Hailuoto

Last updated • 6 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Hailuoto
Karlö
Municipality
Hailuodon kunta
Karlö kommun
Hailuoto Marjaniemi.jpg
Pilot station and lighthouse in Marjaniemi
Hailuoto.vaakuna.svg
Coat of arms
Hailuoto sijainti Suomi.svg
Location of Hailuoto in Finland
Coordinates: 65°01′N024°43′E / 65.017°N 24.717°E / 65.017; 24.717
CountryFlag of Finland.svg  Finland
Region North Ostrobothnia
Sub-region Oulu
Founded1587
Government
 • Municipal managerAri Nurkkala
Area
 (2018-01-01) [1]
 • Total1,082.70 km2 (418.03 sq mi)
 • Land205.65 km2 (79.40 sq mi)
 • Water882.17 km2 (340.61 sq mi)
 • Rank 261st largest in Finland
Population
 (2024-08-31) [2]
 • Total935
 • Rank 298th largest in Finland
 • Density4.55/km2 (11.8/sq mi)
Population by native language
[2]
 •  Finnish 98.2% (official)
 • Others1.8%
Population by age
[3]
 • 0 to 1412.8%
 • 15 to 6448.4%
 • 65 or older38.9%
Time zone UTC+02:00 (EET)
 • Summer (DST) UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Website www.hailuoto.fi
Official nameBird Wetlands of Hailuoto Island
Designated2 February 2004
Reference no.1505 [4]

Hailuoto (Finnish: [ˈhɑi̯ˌluo̯to] ; Swedish : Karlö) is a Finnish island in the northern Baltic Sea and a municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia region. The population of Hailuoto is 935 (August 31, 2024), [2] making it the smallest municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia and the former Oulu Province in terms of population. The municipality covers an area of 205.65 km2 (79.40 sq mi) (excluding sea areas) of which 1.70 km2 (0.66 sq mi) is inland water (January 1, 2018). [1] The population density is 4.55/km2 (11.8/sq mi). Of all the Finnish sea islands, Hailuoto is the third largest after Fasta Åland and Kimitoön. [5]

Contents

Hailuoto lies opposite the city of Oulu in the Gulf of Bothnia. The distance between Oulu and Hailuoto is 53 kilometres (33 mi), and the sea area between them is called Luodonselkä (literally "open water of the islet"). [6]

Land in the region is constantly rising due to post-glacial rebound. It is estimated that the first parts of Hailuoto appeared from the Baltic Sea about 1700 years ago. The current island of Hailuoto was formed from many smaller islands. Two large sections, Santonen and Hanhinen merged into the main island (Luoto) only about two centuries ago. The island is continuously expanding and eventually it will join with the mainland. Kirkkosalmi, a wetland region between Hanhinen and Luoto is renowned for being an important bird refuge where rare bird species are observed.

The theme of the coat of arms of Hailuoto describes the economy of the island municipality; the explanation of the coat of arms is "in a blue field with a silver rowlock." The coat of arms was designed by Teuvo-Pentti Pakkala and approved by the Hailuoto Municipal Council at its meeting on 28 April 1966. The Ministry of the Interior approved the use of the coat of arms on 19 December of the same year. [7] [8]

History

The permanent settlement of Hailuoto apparently began in the 12th century. Residents came from many directions, especially from Karelia. The Swedes, who competed for its fishing waters, gave the island the name Karelö (which was transformed into Karlö), which means freely translated "Karelian Island". The first permanent residents of Hailuoto were mostly from Western Finland, but some also came from Eastern Finland. In 1548, there were 43 houses on the island, and by 1570 the number of houses had grown to 60. Queen Christina of Sweden donated the entire island of Hailuoto in 1652 to Colonel Berndt Taube, from whose heirs it was returned to the crown in 1675. [9]

Hailuoto first belonged to the high parish of Saloinen (nowadays part of Raahe), from which it separated into an independent parish in 1587. [10] [11] The church, built in 1610–1620, was for a long time the oldest wooden church in use in Finland until it burned down in 1968. [12] The current church was completed in 1972. [13]

During the Great Famine of 1695–1697, 88 inhabitants of Hailuoto died. [9] During the Great Northern War (1713–1721), 200 Cossacks of the Tsardom of Russia killed about 800 people in Hailuoto with axes on 29 September 1714. Many of the victims had sought protection on the island, as Hailuoto had a population of less than 300 at that time. The bloodshed done overnight was the greatest of the Great Northern War. [14] According to tradition, the bells of Hailuoto Church were drowned in Lake Kirkonjärvi during the Great Northern War, where they were never found again. [9]

Geography and nature

A map of Hailuoto Hailuoto Map.jpg
A map of Hailuoto

Hailuoto is the largest island in the Gulf of Bothnia, consisting of four parts, Luoto, Santonen, Hanhinen and Syökari. They were still separated a couple of centuries ago until they joined together as a result of crustal rebound. The young surface forms of the island are shaped throughout by sea waves, currents, ice thrust and wind. [12]

The soil consists of sandy materials, which are partly derived from clay sandstone, which is called The formation of Muhos extends to Hailuoto. A 15-kilometer-long grayling ridge runs through the island from Hyypänmäki to Marjaniemi in a north-east-southwest direction. In the eastern parts of Hyypänmäki, the meltwater of the glacier has broken up the sand into a plateau almost two kilometers wide. In the central parts, Harju runs only a few ten-meter-wide high ridges, but spreads west from Isomäki again. The quarry Marjaniemi tip is a wear residue of the heart of the ridge. The highest point is Hyypänmäki which is about 31 meters above sea level. There are also rocks in the Hyypänmäki area, which are later covered with dry quicksand. The rocks show that the waves washed the shores of the islands, but the cliff ramparts also show that the drift ice pushed violently against the shores. Aerial sand dikes and shore dikes are a special feature that characterizes the surface forms of Hailuoto, especially on the north and west coasts. [12]

The most diverse part of Hailuoto's vegetation is spread on the shores, especially in the coastal meadows of sheltered coves. In forest nature, dry pine barrens are well represented. Extensive lichen fabrics are particularly characteristic. Hailuoto, a bird research site, has a long tradition. Waterfowl are most abundant in meadows, extensive shallows, reefs and lush bays. The highlight of the fall is the migration of swans, which culminates in one and a half thousand birds resting on the shores. [12]

In November 2019, a rare phenomenon was observed on the shores of Marjaniemi in Hailuoto, when thousands of "egg-shaped" sea ice had accumulated on the shore. [15] [16] [17] BBC Weather expert George Goodfellow explained the reason for the phenomenon: "The general picture is that they form from pieces of larger ice sheet which then get jostled around by waves, making them rounder. They can grow when sea water freezes on to their surfaces and this also helps to make them smoother. So the result is a ball of smooth ice which can then get deposited on to a beach, either blown there or getting left there when the tide goes out." [17]

Islands

Villages

Fishing boats in Marjaniemi Laivoja marjaniemessa.jpg
Fishing boats in Marjaniemi

Climate

Hailuoto has a subarctic climate (Dfc). The climate is slightly milder than Oulu's due to influence from the Bothnian Bay.

Climate data for Hailuoto Keskikylä (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1959- present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)6.5
(43.7)		6.0
(42.8)		11.3
(52.3)		19.4
(66.9)		28.5
(83.3)		30.7
(87.3)		32.8
(91.0)		30.9
(87.6)		23.6
(74.5)		16.5
(61.7)		11.0
(51.8)		6.8
(44.2)		32.8
(91.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)−4.3
(24.3)		−4.8
(23.4)		−0.8
(30.6)		4.9
(40.8)		11.8
(53.2)		17.1
(62.8)		20.3
(68.5)		18.4
(65.1)		12.9
(55.2)		6.1
(43.0)		1.3
(34.3)		−1.9
(28.6)		6.8
(44.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)−7.6
(18.3)		−8.2
(17.2)		−4.5
(23.9)		1.0
(33.8)		7.2
(45.0)		12.8
(55.0)		16.1
(61.0)		14.3
(57.7)		9.5
(49.1)		3.7
(38.7)		−0.8
(30.6)		−4.5
(23.9)		3.3
(37.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−11.4
(11.5)		−12.2
(10.0)		−8.5
(16.7)		−2.9
(26.8)		2.3
(36.1)		8.0
(46.4)		11.2
(52.2)		9.7
(49.5)		5.6
(42.1)		0.8
(33.4)		−3.4
(25.9)		−7.8
(18.0)		−0.7
(30.7)
Record low °C (°F)−37.3
(−35.1)		−40.8
(−41.4)		−31.1
(−24.0)		−23.0
(−9.4)		−10.5
(13.1)		−3.3
(26.1)		0.8
(33.4)		−2.6
(27.3)		−7.8
(18.0)		−19.6
(−3.3)		−31.3
(−24.3)		−36.8
(−34.2)		−40.8
(−41.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)37
(1.5)		31
(1.2)		30
(1.2)		27
(1.1)		39
(1.5)		45
(1.8)		61
(2.4)		56
(2.2)		53
(2.1)		53
(2.1)		50
(2.0)		42
(1.7)		523
(20.6)
Average precipitation days1088678998101111105
Source 1: FMI climatological normals for Finland 1991-2020 [18]
Source 2: Record highs and lows 1959- present [19]

Services

In the center village of Hailuoto there is a comprehensive school, [20] two grocery stores (K-Market and Sale), a bank (Osuuspankki), a barber shop and a filling station (SEO). [21]

The Arctic Light House Hotel for tourists is located right next to the Marjaniemi Lighthouse. [22]

Religion

Hailuoto Church, built in 1972 Hailuodon kirkko.jpg
Hailuoto Church, built in 1972

According to the 2018 regional division, the only parishes in the municipality are the Hailuoto Parish of the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church [23] and the Oulu Orthodox Parish of the Finnish Orthodox Church. [24] Of the revival movements within the church, Conservative Laestadianism operates in the locality, which has the Hailuoto Peace Association (Hailuodon Rauhanyhdistys). [25]

Culture

The entire island of Hailuoto is classified as one of Finland's nationally significant built cultural environments. [26] The unique landscape and natural conditions have made Hailuoto, the largest island in the Bay of Bothnia, one of Finland's national landscapes.

Food

In the 1980s, fish potatoes made from European whitefish were named traditional food of the Hailuoto parish. [27]

Transportation

The ferries Meriluoto and Merisilta Hailuoto Ferry Oulu 20130113 01.JPG
The ferries Meriluoto and Merisilta

A ferry operates regularly between Hailuoto and Oulu's suburb of Oulunsalo. In winter an official ice road, approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long, connects the island to the mainland. [28] The main road on the island is the regional road 816, which continue to the mainland towards the Kempele municipality via a ferry connection. Hailuoto also has a small airfield, Hailuoto Airfield, about 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of central village. [29]

A 8.4 km fixed link to connect Hailuoto to the mainland, consisting of a causeway with two 750 m bridges, was approved in 2015. [30] The project was briefly halted due to environmental litigation, which was eventually denied in 2023. [31]

Actual construction work began in 2024, with an estimated opening of the causeway predicted by 2026. [32]

Notable people

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kokkola</span> Town in Central Ostrobothnia, Finland

Kokkola is a town in Finland and the regional capital of Central Ostrobothnia. It is located on the west coast of the country, on the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Kokkola is approximately 48,000, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 54,000. It is the 22nd most populous municipality in Finland, and the 20th most populous urban area in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hanko, Finland</span> Finnish municipality and town in Raseborg sub-region, Uusimaa

Hanko is a town in Finland, located in the southern coast of the country. Hanko is situated in the western part of the Uusimaa region. The population of Hanko is approximately 8,000, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 40,000. It is the 121st most populous municipality in Finland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oulu</span> City in North Ostrobothnia, Finland

Oulu is a city in Finland and the regional capital of North Ostrobothnia. It is located on the northwestern coast of the country at the mouth of the River Oulu. The population of Oulu is approximately 216,000, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 264,000. It is the 5th most populous municipality in Finland, and the fourth most populous urban area in the country. Oulu is also the most populous city in Northern Finland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mariehamn</span> Capital and the largest city of the Åland Islands

Mariehamn is the capital of Åland, an autonomous territory under Finnish sovereignty. Mariehamn is the seat of the Government and Parliament of Åland, and 40% of the population of Åland live in the city. It is mostly surrounded by Jomala, the second-largest municipality in Åland in terms of population; to the east, it is bordered by Lemland. Like the rest of Åland, Mariehamn is unilingually Swedish-speaking and around 82% of the inhabitants speak it as their native language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jakobstad</span> Town in Ostrobothnia, Finland

Jakobstad is a town in Finland, located on the west coast of the country. Jakobstad is situated in Ostrobothnia, along the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Jakobstad is approximately 19,000, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 50,000. It is the 59th most populous municipality in Finland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enontekiö</span> Municipality in Lapland, Finland

Enontekiö is a municipality in the Finnish part of Lapland with approximately 1,800 inhabitants. It is situated in the outermost northwest of the country and occupies a large and very sparsely populated area of about 8,400 square kilometres (3,200 sq mi) between the Swedish and Norwegian border. Finland's highest point, the Halti fell, with a height of 1,324 metres (4,344 ft) above the mean sea level, is situated in the north of Enontekiö. The municipality shares borders with regions of Sweden and Norway that encompass the Scandinavian Mountains. The administrative centre of Enontekiö is the village of Hetta. About one fifth of the community's population are Sami people. Enontekiö's main industries are tourism and reindeer husbandry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haukipudas</span> Municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland

Haukipudas is a town and former municipality of Finland. It was located in the province of Oulu and is part of the Northern Ostrobothnia region. Its shore runs along the Gulf of Bothnia, with the river Kiiminkijoki running through the province. Along with Kiiminki, Oulunsalo and Yli-Ii municipalities it was merged with the city of Oulu on 1 January 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kuusamo</span> Town and municipality in North Ostrobothnia, Finland

Kuusamo is a town and municipality in Finland. It is located in Koillismaa, the northeastern part of the Northern Ostrobothnia region. The municipality has a population of 14,813 and covers an area of 5,808.92 square kilometres (2,242.84 sq mi) of which 830.81 km2 (320.78 sq mi) is water. The population density is 2.98 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.7/sq mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Korsholm</span> Municipality in Ostrobothnia, Finland

Korsholm is a municipality in Finland, located on the west coast of the country. Korsholm is situated in Ostrobothnia, along the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Korsholm is approximately 20,000, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 111,000. It is the 55th most populous municipality in Finland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Archipelago Sea</span> Part of the Baltic Sea

The Archipelago Sea is a part of the Baltic Sea between the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland and the Sea of Åland, within Finnish territorial waters. By some definitions it contains the largest archipelago in the world by the number of islands, estimated at around 50,000, although many of the islands are very small and tightly clustered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bothnian Bay</span> Bay in the northern Bothnian Sea

The Bothnian Bay or Bay of Bothnia is the northernmost part of the Gulf of Bothnia, which is in turn the northern part of the Baltic Sea. The land holding the bay is still rising after the weight of ice-age glaciers has been removed, and within 2,000 years the bay will be a large freshwater lake since its link to the south Kvarken is mostly less than 20 metres (66 ft) deep. The bay today is fed by several large rivers, and is relatively unaffected by tides, so has low salinity. It freezes over each year for up to six months. Compared to other parts of the Baltic, it has little plant or animal life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marjaniemi Lighthouse</span> Lighthouse

Marjaniemi Lighthouse is a lighthouse located in the village of Marjaniemi at the westernmost point of Hailuoto island on the Gulf of Bothnia. The lighthouse is located approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Oulu. The lighthouse was designed by Axel Hampus Dalström as his fourth lighthouse and it was first lit in 1872.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Keskiniemi beacon tower</span>

The Keskiniemi beacon tower, often referred to as the Karvo beacon tower, is a historic daymark located on a promontory of Keskiniemi in the northwestern part of Hailuoto island in the Gulf of Bothnia in Finland. The tower was built in 1858 to alert the vessels about sandbars reaching northwest from the site. It is the oldest surviving navigational aid on Hailuoto island. The tower has structural similarities with the Härkmeri beacon tower built in 1857.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Larsmo</span> Municipality in Ostrobothnia, Finland

Larsmo is a municipality in Finland, located on the west coast of the country. Larsmo is situated in Ostrobothnia, along the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Larsmo is approximately 6,000, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 50,000. It is the 154th most populous municipality in Finland.

Kellon Kraaseli is an island in the Finnish sector of the Bay of Bothnia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Finnish regional road 816</span> Road in Finland

Finnish regional road 816 or Hailuoto Road is a Finnish road between the Kempele municipality and the Hailuoto Island. The length of the road is 56 kilometres (35 mi) which includes a 6.9-kilometre (4.3 mi) ferry connection between mainland and the Hailuoto Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyhämaa</span> Former municipality in Turku and Pori Province, Finland

Pyhämaa is a village and a former municipality of Finland in the former Turku and Pori Province, now in the Finland Proper region. It was consolidated with the town of Uusikaupunki in 1974.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hailuoto Church</span> Church in North Ostrobothnia, Finland

The Hailuoto Church is the 1972 church located on the Hailuoto island in North Ostrobothnia, Finland. The church was designed by architects Irma and Matti Aaltonen. It is built of reinforced concrete and has a capacity of about 200–300. The church was built to replace the former church from 1620, which was destroyed by fire in 1968. A natural forest cemetery is located near the church.

References

  1. 1 2 "Area of Finnish Municipalities 1.1.2018" (PDF). National Land Survey of Finland. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 "Finland's preliminary population figure was 5,625,011 at the end of August 2024". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 24 September 2024. ISSN   1797-5395 . Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  3. ↑ "Population according to age (1-year) and sex by area and the regional division of each statistical reference year, 2003–2020". StatFin. Statistics Finland . Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  4. ↑ "Bird Wetlands of Hailuoto Island". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  5. ↑ "Suomen merialueiden sata suurinta saarta". Suomen Kuvalehti (in Finnish). 15 June 1987. p. 64.
  6. ↑ Facta 2001, WSOY, 1984 (in Finnish)
  7. ↑ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 129. ISBN   951-773-085-3.
  8. ↑ "Sisäasiainministeriön vahvistamat kaupunkien, kauppaloiden ja kuntien vaakunat 1949-1995 I:8 Hailuoto". Kansallisarkiston digitaaliarkisto (in Finnish). Retrieved 15 March 2021.[ permanent dead link ]
  9. 1 2 3 Hannu Tarmio, Pentti Papunen & Kalevi Korpela: Suomenmaa 1: maantieteellis-yhteiskunnallinen tieto- ja hakuteos, p. 217–220. Porvoo-Helsinki: WSOY, 1967. (in Finnish)
  10. ↑ Hailuodon historia – Luontoon (in Finnish)
  11. ↑ Paimenmuisto: Hailuoto (Carlö, Karlö) – Kansallisbiografia (in Finnish)
  12. 1 2 3 4 Kalevi Rikkinen (1986). Finlandia, Otavan iso maammekirja 8 (in Finnish). Helsinki: Otava. ISBN   951-1-09142-5.
  13. ↑ "Hailuodon seurakunta Hiski-tietokannassa" (in Finnish). Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  14. ↑ Kaitasuo, Pia (15 August 2015). "Pietari Suuren synkkä tuhon kylvö". Kaleva (in Finnish). No. 221. Oulu: Kaleva Oy. pp. 34–35. ISSN   0356-1356.
  15. ↑ Hintsala, Juha (4 November 2019). "Jäiset "kananmunat" hämmästyttivät sunnuntaikävelijöitä Hailuodossa – harvinainen luonnonilmiö vaatii juuri oikeat olosuhteet syntyäkseen". YLE (in Finnish). Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  16. ↑ Murray, Jessica (7 November 2019). "Thousands of rare 'ice eggs' found on beach in Finland". The Guardian . Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  17. 1 2 "'Ice eggs' cover Finland beach in rare weather event". BBC . 7 November 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  18. ↑ "FMI normals 1991-2020" (PDF). fmi.fi. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  19. ↑ "FMI open data". FMI. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  20. ↑ "Comprehensive school – Hailuoto Website". Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  21. ↑ "Stores and other services – Hsiluoto Website". Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  22. ↑ "Hotel accommodation – Hailuoto Website". Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  23. ↑ Yhteystiedot – Suomen evankelis-luterilainen kirkko Archived 23 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
  24. ↑ Oulun ortodoksinen seurakunta Archived 5 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
  25. ↑ Hailuodon Rauhanyhdistys Archived 23 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
  26. ↑ Hailuoto – Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (in Finnish). Finnish Heritage Agency . Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  27. ↑ Jaakko Kolmonen (1988). Kotomaamme ruoka-aitta: Suomen, Karjalan ja Petsamon pitäjäruoat (in Finnish). Helsinki: Patakolmonen. p. 168. ISBN   951-96047-3-1.
  28. ↑ "Jäätie Perämeren suurimpaan saareen on taas auki – katso miltä noin 10 kilometrin jääreitti Hailuotoon näyttää ilmasta käsin" (in Finnish). Yle. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  29. ↑ "Hailuoto, Finland – EFHL". VFR Suomi / Finland. Vantaa: Finavia. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  30. ↑ "Hailuoto Causeway".
  31. ↑ "Liikenne | Suomen pisimmän siltayhteyden pitäisi olla jo valmis, mutta mitään ei ole tapahtunut – Hanketta vastustaneet luontoihmiset puhuvat loanheitosta ja "uhkaavan oloisesta" kirjoittelusta". 26 May 2022.
  32. ↑ "Hailuoto FAQ - Hailuoto FAQ". Finnish Transport Infrastructure Agency. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.