Cyclophilin

Last updated
Cyclophilin type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase/CLD
Cyclophilin A-cyclosporin complex 1CWA.png
Ribbon diagram of cyclophilin A in complex with ciclosporin (yellow). From PDB: 1CWA ​.
Identifiers
SymbolPro_isomerase
Pfam PF00160
Pfam clan CL0475
InterPro IPR002130
PROSITE PDOC00154
SCOP2 1cyh / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Available protein structures:
Pfam   structures / ECOD  
PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum structure summary

Cyclophilins (CYPs) are a family of proteins named after their ability to bind to ciclosporin (cyclosporin A), an immunosuppressant which is usually used to suppress rejection after internal organ transplants. [1] They are found in all domains of life. These proteins have peptidyl prolyl isomerase activity, which catalyzes the isomerization of peptide bonds from trans form to cis form at proline residues and facilitates protein folding.

Contents

Cyclophilin A is a cytosolic and highly abundant protein. The protein belongs to a family of isozymes, including cyclophilins B and C, and natural killer cell cyclophilin-related protein. [2] [3] [4] Major isoforms have been found within single cells, including inside the Endoplasmic reticulum, and some are even secreted.

Mammalian cyclophilins

Human genes encoding proteins containing the cyclophilin domain include:

Cyclophilin A

Cyclophilin A + HIV peptid (green), Human. 1awv.jpg
Cyclophilin A + HIV peptid (green), Human.

Cyclophilin A (CYPA) also known as peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA), which is found in the cytosol, has a beta barrel structure with two alpha helices and a beta-sheet. Other cyclophilins have similar structures to cyclophilin A. The cyclosporin-cyclophilin A complex inhibits a calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin, the inhibition of which is thought to suppress organ rejection by halting the production of the pro-inflammatory molecules TNF alpha and interleukin 2.

Cyclophilin A is also known to be recruited by the Gag polyprotein during HIV-1 virus infection, and its incorporation into new virus particles is essential for HIV-1 infectivity. [5]

Cyclophilin D

Cyclophilin D (PPIF, note that literature is confusing, the mitochondrial cyclophilin is encoded by the PPIF gene), which is located in the matrix of mitochondria, is only a modulatory, but may or may not be a structural component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. [6] [7] The pore opening raises the permeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane, allows influx of cytosolic molecules into the mitochondrial matrix, increases the matrix volume, and disrupts the mitochondrial outer membrane. As a result, the mitochondria fall into a functional disorder, so the opening of the pore plays an important role in cell death. Cyclophilin D is thought to regulate the opening of the pore because cyclosporin A, which binds to CyP-D, inhibits the pore opening.

However, mitochondria obtained from the cysts of Artemia franciscana, do not exhibit the mitochondrial permeability transition pore [8] [9]

Clinical significance

Diseases

Overexpression of Cyclophilin A has been linked to poor response to inflammatory diseases, the progression or metastasis of cancer, and aging. [10]

Cyclophilins as drug targets

Cyclophilin inhibitors, such as cyclosporin, are being developed to treat neurodegenerative diseases. [11] Cyclophilin inhibition may also be a therapy for liver diseases. [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ciclosporin</span> Chemical compound

Ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is a calcineurin inhibitor, used as an immunosuppressant medication. It is taken orally or intravenously for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, nephrotic syndrome, eczema, and in organ transplants to prevent rejection. It is also used as eye drops for keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reperfusion injury</span> Tissue damage after return of blood supply following ischemia or hypoxia

Reperfusion injury, sometimes called ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) or reoxygenation injury, is the tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen. The absence of oxygen and nutrients from blood during the ischemic period creates a condition in which the restoration of circulation results in inflammation and oxidative damage through the induction of oxidative stress rather than restoration of normal function.

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore is a protein that is formed in the inner membrane of the mitochondria under certain pathological conditions such as traumatic brain injury and stroke. Opening allows increase in the permeability of the mitochondrial membranes to molecules of less than 1500 daltons in molecular weight. Induction of the permeability transition pore, mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, can lead to mitochondrial swelling and cell death through apoptosis or necrosis depending on the particular biological setting.

In molecular biology, immunophilins are endogenous cytosolic peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPI) that catalyze the interconversion between the cis and trans isomers of peptide bonds containing the amino acid proline (Pro). They are chaperone molecules that generally assist in the proper folding of diverse "client" proteins. Immunophilins are traditionally classified into two families that differ in sequence and biochemical characteristics. These two families are: "cyclosporin-binding cyclophilins (CyPs)" and "FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs)". In 2005, a group of dual-family immunophilins (DFI) has been discovered, mostly in unicellular organisms; these DFIs are natural chimera of CyP and FKBPs, fused in either order.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parvulin</span>

Parvulin, a 92-amino acid protein discovered in E. coli in 1994, is the smallest known protein with prolyl isomerase activity, which catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline peptide bonds. Although parvulin has no homology with larger prolyl isomerases such as cyclophilin and FKBP, it does share structural features with subdomains of other proteins involved in preparing secreted proteins for export from the cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FKBP</span>

The FKBPs, or FK506 binding proteins, constitute a family of proteins that have prolyl isomerase activity and are related to the cyclophilins in function, though not in amino acid sequence. FKBPs have been identified in many eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans, and function as protein folding chaperones for proteins containing proline residues. Along with cyclophilin, FKBPs belong to the immunophilin family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antamanide</span> Chemical compound

Antamanide is a cyclic decapeptide isolated from a fungus, the death cap: Amanita phalloides. It is being studied as a potential anti-toxin against the effects of phalloidin and for its potential for treating edema. It contains 1 valine residue, 4 proline residues, 1 alanine residue, and 4 phenylalanine residues with a structure of c(Val-Pro-Pro-Ala-Phe-Phe-Pro-Pro-Phe-Phe). It was isolated by determining the source of the anti-phalloidin activity from a lipophillic extraction from the organism. It has been shown that antamanide can react to form alkali metal ion complexes. These include complexes with sodium and calcium ions. When these complexes are formed, the cyclopeptide structure undergoes a conformational change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peptidylprolyl isomerase A</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA), also known as cyclophilin A (CypA) or rotamase A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPIA gene on chromosome 7. As a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family, this protein catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds, which allows it to regulate many biological processes, including intracellular signaling, transcription, inflammation, and apoptosis. Due to its various functions, PPIA has been implicated in a broad range of inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis and arthritis, and viral infections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FKBP1A</span> Protein and coding gene in humans

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FKBP1A gene. It is also commonly referred to as FKBP-12 or FKBP12 and is a member of a family of FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PPIB</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B is an enzyme that is encoded by the PPIB gene. As a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family, this protein catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds, which allows it to regulate protein folding of type I collagen. Generally, PPIases are found in all eubacteria and eukaryotes, as well as in a few archaebacteria, and thus are highly conserved.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PIN1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIN1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FKBP5</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

FK506 binding protein 5, also known as FKBP5, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FKBP5 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peptidylprolyl isomerase D</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peptidylprolyl isomerase D (cyclophilin D), also known as PPID, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the PPID gene on chromosome 4. As a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family, this protein catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds, which allows it to facilitate folding or repair of proteins. In addition, PPID participates in many biological processes, including mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, redox, and inflammation, as well as in related diseases and conditions, such as ischemic reperfusion injury, AIDS, and cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PPIF</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, mitochondrial (PPIF) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPIF gene. It has also been referred to as, but should not be confused with, cyclophilin D (CypD), which is encoded by the PPID gene. As a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family, this protein catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds, which allows it to facilitate folding or repair of proteins. PPIF is a major component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and, thus, highly involved in mitochondrial metabolism and apoptosis, as well as in mitochondrial diseases and related conditions, including cardiac diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and muscular dystrophy. In addition, PPIF participates in inflammation, as well as in ischemic reperfusion injury, AIDS, and cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PPIL1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase-like 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPIL1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PPIH</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase H is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPIH gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PPIC</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase C (PPIC) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPIC gene on chromosome 5. As a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family, this protein catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds, which allows it to facilitate folding or repair of proteins. In addition, PPIC participates in many biological processes, including mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, redox, and inflammation, as well as in related diseases and conditions, such as ischemic reperfusion injury, AIDS, and cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PPIG (gene)</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPIG gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PPIE (gene)</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peptidylprolyl isomerase E (cyclophilin E), also known as PPIE, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the PPIE gene on chromosome 1. As a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family, this protein catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds, which allows it to facilitate folding or repair of proteins. In addition, PPIE participates in many biological processes, including mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, and inflammation, as well as related diseases and conditions, such as ischemic reperfusion injury, AIDS, influenza, and cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PPIL2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase-like 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPIL2 gene.

References

  1. ↑ Stamnes MA, Rutherford SL, Zuker CS (September 1992). "Cyclophilins: a new family of proteins involved in intracellular folding". Trends Cell Biol. 2 (9): 272–6. doi:10.1016/0962-8924(92)90200-7. PMID   14731520.
  2. ↑ Trandinh CC, Pao GM, Saier MH (December 1992). "Structural and evolutionary relationships among the immunophilins: two ubiquitous families of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases". FASEB J. 6 (15): 3410–20. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.6.15.1464374 . PMID   1464374. S2CID   30435500.
  3. ↑ Galat A (September 1993). "Peptidylproline cis-trans-isomerases: immunophilins". Eur. J. Biochem. 216 (3): 689–707. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18189.x . PMID   8404888.
  4. ↑ Hacker J, Fischer G (November 1993). "Immunophilins: structure-function relationship and possible role in microbial pathogenicity". Mol. Microbiol. 10 (3): 445–56. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb00917.x. PMID   7526121. S2CID   13160331.
  5. ↑ Thali M, Bukovsky A, Kondo E, et al. (24 November 1994). "Functional association of cyclophilin A with HIV-1 virions". Nature. 372 (6504): 363–365. Bibcode:1994Natur.372..363T. doi:10.1038/372363a0. PMID   7969495. S2CID   4371206.
  6. ↑ Basso E, Fante L, Fowlkes J, Petronilli V, Forte MA, Bernardi P (May 2005). "Properties of the permeability transition pore in mitochondria devoid of Cyclophilin D". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (19): 18558–61. doi: 10.1074/jbc.C500089200 . PMID   15792954.
  7. ↑ Doczi J, Turiák L, Vajda S, et al. (February 2011). "Complex contribution of cyclophilin D to Ca2+-induced permeability transition in brain mitochondria, with relation to the bioenergetic state". J. Biol. Chem. 286 (8): 6345–53. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.196600 . PMC   3057831 . PMID   21173147.
  8. ↑ Menze MA, Hutchinson K, Laborde SM, Hand SC (July 2005). "Mitochondrial permeability transition in the crustacean Artemia franciscana: absence of a calcium-regulated pore in the face of profound calcium storage". Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 289 (1): R68–76. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00844.2004. PMID   15718386. S2CID   8352110.
  9. ↑ Konràd C, Kiss G, Töröcsik B, et al. (March 2011). "A distinct sequence in the adenine nucleotide translocase from Artemia franciscana embryos is associated with insensitivity to bongkrekate and atypical effects of adenine nucleotides on Ca2+ uptake and sequestration". FEBS J. 278 (5): 822–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.08001.x . PMID   21205213.
  10. ↑ Nigro, P; Pompilio, G; Capogrossi, M C (2013). "Cyclophilin A: a key player for human disease". Cell Death and Disease. 4 (10): e888. doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.410. PMC   3920964 . PMID   24176846.
  11. ↑ J&J targets degenerative diseases in cyclophilin inhibitor partnership. Dan Stanton. 08-Dec-2015
  12. ↑ Naoumov, Nikolai V. (November 2014). "Cyclophilin inhibition as potential therapy for liver diseases". Journal of Hepatology. 61 (5): 1166–1174. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.008 . PMID   25048953.
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