Trifunctional enzyme subunit beta, mitochondrial (TP-beta) also known as 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase, or beta-ketothiolase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HADHBgene.[5]
The HADHB gene is located on chromosome 2, with its specific location being 2p23.[5] The gene contains 17 exons. HADHB encodes a 51.2 kDa protein that is composed of 474 amino acids; 124 peptides have been observed through mass spectrometry data.[6][7]
This gene encodes the beta subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, a catalyst of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids. The HADHB protein catalyzes the final step of beta-oxidation, in which 3-ketoacyl CoA is cleaved by the thiol group of another molecule of Coenzyme A. The thiol is inserted between C-2 and C-3, which yields an acetyl CoA molecule and an acyl CoA molecule, which is two carbons shorter.
The encoded protein can also bind RNA and decreases the stability of some mRNAs. The genes of the alpha and beta subunits of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein are located adjacent to each other in the human genome in a head-to-head orientation.[5]
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene, along with mutations in HADHA, result in trifunctional protein deficiency.[5] Mutations in either gene have similar clinical presentations.[8] Trifunctional protein deficiency is characterized by decreased activity of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD), long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase, and long-chain thiolase. This deficiency can be classified into 3 main clinical phenotypes: neonatal onset of a severe, lethal condition resulting in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS),[9] infantile onset of a hepatic Reye-like syndrome, and late-adolescent onset of primarily a skeletal myopathy.[10] Additionally, some presents showed symptoms associated with myopathy, recurrent and episodic rhabdomyolysis, and sensorimotor axonal neuropathy.[11] In some cases, symptoms of the deficiency can present as dilated cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, and respiratory failure. The deficiency has presented as hydrops fetalis and HELLP syndrome in fetuses.[12] A compound heterozygous mutation of the HADHB gene can cause axonal Charcot-Marie-tooth disease, which is a neurological disorder, which shows that mutations in this gene can result in deficiencies that present in new forms not currently described.[13]
Interactions
HADHB is a functional molecular target of ERα in the mitochondria, and the interaction may play an important role in the estrogen-mediated lipid metabolism in animals and humans.[14] Additionally, HADHB has been shown to bind to the distal 3’ untranslated region of renin mRNA, thereby regulating renin protein expression.[15] HADHB and cold-inducible RBP (CIRBP) were shown to be regulated after ischemia, positively regulating biogenesis of miR-329 and miR-495.[16]
↑ Sonta SI, Sandberg AA (1977). "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia: XXVIII. Value of detailed chromosome studies on large numbers of cells in CML". American Journal of Hematology. 3 (2): 121–126. doi:10.1002/ajh.2830030202. PMID272120. S2CID13141165.
↑ den Boer ME, Dionisi-Vici C, Chakrapani A, van Thuijl AO, Wanders RJ, Wijburg FA (June 2003). "Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency: a severe fatty acid oxidation disorder with cardiac and neurologic involvement". The Journal of Pediatrics. 142 (6): 684–689. doi:10.1067/mpd.2003.231. PMID12838198.
Wang R, Yang Z, Zhu JM, Wang JL, Yang HX, Wang Q, etal. (October 2006). "[Screening for G1528C mutation in mitochondrial trifunctional protein gene in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia and new born infant]". Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 41 (10): 672–675. PMID17199921.
Middleton B (May 1994). "The mitochondrial long-chain trifunctional enzyme: 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase". Biochemical Society Transactions. 22 (2): 427–431. doi:10.1042/bst0220427. PMID7958339.
Zhao Y, Meng XM, Wei YJ, Zhao XW, Liu DQ, Cao HQ, etal. (May 2003). "Cloning and characterization of a novel cardiac-specific kinase that interacts specifically with cardiac troponin I". Journal of Molecular Medicine. 81 (5): 297–304. doi:10.1007/s00109-003-0427-x. PMID12721663. S2CID13468188.
Purevsuren J, Fukao T, Hasegawa Y, Kobayashi H, Li H, Mushimoto Y, etal. (December 2009). "Clinical and molecular aspects of Japanese patients with mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 98 (4): 372–377. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.07.011. PMID19699128.
Gevaert K, Goethals M, Martens L, Van Damme J, Staes A, Thomas GR, etal. (May 2003). "Exploring proteomes and analyzing protein processing by mass spectrometric identification of sorted N-terminal peptides". Nature Biotechnology. 21 (5): 566–569. doi:10.1038/nbt810. PMID12665801. S2CID23783563.
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