Kirron Kher

Last updated

Gautam Berry
​
​
(m. 1979;div. 1985)​
Anupam Kher
​
(m. 1985)​
Kirron Kher
Kiron kher colors indian telly awards.jpg
Kher at Indian Telly Awards in 2012
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
In office
16 May 2014 –26 May 2024
Children Sikandar Kher (son)
Residences
Occupation
  • Actress
  • television personality
  • entertainment producer
  • singer
  • politician
  • socio-political activist

Kirron Anupam Kher (also Kiran [2] or, Kiron, [3] [4] born 14 June 1952) is an Indian politician, actress, television personality, singer, and entertainment producer. She is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party and in May 2014 was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Indian Parliament, from Chandigarh. [5] Through her film career, she is the recipient of two National Film Awards and four Filmfare Award nominations.

Contents

Early life

Kiran Thakar Singh Sandhu was born on 14 June 1952 in Bangalore, Mysore State, India [1] into a Punjabi family and grew up in Chandigarh. [6] [7] During the period of her first marriage to Gautam Berry, she was known as 'Kiran Berry'. When she married Anupam Kher, she resumed her maiden name and also added her latest husband's surname, being known as 'Kiran Thakar Singh Kher'. In later life, she developed a firm belief in numerology, and in 2003 (aged 51), she changed her name from "Kiran" to "Kirron" based on numerological calculations, [8] dropped her maiden names, and came to be known as 'Kirron Kher.' She is sometimes known as 'Grandma India.'

Kirron has one brother and two sisters. Her brother, the artist Amardeep Singh Sandhu, died in 2003. [9] One of her sisters is the Arjuna Award–winning badminton player, Kanwal Thakar Kaur. Her other sister, Sharanjit Kaur Sandhu, is the wife of a retired senior officer of the Indian Navy.

Kirron went to school in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, [10] and completed her school education in Chandigarh, and then graduated from the Department of Indian Theatre of Panjab University, Chandigarh.

Career

Kirron made her film debut in 1983 in the Punjabi feature film Aasra Pyar Da, After this, she took a hiatus from films until 1996. [11] Between 1983 and 1996, she appeared in one film, Pestonjee (1987), in which she acted in a small role alongside her second husband Anupam Kher.

Her return to acting came in the mid–1990s, through theatre, with the play Saalgirah written by playwright Javed Siddiqui and directed by Feroz Abbas Khan. [3] She then hosted three television shows, starting with the short–lived Purushkshetra on Zee TV which got attention for bringing out the discussion of alternative sexuality for the first time, while also highlighting women's issues. [12] Kirron Kher Today and Jagte Raho with Kirron Kher, before doing Hindi films. [13]

Her comeback film was Sardari Begum (1996), directed by Shyam Benegal. Her performance received high critical acclaim and earned her the National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film).

She then appeared in film director Rituparno Ghosh's Bengali film Bariwali (1999), to critical acclaim. [4] When she won the National Film Award for Best Actress for the film, a controversy arose as a Bangla film actress, Rita Koiral, claimed that she had dubbed for the character of Kirron, making her an equal claimant to the award. Kirron refuted the charges claiming she spent hours rehearsing for her dialogue delivery, and the award was eventually not shared. [4]

In 2002, Kher appeared in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's period romantic drama Devdas (2002), alongside Shahrukh Khan, Aishwarya Rai and Madhuri Dixit in which her performance received widespread critical acclaim, receiving her first nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.

In Khamosh Pani (Silent Waters) (2003), [14] a film that portrays the plight of a woman abducted during partition of India, her character not only refused to kill herself as suggested by her family, but marries her abductor and, after his death, makes an earning teaching Quran to local children. It shows how her life changes dramatically when her son takes up Islamic extremism in 1979 during the rule of Zia–ul–Haq and his process of Islamization of Pakistan. [15] She won the Best Actress Award at the Locarno International Film Festival, Switzerland, the Karachi International Film Festival, Karachi, and International Festivals at Ciepie in Argentina, [16] and Cape Town in South Africa [4] [17] while the film won the Best Film – Golden Leopard, Festival Grand Prize at Locarno. [18]

The 2004 Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles (IFFLA) paid tribute to Kher during its annual festival. [19] [20]

In October 2004, Kher made a guest appearance, along with her husband, in the American TV series ER playing Parminder Nagra's mother, Mrs. Rasgotra, in the episode "Damaged".[ citation needed ]

In 2005, she played the role of Sunanda in the tele-serial Prratima on Sahara One channel, before which she had appeared in TV series like Dil Na Jaane Kyon (Zee TV), Isi Bahane, and Chausath Panne. [21]

Despite playing mostly supporting roles, her successful films include Main Hoon Na (2004), Hum Tum (2004), Veer-Zaara (2004), and Mangal Pandey: The Rising (2005), where her performance drew rave reviews. [22] Her work in Rang De Basanti (2006) was also acclaimed with her performance earning her a second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress. Her role in Fanaa (2006) and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006) also received appreciation, receiving her third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for the latter.

Kirron with husband Anupam in 2012 Anupam Kher, Kirron Kher at Esha Deol's wedding reception 12.jpg
Kirron with husband Anupam in 2012

Adding to her list of comical roles in 2008 she appeared in Singh Is Kinng , Saas Bahu Aur Sensex and Dostana , receiving her fourth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for the lattermost. In 2009, she appeared as judge on India's Got Talent , the Indian franchise of the Got Talent series.

Socio-political activism

Kirron Kher has been involved with non-profit movements such as Laadli (a campaign against female infanticide) and Roko Cancer (a campaign for awareness of cancer). [23] [24] She joined the Bhartiya Janata Party in 2009. [25] She campaigned for the party in across the country during the elections, including in Chandigarh for the 2011 municipal corporation elections. [26] She has been a vocal admirer of BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate Narendra Modi since long before his candidature was announced. [27] Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP) declared her as the Lok Sabha candidate from Chandigarh for General Elections, 2014. Subsequently, in May 2014, she won the seat with 1,91,362 votes, defeating sitting MP, Congress leader Pawan Bansal who received 1,21,720 votes, while AAP's Gul Panag came in third position with 1,08,679 votes. [28] [29]

As a Member of parliament from Chandigarh and having connection with the film industry, Kirron promised a film city for Chandigarh. After winning the seat, she said that she had difficulty in acquiring land in Chandigarh. [30] However, her proposal was accepted by the Chandigarh Administration and the film city is proposed to be set up in Sarangpur, Chandigarh. [31]

Kirron Kher, BJP candidate, won in 2019 Indian general election Chandigarh constituency by a margin of 46,970 votes. [32] [33]

Controversy

After a woman was gang raped by an auto rickshaw driver and his accomplices in Chandigarh in 2017, she suggested that women should avoid traveling with strangers, earning widespread criticism from the opposition and social media. [34] [35]

Personal life

Kirron married Gautam Berry, a Mumbai–based businessman, in first week of March 1979, and had a son, Sikandar Kher. [36]

In Mumbai, Kirron tried throughout the 1980s to get a foothold in the film industry, but without success. While visiting producer after producer seeking a role in films, Kirron renewed her acquaintance with Anupam Kher, who was also a similarly struggling actor, and whom she had known slightly at university in Chandigarh. [37] Moving in the same theatre circles, they worked together in a play called Chandpuri Ki Champabai. In 1985, after Anupam had secured a break in films with Saaransh (1984), Kirron divorced her first husband. [38]

Filmography

YearFilmRoleLanguageNotes
2014 Punjab 1984 Satwant Kaur (Shiva's mother)Punjabi
Khoobsurat Manju (Mili's mother)Hindi
Total Siyapaa Asha's mother
Gunday Courtesan (Deleted scene)
2012 Ajab Gazabb Love Rashmi Grewal
2011 Mummy Punjabi Baby R. Arora
2010 Action Replayy Bholi Devi
Milenge Milenge Tarot Card Reader
Alexander the Great Malayalam
2009 Kurbaan Nasreen AapaHindi
Kambakkht Ishq Aunt Dolly
2008 Dostana Mrs. Seema Acharya (Sam's mother)Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
Saas Bahu Aur Sensex Binita Sen [39]
Singh Is Kinng Rose Lady (Sonia's mother)
2007 Om Shanti Om Bela Makhija (Om's mother)
Apne Raavi B. Choudhary
Just Married Shobha Chaturvedi
2006 I See You Mrs. Dutt
Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna Kamaljit 'Kamal' SaranNominated – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
Fanaa Nafisa Ali Begum (Zooni's mother)
Rang De Basanti Mitro (DJ's Mother)Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
2005 Mangal Pandey: The Rising Lol Bibi
It Could Be YouMrs. Dhillon English
2004 Veer–Zaara Mariam Hayaat Khan (Zaara's mother)Hindi
Hum Tum Parminder 'Bobby' Prakash (Rhea's mother)
Main Hoon Na Madhu Sharma
Khamosh Pani Veero/Ayesha KhanPunjabi, Urdu Lux Style Award for Best Film Actress
2002 Karz: The Burden of Truth Savitri DeviHindi
Devdas Sumitra ChakrabortyNominated – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
2001 Ehsaas: The Feeling Antra's mother
1999 Bariwali Banalata Bengali National Film Award for Best Actress
1997 Darmiyaan: In Between Zeenat BegumHindi / Assamese
1996 Sardari Begum Sardari Begum Hindi National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)
1988 Pestonjee Soona Mistrycredited as Kirron Thakursingh–Kher
1983Aasra Pyaar DaSheela Punjabi

Television

YearProgramLanguageRoleNotes
2009–present India's Got Talent HindiJudge
2004 ER EnglishMrs. RasgotraEpisode: Damaged
Prratima HindiSunanda Sukumar Roy
1999–2000 Kanyadaan Hindi
1999Gubbare [40] Hindi
1988Isi BahaneHindi

Awards and nominations

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anupam Kher</span> Indian actor (born 1955)

Anupam Kher is an Indian actor, director and producer who works primarily in Hindi cinema. Throughout a career spanning over four decades, he has acted in more than 500 films and has received numerous accolades, A veteran of Indian cinema. he has played a variety of characters including numerous critically acclaimed leading or supporting roles. Kher is recipient of two National Film Awards and eight Filmfare Awards for his acting performance. The Government of India awarded him the Padma Shri in 2004 and the Padma Bhushan in 2016 for his contribution to Indian cinema and arts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Filmfare Award for Best Actor</span> Award

The Filmfare Award for Best Actor is an award, which is presented annually at the Filmfare Awards to an actor via a jury; it is given by Filmfare for Hindi (Bollywood) films. The award was first given in 1954. The most recent winner, as of 2024, is Ranbir Kapoor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Waheeda Rehman</span> Indian actress (born 1938)

Waheeda Rehman is an Indian actress. Regarded as one of Hindi cinema's most accomplished actresses, she has worked in more than 90 feature films, in a career spanning over five decades. Her accolades include a National Film Award and three Filmfare Awards. She was honoured with India's civilian awards; the Padma Shri in 1972 and the Padma Bhushan in 2011. In 2021 she was honoured with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in the field of cinema, but was awarded in 2023.

<i>Rang De Basanti</i> 2006 film by Rakesh Omprakash Mehra

Rang De Basanti is a 2006 Indian Hindi-language epic coming-of-age socio-political action crime film written, produced, and directed by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra. The film stars an ensemble cast including Aamir Khan, Siddharth, Atul Kulkarni, Sharman Joshi, Kunal Kapoor, British actress Alice Patten, and Soha Ali Khan. It follows a British film student traveling to India to document the story of five freedom fighters of the Indian revolutionary movement. She befriends and casts five young men in the film, which inspires them to fight against the evils of their own present-day government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra</span> Indian film director

Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra is an Indian film director, occasional actor and screenwriter. He is best known for writing and directing the drama Rang De Basanti (2006) and the biographical sports film Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2013), winning two Filmfare Awards for Best Director. He also wrote and directed the supernatural action thriller Aks (2001) and the drama Delhi-6 (2009).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress</span> International Indian Film Academy Award

The IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress is chosen by the viewers and the winner is announced at the ceremony.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor</span> International Indian Film Academy Award

The IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor recognizes a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role. The award is chosen by the viewers and the winner is announced at the ceremony. Saif Ali Khan, Arjun Rampal, Anil Kapoor and Abhishek Bachchan are leading with 2 wins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rohini Hattangadi</span> Indian actress

Rohini Hattangadi is an Indian actress, known for her work in Marathi, Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, and Gujarati films, and Marathi soap operas and theatre. She has won two Filmfare Awards, one National Film Award, and is the only Indian actress to win the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her performance as Kasturba Gandhi in Gandhi (1982).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gul Panag</span> Indian actress

Gul Panag is an Indian actress, voice actress, and model. She was crowned Femina Miss India Universe 1999 and represented India at Miss Universe 1999. She began her career in Hindi films with the 2003 film Dhoop directed by Nagesh Kukunoor and since then, she has starred in several films like Jurm along with the TV series Kashmeer.

<i>Bariwali</i> 2000 West Bengal film

Bariwali (LandLady) is a West Bengal film released in 2000 directed by Rituparno Ghosh. The film features Kirron Kher, Roopa Ganguly, and Chiranjeet Chakraborty.

<i>Deewana Mastana</i> 1997 Indian film

Deewana Mastana is a 1997 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film directed by David Dhawan. The film stars Govinda, Anil Kapoor, and Juhi Chawla in pivotal roles. Johnny Lever, Anupam Kher, Reema Lagoo, Shakti Kapoor, Saeed Jaffrey, and Kader Khan have supporting roles, while Salman Khan makes a special appearance. This film was dedicated to Manmohan Desai. Johnny Lever received the Filmfare award for Best Comedian for his performance on this film. The film was a success upon its release. The film was remade in Telugu as Nuvva Nena in 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Feroz Abbas Khan</span> Indian theatre and film director, playwright, and screenwriter

Feroz Abbas Khan is an Indian theatre and film director, playwright and screenwriter, who is most known for directing plays like Mughal-e-Azam, Saalgirah, Tumhari Amrita (1992), Salesman Ramlal and Gandhi Viruddh Gandhi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mahie Gill</span> Indian actress

Rimpy Kaur "Mahie" Gill is an Indian actress, working in the Hindi and Punjabi film industries. She is best known for her role of Paro in Anurag Kashyap's critically acclaimed Hindi film Dev.D, a modern take on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's Bengali novella Devdas, for which she also won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress in 2010. She started her career in Punjabi films before making a debut in Bollywood with Dev.D.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Usha Kiran</span> Indian actress

Usha Kiran was an Indian actress. In a career spanning over four decades, she acted in over 50 Hindi and Marathi films, notably Daag (1952), Patita (1953), Baadbaan (1954), Chupke Chupke (1975), Mili (1975) and Bawarchi (1972). She was also the Sheriff of Mumbai during 1996 and 1997.

<i>Laadla</i> (1994 film) 1994 film by Raj Kanwar

Laadla is a 1994 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by Raj Kanwar, based on a screenplay written by Anees Bazmee. The film stars Sridevi and Anil Kapoor while Raveena Tandon, Anupam Kher, Farida Jalal, Shakti Kapoor, Prem Chopra, Aruna Irani, Mohnish Bahl and Paresh Rawal play supporting roles.The film is the remake of Kannada film Anuraga Aralithu (1986).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role</span>

The Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role is given by the producers of the film and television guild as part of its annual award ceremony for Hindi films, to recognise a female actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role. Following its inception in 2004, no one was awarded in 2005 and 2007.

<i>Pestonjee</i> 1988 Indian film

Pestonjee is a 1988 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by Vijaya Mehta, starring Anupam Kher, Naseeruddin Shah and Shabana Azmi, based on a story by film journalist B. K. Karanjia.

Kiran Singh (1947-2005) was a Bollywood film producer and story writer. She was one of the founders/partners of Shiv Bhakti Films, a company predominantly involved with the production of Indian films. After the Shiv Bhakti Films banner was retired in the early 1990s, Kiran Singh continued her film production activities with Shree Shiv Bhakti Films.

The 13th Screen Awards also The Hero Honda 13th Annual Star Screen Awards ceremony, presented by Indian Express Group, honored the best Indian Hindi-language films of 2006. The ceremony was held on 6 January 2007 at Bandra Kurla Complex Ground, Mumbai, hosted by Raju Srivastav and Navin Prabhakar. And it was telecasted on 14 January 2007, StarPlus.

References

  1. 1 2 "Members : Lok Sabha". Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  2. ↑ "Always there, from tiny steps to big leaps". Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Indian Express , 12 May 2002.
  3. 1 2 "Once more, with feeling". Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). desimatch.com
  4. 1 2 3 4 'Art knows no boundary' Archived 10 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Daily Star , 3 December 2003.
  5. ↑ "Election results: BJP's Kirron Kher wins from Chandigarh, Naveen Jindal finishes third - Times of India ►". The Times of India. 16 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  6. ↑ "Sikandar is blessed to have Anupam as his stepfather: Kiran Kher". The Times of India. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  7. ↑ "Distinguished Alumni". Panjab University. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  8. ↑ Numerology: Bust or boom? The Times of India, 20 August 2003.
  9. ↑ All love and Kher Archived 10 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Hindu , 19 August 2004.
  10. ↑ "Shifting roles, yet 'keeping it real'". Hindustan Times. 3 April 2014. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  11. ↑ "Films are to entertain, not preach: Kirron Kher". Archived from the original on 30 March 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) The Peninsula , 28 April 2008.
  12. ↑ The Making of Neoliberal India: Nationalism, Gender, and the Paradoxes of Globalization, by Rupal Oza, Published by CRC Press, 2006. ISBN   0-415-95186-0. Page 63.
  13. ↑ Kirron Kher’s stock zooms higher! Archived 26 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Times of India , 22 September 2008.
  14. ↑ 56th Locarno International Film Festival in Switzerland Archived 5 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Tribune , 18 August 2003.
  15. ↑ Kiron Kher's film releases in New York Archived 10 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Rediff.com, 8 October 2004.
  16. ↑ Visiting Pakistan was like a pilgrimage: Kiron Kher Archived 17 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine Times of India, 20 July 2004.
  17. ↑ Mrs Kher comes calling – page 2 Archived 8 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine Times of India, 16 October 2004.
  18. ↑ Silent waves, still waters Archived 10 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Hindu, 2 December 2004.
  19. ↑ IFFLA 2004 Film Schedule, 8:00pm: Tribute to Kirron Kher Archived 16 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles (IFFLA).
  20. ↑ a tribute to award-winning actress Kiron Kher Archived 10 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Tribune , 22 March 2004.
  21. ↑ Many shades, same delight Archived 10 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Hindu, 31 January 2005.
  22. ↑ Kiron Kher Archived 11 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine at Rotten Tomatoes.
  23. ↑ "Kirron Kher prefers social work to politics". DNA. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  24. ↑ "A walk against cancer". The Times of India. 6 March 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  25. ↑ "Kiran Kher joins BJP". The Times of India. 26 April 2009. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  26. ↑ Surender Sharma (30 January 2014). "BJP to take partymen's view on Kirron Kher's Chandigarh ticket". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014.
  27. ↑ "YouTube". Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2014– via YouTube.
  28. ↑ "Kirron Kher wins Chandigarh". The Indian Express. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 16 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  29. ↑ "Election results: BJP's Kirron Kher wins from Chandigarh, Naveen Jindal finishes third". The Times of India. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 16 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  30. ↑ "Trying to get Film City for Chandigarh soon: Kirron Kher | Business Standard News". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 25 August 2014. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  31. ↑ "Official Website of Chandigarh Administration". Chandigarh.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  32. ↑ "Lok Sabha Election Results Live UPdates: BJP leading in 348 seats, UPA at 94". Freepressjournal : Latest Indian news,Live updates. 24 May 2019. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  33. ↑ "From Sunny Deol to Urmila Matondkar, here's how star candidates fared in Lok Sabha Polls". News Nation. 24 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  34. ↑ "Never Blamed Or Shamed Gang-Rape Survivor, Says Kirron Kher After Outrage". Archived from the original on 10 December 2017.
  35. ↑ "Kirron Kher shames Chandigarh rape victim, enraged Twitterati erupt". Archived from the original on 9 December 2017.
  36. ↑ Kiran Kher on her son, Sikander Archived 10 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Rediff.com, 2 June 2008.
  37. ↑ "Anupam Kher visits dept of theatre, remembers old days - Times of India". The Times of India. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  38. ↑ "Second Time Lucky In Love: A Beautiful Love Story Of Anupam Kher And Kirron Kher". BollywoodShaadis. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  39. ↑ "Kirron Kher no longer the Punjabi woman - Indian Express".
  40. ↑ "Tribuneindia... Film and tv". www.tribuneindia.com.
  41. ↑ Award Citations – 2003 Kara Awards Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine Karachi International Film Festival Official website.
Lok Sabha
Preceded by Member of Parliament
for Chandigarh
2014		Incumbent
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.