyme neuraminidase (sialidase). These type of inhibitors have been introduced as anti-influenza drugs as they prevent the virus from exiting infected cells and thus stop further spreading of the virus. Neuraminidase inhibitors for human neuraminidase (hNEU) have the potential to be useful drugs as the enzyme plays a role in several signaling pathways in cells and is implicated in diseases such as diabetes and cancer.
