Human rights in Denmark

Last updated

Human rights in the Kingdom of Denmark are protected by the state's Constitution of the Realm (Danmarks Riges Grundlov); applying equally in Denmark proper, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, and through the ratification of international human rights treaties. [1] Denmark has held a significant role in the adoption of both the European Convention on Human Rights and in the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). In 1987, the Kingdom Parliament (Folketinget) established a national human rights institution, the Danish Centre of Human Rights, now the Danish Institute for Human Rights. [1]

Contents

While Denmark and other Scandinavian countries have historically been "defenders of international law and human rights", [2] many issues in regard to human rights still exist or have emerged in recent times. There have been issues with violence against women and the rights of LGBTI people. [3]


History

Constitutional Act of the Realm of Denmark

Personal liberty shall be inviolable. No Danish subject shall in any manner whatever be deprived of his liberty because of his political or religious convictions or because of his descent.

Section 71

The Kingdom of Denmark is a constitutional monarchy. The Constitutional Act or (Grundloven), which was adopted on 5 June 1849, lays the foundations of democracy in the organisation of the Realm of Denmark. [4]

The Constitution has been amended three times since its adoption in 1849. The most significant of these amendments occurred in 1953, leading to the Constitution in use today, as it granted "clear constitutional authority to share Denmark's sovereignty with other countries". [5] This was important as it aimed to prepare Denmark for the potential membership to the European Union. [5]

While the role of the Constitutional Act is to restrict the authority of the monarchy, it is also to ensure that human rights as well as civil and political rights are guaranteed for Danish citizens. [6] Examples of these include the right to Personal Liberty (Section 71), Freedom of Expression (Section 77) and Freedom of Assembly (Section 79).

In addition, the Constitution guarantees Freedom of Religion (Section 67), provided that these religious communities do not threaten "good morals or public order". [7]

These rights, enshrined in the Constitution, enjoy "special status.". [6] In addition, as outlined in Section 88 of the Constitution, these rights are the "supreme source of Danish law" [6]

European Convention on Human Rights

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a treaty that was ratified by 47 member states of the Council of Europe on 3 September 1953. [8] The aim of the treaty is to both "protect the rule of law" [8] and to endorse democracy in Europe. The European Convention was the first treaty to provide institutional means of supervising and enforcing human rights across Europe. [9] To achieve this, the convention established two enforcement measures - the European Commission of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights.

Although ratified in 1953, the convention was not incorporated in Danish law until 29 April 1992. As a result of its incorporation in domestic law, courts of Denmark have a duty to enforce the convention. [10] The European Convention on Human Rights is the only treaty concerning human rights in Danish law at present. [6] Significant civil and political rights that are guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights include the right to liberty, right to a fair trial, freedom of thought, conscience and religion and freedom of expression. [11]

European Court of Human Rights

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR or ECHR), established in 1959 by the European Convention on Human Rights, is the Council of Europe's court of law. Its purpose is to examine and make judgments on complaints of alleged human rights violations. [12]

In the early stages of the ECtHR's foundation, the Scandinavian countries were some of the first to agree to the optional clauses on its jurisdiction, thus strengthening its political legitimacy. [2] In addition, Denmark and the other Nordic states were prominent figures in the preliminary construction of the ECtHR system, and in its finalisation. [2]

Key topics in the Constitution

"Grundloven" - The Constitution of the Realm of Denmark 1849 Grundloven-1849-forside.jpg
"Grundloven" - The Constitution of the Realm of Denmark 1849

Civil rights and freedoms

Section 71: Personal liberty

Section 71 of the Constitution focuses on inalienable rights, as well as ensuring citizens' protection from unreasonable restraint and guaranteeing one's right to a fair trial. The direct quote below outlines the fact that a Danish citizen cannot be detained due to their religion, race or political view: [4]

Personal liberty shall be inviolable. No Danish subject shall in any manner whatever be deprived of his liberty because of his political or religious convictions or because of his descent.

— Article 71 of the Constitution of Denmark  (1953)

Section 77: Freedom of expression

Section 77 of the Constitution guarantees freedom of speech, and freedom of the press, both of which are recognised as human rights under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). While the government largely respects these rights, legal restrictions are in place for libel, blasphemy and racism. [13]

In March 2015, discussions surrounding the removal of legal restrictions for blasphemy were suspended as the Government of Denmark confirmed that its anti blasphemy law would remain in place. [13]

Section 79: Freedom of assembly

Section 79 of the Constitution protects citizens' right to gather for peaceful assembly. This is recognised as a human right under international human rights instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights. Freedom of Assembly is understood as the right to protest peacefully, and without arms.

Section 79 also provides that if an assembly is a threat to public peace, it may be dissolved by the police. [7]

Freedom of religion

Section 67: Freedom of religion

Freedom of religion is regarded as a fundamental human right, as outlined in Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In addition it is entrenched in Section 67 of the Danish Constitution, which provides that citizens are entitled to establish and join religious congregations or communities. However, it also specifies that a religious group may not present a threat to "good morals or the public order". [7]

With the current rise in religious extremism, government restrictions on religion are beginning to increase.

Examples include the Kingdom parliament's ban on wearing face veils, enacted in May 2018. [14] This law is seen as problematic as it targets less than 0.1% of Denmark's population — Muslim women whose choose to wear the niqab or the burqa. [14]

In addition, a law introduced in 2019 requires a person to shake hands with officials at their naturalisation ceremony if they wish to take Danish citizenship. [15] This has prompted human rights concerns in regard to freedom of religion as it is argued it targets Muslim and Jewish groups who demonstrate "lack of assimilation". [15] The Danish Government, however, maintains that this law has been established solely to elevate a "social custom to a national value". [15]

Sources of human rights in international law

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Eleanor Roosevelt with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg
Eleanor Roosevelt with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Following the atrocities of World War II, the international community established the United Nations in 1945. In order to promote international peace and equality, they developed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948. The declaration was established as "a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations". [16]

The UDHR was the first of its kind, as it was a codification of human rights without discrimination and incorporated entitlements that related to all spheres of human life and personality. [17] Although it is not a treaty and therefore not legally binding, it was hoped that it would serve as a model for domestic laws and later binding treaties. [17] In addition, the UDHR, which is still in use today, acts as a mechanism to uphold values such as "universal equality and freedom, supporting decolonisation, good governance and the struggle against discrimination". [17]

Involvement in international human rights campaigns

On 21 April 1967, the elected government in Greece was overthrown in a coup d'état led by a group of Greek colonels (military junta) In September 1967, the Nordic states including Denmark, Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands appealed to the European Commission of Human Rights to hold Greece accountable for their violation of what are considered to be human rights by the European Convention on Human Rights. [18] As a result, the Council of Europe passed a resolution on 15 April 1970 that made the Report of the Human Rights Commission on the Greek Case public. [19] This report found that, as initially put forward by the Nordic states, many of the human rights under the European Convention on Human Rights had been violated by the Greek government. [19]

Furthermore, from the 1970s the Nordic states played a significant role in supporting non-governmental human rights organisations and actors. [20] For example, the Helsinki Watch, a non-governmental organisation based in the U.S. and established in 1978, was crucial to advocating for human rights in this period. [21] The Helsinki Watch led the formation of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) founded in 1982. [21] As early as 1985, the IHF had committees in a number of European countries including Denmark. This early support for international human rights is what has secured its reputation in Denmark as a "vehicle of progressive change." [20]

Current issues

Refugees and asylum seekers

"The Refugee Ship," a sculpture by Jens Galschiot exhibited at Nyhavn in Denmark The sculpture "the refugee ship".jpg
"The Refugee Ship," a sculpture by Jens Galschiot exhibited at Nyhavn in Denmark

Denmark is argued by some to have some of Europe's "most aggressive anti-immigrant policies." [22] The people of Denmark are largely divided in their opinions on immigration – some accepting of it and others who are concerned and thus want restrictive policies in place. [22]

In 2016, the Danish annulled its agreement with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) that stated that it would receive 500 refugees on an annual basis for resettlement. [3]

In 2018, Denmark announced that it would no longer resettle refugees under the United Nation's quota system, with the decision to accept refugees being made by the government and not the parliament. [3]

In addition, in late 2018 the Danish government announced that the 2019 budget would include funding for a scheme that would see foreign criminals who had completed jail sentences, but could not be deported, to be moved to Lindholm Island. [23] Lindholm Island is located three kilometres out from the southeast of Denmark, and had previously been a laboratory for animals with highly contagious diseases. [24] The policy has been labelled as being "barbaric" and "deeply repulsive." [24]

In January 2021, European Website on Integration reported that, "Denmark does not subscribe to EU rules in what related to refugee and legal issues and Denmark has refused to participate in a voluntary distribution agreement within EU." [25]

In March 2021, the Danish government announced limits on ‘non-western’ immigrants, it revoked the residency permits of refugees and vulnerable asylum seekers. Also, a major local study revealed that a third of the refugees were not properly protected. [26]

Moreover, on 19 May 2021, Denmark faced condemnation from EU lawmakers, the UN refugee agency, and human rights groups for revoking residency status for Syrian refugees, where despite the critical security situation in Syria, Denmark claimed that some parts of Syria are now safe enough for refugees to return. [27] Besides, in April 2021, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor called on Denmark to return to the decision to return Syrian refugees to Syria and considered that Denmark's designation of Syria as ‘safe’ is dangerous, inhumane, and illegal. [28]

Violence against women

The Istanbul Convention (the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence), which was ratified by Denmark in 2014, classifies "rape and all other non-consensual acts of a sexual nature" as being criminal offences. [29] However, the definition of rape in domestic Danish law is not based on the notion of consent and is instead based on the presence of "physical violence, threat or coercion" or "if the victim is found to have been unable to resist." [29]

This is deemed to be problematic as the assumption that a victim gives their consent to a sexual act if they do not resist it physically ignores the possibility of "involuntary paralysis" or "freezing," and thus the inability to resist. [29]

According to the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights in 2014, said that, "Denmark has the highest spread rate of physical and sexual violence against women in Europe." [30] Also, Denmark has received harsh criticism for inadequate laws in regard to sexual violence.

In April 2018, the Danish opposition proposed the introduction of a "consent-based definition of rape" as outlined under the Istanbul Convention. [3] This was rejected in Parliament. In addition, pressure was put on the Danish government by the Council of Europe's Group of Experts on Action against Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (GREVIO) to adapt its sexual violence legislation to include the notion of "freely given consent." [3]

A report published by Amnesty International in March 2019 states that women in Denmark rarely reported rape due to a "lack of trust in the justice system" and the poor treatment of victims throughout the legal process. [29]

In addition, several reports say that Denmark has the highest prevalence of sexual violence in Europe. Also, Amnesty International indicated that Denmark has "widespread sexual violence" and systemic problems in how it deals with rape. According to studies conducted, state that around 5,100 women a year are victims of rape or attempted rape. [31]

Indigenous rights

On 18 January 1996, Denmark ratified the international Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (ILO-convention 169) [32] and voted in favour on the adoption of the proposal of the international Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples on 13 September 2007. [33]

Denmark has one officially recognized Indigenous group, the Inuit - the Greenlandic Inuit of Greenland and the Greenlandic people in Denmark (Inuit residing in Denmark). Despite there being around 70.000 people living and identifying as an Inuk person, there is no official state registry defining the Inuit as Indigenous nor as a distinct people in the Kingdom of Denmark. Greenlandic Inuit are as nationals of Greenland, Citizens of the Realm of Denmark, and also EU citizens due to Greenlands associated relationship with the European Union.

The Inuit are indigenous to the Arctic and have traditionally inhabited Greenland and the northern parts of Canada and Alaska. The Inuit have for decades been the subject of discrimination and abuse by the dominant colonisers from Europe, those countries claiming possession of Inuit lands. The Inuit have never been a single community in a single region of Inuit. [34]

From the 18th century up to the 1970s, the Danish government (Dano-Norwegian until 1814) have through time tried to assimilate the Greenlandic Inuit, encouraging them to adopt the majority language, culture and religion. Denmark has been greatly criticised by the Greenlandic community for the politics of Danization (50's and 60's) of and discrimination against the indigenous population of the country. Critical treatment paying non-Inuit workers higher wages than the local people, the relocation of entire families from their traditional lands into settlements, and separating children from their parents and sending them away to Denmark for schooling has been practiced. [35] [ better source needed ] [36]

In Denmark the Greenlandic Inuit have the same rights as everyone else with Danish citizenship. But people with a Greenlandic Inuit background face a number of challenges in relation to enjoying equal treatment and opportunities as to other nationals of the realm . [37] In general, Greenlanders are not considered an ethnic minority, although some experience special linguistic, cultural and social challenges in Danish society in line with citizens with an ethnic minority background.

In Greenland the Inuit still maintain traditional Indigenous practices, such as hunting and fishing. The Inuit were subjugated under Danish colonial rule from 1721 up through the twentieth century. In 1953, Greenland became a fully integrated part of the Realm of Denmark as the County of Greenland whereas Denmark implemented a severe policy of modernization through urbanization, relocating the Inuit from their small, subsistence-based communities to major cities. In 1979, Greenland successfully lobbied for autonomy from Denmark and achieved a Home Rule Government, which was expanded to Self-Government in 2009.

Denmark's initial relationship with its Indigenous Population reflected typical Western European imperialism.

Until this day Greenlands autonomy is still not protected by the Danish constitution. Greenland is still a stateless nation where its people do not possess their own state, [38] and do not have the majority population within the unitary nation state of the Kingdom of Denmark. [39] The term "stateless" implies that Greenland and its people "should have" such a state (country). [40] [41] In contrast to if the Kingdom of Denmark was a multinational state that comprises Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands as equal nations or states within the Kingdom in a federation, giving their sovereignty to each other.

Greenland is not a member of any State Government, Council of State and neither Council of Ministers of the Kingdom, but have achieved limited settlement lobbied by the Greenlandic MPs in the Kingdom Parliament ( Folketinget ).

Racism

On 7 February 2022, a Euro-Med Monitor's report revealed that Denmark has racist practices against the areas classified as "Ghetto." The ghetto areas include 29 areas throughout Denmark, and contain poor and weak population areas, the majority of which are residents of non-Western ethnicities and non-White. According to the report, Ghettos are subject to evictions, compulsory custody, double punishment, and excessive security measures. Moreover, the Danish policy practices towards minorities are a clear example of the practice of opportunistic policies, and of presenting minorities as a scapegoat to justify the failure to solve social problems. These policies have spread poverty, unemployment, insecurity and trust in areas of national minorities. [42]

Rights of LGBT people

Copenhagen Pride, 2008 Copenhagen Pride 2008 i.JPG
Copenhagen Pride, 2008

Denmark was the first country to recognise registered partnerships (Danish: registreret partnerskab) between same-sex couples, in a law enacted on 7 June 1989. This granted LGBT people many of the same rights as heterosexual couples; however it did not grant them "the right to adopt or obtain joint custody of a child". [43] On 15 June 2012, Denmark became the eleventh country in the world to legalise same-sex marriage, the existing law being replaced by gender-neutral marriage legislation. [44]

In January 2016, a resolution was implemented by the Danish parliament which prevented transgender being classified as a mental health condition. [3] In doing so, Denmark went against the World Health Organisation (WHO) standards, which classified gender identity disorder as a mental health issue until June 2018. [45] [46] [47] Amnesty International's 2017–2018 report on 'The State of the World's Human Rights' states that Denmark's procedural rules surrounding access to transgender hormone therapy and gender-affirming surgery "unreasonably prolong the gender recognition process". [3]

In addition, Amnesty International revealed that the Danish Health Authority has not yet established national guidelines outlining how children with variations of sex characteristics should be treated by doctors. [3] As a result, "non-emergency invasive and irreversible medical procedures" may be conducted on children under the age of 10. [3] This directly violates the UN's Convention on the Rights of the Child.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inuit Circumpolar Council</span> Inuit run Arctic organization

The Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC), formerly Inuit Circumpolar Conference, is a multinational non-governmental organization (NGO) and Indigenous Peoples' Organization (IPO) representing the 180,000 Inuit, Yupik, and Chukchi peoples people living in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Chukotka (Russia). ICC was ECOSOC-accredited and was granted special consultative status at the UN in 1983.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Ethiopia</span> Overview of observance of human rights in Ethiopia

According to the U.S. Department of State's human rights report for 2022, there exists "significant human rights issues" in Ethiopia. In addition to extrajudicial killings and instances of "enforced disappearance", other human right issues in Ethiopia include arbitrary arrest, the censorship and unjustified arrests of journalists, the use of child soldiers, and more.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Paraguay</span>

Technically speaking, Paraguayan law prohibits discrimination on grounds of gender, race, language, disability, or social status, but there is nonetheless widespread discrimination.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenland and the European Union</span> Diplomatic relations between the European Union and Greenland

Greenland, an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark is one of the EU members’ overseas countries and territories (OCT) associated to the European Union. Greenland receives funding from the EU for sustainable development and has signed agreements increasing cooperation with the EU.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Danish Realm</span> Kingdom of Denmark and its autonomous territories

The Danish Realm, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is the area over which the monarch of Denmark is head of state. It consists of metropolitan Denmark—the kingdom's territory in continental Europe and sometimes called "Denmark proper" —and the realm's two autonomous regions: the Faroe Islands in North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. The relationship between the three parts of the Kingdom is also known as The unity of the Realm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenlandic Inuit</span> Ethnic group indigenous to Greenland

The Greenlandic Inuit are the indigenous and most populous ethnic group in Greenland. Most speak Greenlandic and consider themselves ethnically Greenlandic. People of Greenland are citizens of Denmark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in the Central African Republic</span>

The Central African Republic, which the United Nations High Commissioner has described as undergoing "the most neglected crisis in the world", has an extremely poor human rights record. It has been designated 'Not Free' by Freedom House from 1972 to 1990, in 2002 and 2003, and from 2014 to the present day. It was rated 'Partly Free' from 1991 to 2001 and from 2004 to 2013. On the United Nations Human Development Index, it ranks 179 out of 187 countries. Between 1988 and 2008, life expectancy decreased from 49 years to 47.7 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Burundi</span>

In 2022, Freedom House rated Burundi’s human rights at 14 out 100.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Eswatini</span>

Eswatini, Africa's last remaining absolute monarchy, was rated by Freedom House from 1972 to 1992 as "Partly Free"; since 1993, it has been considered "Not Free". During these years the country's Freedom House rating for "Political Rights" has slipped from 4 to 7, and "Civil Liberties" from 2 to 5. Political parties have been banned in Eswatini since 1973. A 2011 Human Rights Watch report described the country as being "in the midst of a serious crisis of governance", noting that "[y]ears of extravagant expenditure by the royal family, fiscal indiscipline, and government corruption have left the country on the brink of economic disaster". In 2012, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) issued a sharp criticism of Eswatini's human-rights record, calling on the Swazi government to honor its commitments under international law in regards to freedom of expression, association, and assembly. HRW notes that owing to a 40% unemployment rate and low wages that oblige 80% of Swazis to live on less than US$2 a day, the government has been under "increasing pressure from civil society activists and trade unionists to implement economic reforms and open up the space for civil and political activism" and that dozens of arrests have taken place "during protests against the government's poor governance and human rights record".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in South Sudan</span> Overview of human rights in South Sudan

Human rights in South Sudan are a contentious issue, owing at least in part to the country's violent history.

Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a constitutional parliamentary democracy with an estimated population of 6,187,591. Police brutality, provincial power struggles, violence against women, and government corruption all contribute to the low awareness of basic human rights in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenlandic independence</span> Political movement

Greenlandic independence is a political ambition of some political parties, advocacy groups, and individuals of Greenland, an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, to become an independent sovereign state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arctic policy of the Kingdom of Denmark</span> Danish foreign policy

The Arctic Policy of the Kingdom of Denmark defines the Kingdom's foreign relations and policies with other Arctic countries, and the Kingdom's strategy for the Arctic on issues occurring within the geographic boundaries of "the Arctic" or related to the Arctic or its peoples. In order to clearly understand the Danish geopolitical importance of the Arctic, it is necessary to mention Denmark's territorial claims in areas beyond its exclusive EEZ in areas around the Faroe Islands and north of Greenland covering parts of the North Pole, which is also claimed by Russia.

The Republic of Uruguay is located in South America, between Argentina, Brazil and the South Atlantic Ocean, with a population of 3,332,972. Uruguay gained independence and sovereignty from Spain in 1828 and has full control over its internal and external affairs. From 1973 to 1985 Uruguay was governed by a civil-military dictatorship which committed numerous human rights abuses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenlandic people in Denmark</span>

Greenlandic people in Denmark are residents of Denmark with Greenlandic or Greenlandic Inuit heritage. According to StatBank Greenland, as of 2020, there were 16,780 people born in Greenland living in Denmark, a figure representing almost one third of the population of Greenland. According to a 2007 Danish government report, there were 18,563 Greenlandic people living in Denmark. The exact number is difficult to calculate because of the lack of differentiation between Greenlandic and Danish heritage in Danish government records and also due to the fact that the way in which people identify themselves is not always a reflection of their birthplace. As of 2018, there were 2,507 Greenlanders enrolled in education in Denmark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities</span> Greenland leaving the EC, precursor to the EU

After being a part of the European Communities (EC) for twelve years, Greenland withdrew in 1985. It had joined the EC in 1973 as a county of Denmark, even though a majority in Greenland was against joining. In a consultative referendum in 1982, 53% of the electorate of Greenland voted to withdraw from the Communities. This latter referendum became possible after the introduction of home rule in Greenland in 1979. Following its withdrawal, which was regulated through the Greenland Treaty, the relationship between Greenland and the EC was partly settled through an association under Overseas Countries and territories (OCT) status. In recent years, the Greenlandic withdrawal from the European Communities has marginally been referred to as "Greenxit".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Sweden</span>

Human rights in Sweden are largely protected in the country's constitution and ratified international law. The three Constitutional acts concerning human rights are Chapter 2 of the Instrument of Government, Regeringsformen, the Freedom of the Press Act, Tryckfrihetsförordningen (1949) and Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression, Yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen (1991). Additionally, the European Convention on Human Rights has been incorporated into Swedish domestic law since 1995.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in the Dominican Republic</span>

Human rights in the Dominican Republic constitute the civil and political rights and freedoms legally protected under the Constitution of the Dominican Republic and enforced by the government through common and statutory law. The majority of human rights disputes are presided over by the highest court of constitutional appeal, the Dominican Constitutional Tribunal. These rights and freedoms have developed over time in accordance with the Dominican Republic's expansion from the former Spanish colony of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo to its modern state formation. The history of human rights in the state have also been marked by the oscillation between democratic administrations, such as the current presidency of Danilo Medina, and authoritarian administrations, most significantly the dictatorial regime of Rafael Trujillo between 16 August 1930 and 16 August 1938. As a member of the Organization of American States and the United Nations, the Dominican Republic is party to myriad legal treaties and covenants which propagate the human rights standards of the international community and have integrated the majority of these human rights directives into their domestic legislation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Portugal</span> Human right laws in Portugal

Portugal is generally considered as successful in upholding the civil liberties and protecting the human rights of its citizens. Portugal has proved to be determined in promoting and respecting human rights at an international and national level. The country's minister of Justice as of September 2018, Francisca Van Dunem, said that Portugal has had "a good track record" on human rights but violations still do persist.

Human rights in Norway protect the fundamental rights of all persons within the Kingdom of Norway. These rights are safeguarded by Chapter E of the Constitution of Norway or Kongeriket Norges Grunnlov, as well as the ratification of various international treaties facilitated by the United Nations. The country maintains a dedicated commitment to human rights and was the second country to ratify the European Convention on Human Rights.

References

  1. 1 2 "Human rights in Denmark". The Danish Institute for Human Rights. The Danish Institute for Human Rights. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
  2. 1 2 3 Ersen, J; Madsen, M (2011). "The End of Virtue? Denmark and the Internationalisation of Human Rights". Nordic Journal of International Law. 80 (3): 257–277. doi:10.1163/157181011X581164.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Amnesty International (2018). "Amnesty International Report 2017/2018" (PDF). Amnesty International.
  4. 1 2 "The Constitutional Act of Denmark". Folketinget: The Danish Parliament. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
  5. 1 2 Gylfason, Thorvaldur (2017). "The Anatomy of Constitution Making: From Denmark in 1849 to Iceland in 2017" (PDF). CESifo Working Paper Series.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Human rights in Danish law". The Danish Institute for Human Rights. The Danish Institute for Human Rights. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
  7. 1 2 3 "Denmark - Constitution". www.servat.unibe.ch. 1992. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
  8. 1 2 "What is the European Convention on Human Rights?". Human Rights in the UK. Amnesty International UK. 2018. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
  9. ↑ Ma, Yue (2000-05-01). "The European Court of Human Rights and the Protection of the Rights of Prisoners and Criminal Defendants Under the European Convention on Human Rights". International Criminal Justice Review. 10 (1): 54–80. doi:10.1177/105756770001000104. ISSN   1057-5677. S2CID   144717382.
  10. ↑ "European Convention on Human Rights". The Danish Institute for Human Rights. The Danish Institute for Human Rights. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  11. ↑ "Complete list of the Council of Europe's Treaties". Council of Europe. Council of Europe Treaty Office. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
  12. ↑ "What is the European Court of Human Rights?". Equality and Human Rights Commission. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  13. 1 2 "Denmark". Freedom House. Freedom House. 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  14. 1 2 "Protests in Denmark as 'burqa ban' comes into effect". The Guardian. Reuters in Copenhagen. 2018-08-01. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  15. 1 2 3 Sorensen, Martin Selsoe (2018-12-20). "Denmark, With an Eye on Muslims, Requires New Citizens to Shake Hands". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  16. ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations. United Nations. 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  17. 1 2 3 Ferstman, Carla; Gray, Tony (2018). Contemporary Human Rights Challenges: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its Continuing Relevance. Boca Raton, FL: Routledge. pp. x–2.
  18. ↑ Blum, William (2004). Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II (2nd ed.). Common Courage Press. ISBN   9781567510522.
  19. 1 2 Becket, James (August 1970). "The Greek Case Before the European Human Rights Commission". Human Rights. American Bar Association. 1 (1): 91–117. JSTOR   27878926.
  20. 1 2 Vik, Hanne Hagtvedt; Jensen, Steven LB; Lindkvist, Linde; Strang, Johan (October 2018). "Histories of Human Rights in the Nordic Countries". Nordic Journal of Human Rights. 36 (3): 189–201. doi: 10.1080/18918131.2018.1522750 .
  21. 1 2 Snyder, Sarah B (2011). Human Rights Activism and the End of the Cold War: A Transnational History of the Helsinki Network . Cambridge University Press. pp.  115–120. ISBN   9781107001053.
  22. 1 2 Abend/Vordingborg, Lisa (2019-01-16). "An Island for 'Unwanted' Migrants Is Denmark's Latest Aggressive Anti-Immigrant Policy". Time. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  23. ↑ "Denmark approves plan to send foreign criminals to tiny island". The Guardian. Reuters. 2018-12-20. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2019-06-08.
  24. 1 2 Gargiulo, Susanne; Guy, Jack (2018-12-06). "Denmark plans to isolate 'unwanted' migrants on remote island". CNN. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
  25. ↑ "Denmark: Lowest number of asylum seekers ever | European Website on Integration". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  26. ↑ Fischer, Ivan (2022-01-28). "Why Denmark is complicit in the Abuse of Asylum Seekers and Refugees?". Brussels Morning Newspaper. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  27. ↑ "Denmark asylum: The Syrian refugees no longer welcome to stay". BBC News. 2021-05-19. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  28. ↑ Monitor, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights. "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor - Denmark's designation of Syria as 'safe' is dangerous, inhumane, and illegal". Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  29. 1 2 3 4 "Denmark: Pervasive "rape culture" and endemic impunity for rapists exposed". Amnesty International. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  30. ↑ "Violence against women: an EU-wide survey. Main results report" . Human Rights Documents online. doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9992-2014010 . Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  31. ↑ "Does Denmark have a 'pervasive' rape problem?". BBC News. 2019-03-11. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  32. ↑ "Ratifications for Denmark" ilo.org
  33. ↑ Indigenous rights outlined by UN Archived September 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine BBC News, 13 September 2007.
  34. ↑ The Inuit of the Arctic
  35. ↑ Hardt, Sofia Stærmose (2018). "By Gifts One Makes Slaves": Long-term Effects of Denmark's Colonization of Greenland (Senior project). Bard College.
  36. ↑ Report published by the Greenland Reconciliation Commission
  37. ↑ Equal treatment of Greenlandic persons in Denmark conducted for the Danish Institute for Human Rights by the National Centre for Social Research, 15 May 2015.
  38. ↑ Dictionary Of Public Administration, U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.
  39. ↑ Kidner, Frank L.; Bucur, Maria; Mathisen, Ralph; McKee, Sally; Weeks, Theodore R. (2013), Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume II: Since 1550, Cengage Learning, p. 668, ISBN   978-1-285-50027-0
  40. ↑ Osborne, Louise; Russell, Ruby (27 December 2015). "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'". TheGuardian.com . Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  41. ↑ Chouinard, Stéphanie (2016), "Stateless nations", in Cordell, Karl; Wolff, Stefan (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, Routledge, pp. 54–66, ISBN   9781317518921
  42. ↑ Monitor, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights. "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor - Denmark: Ghetto Package is discriminatory, unnecessarily punitive and counterproductive". Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  43. ↑ Rule, Sheila (1989-10-02). "Rights for Gay Couples in Denmark". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  44. ↑ "Gay marriage legalised". CPH Post Online. 2012-06-07. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  45. ↑ Williams, Steve (2016-05-20). "Denmark to the WHO: Trans Identity Is Not a Mental Illness". Care2 Causes. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  46. ↑ Simon, Caroline (2018-06-20). "Being transgender no longer classified as mental illness. Here's why". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  47. ↑ Reed, Geoffrey M.; Drescher, Jack; Krueger, Richard B.; Atalla, Elham; Cochran, Susan D.; First, Michael B.; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T.; Arango-de Montis, Iván; Parish, Sharon J.; Cottler, Sara; Briken, Peer; Saxena, Shekhar (October 2016). "Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations". World Psychiatry. 15 (3): 205–221. doi:10.1002/wps.20354. PMC   5032510 . PMID   27717275.
Kingdom of Denmark
Faroe Islands
Greenland


Freedom in the World Score, Freedom House [1]

 20152016201720182019
CountryPRCLFreePRCLFreePRCLFreePRCLFreePRCLFreePts
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free97
  1. ↑ "Freedom in the World Countries | Freedom House". freedomhouse.org. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.