The National Natural Landmarks (NNLs) in Wisconsin include 18 of the almost 600 such landmarks in the United States. [1] They cover areas of geological, biological and historical importance, and include dune and swales, swamps, bogs, and virgin forests. [1] Several of the sites provide habitat for rare or endangered plant and animal species. The Driftless Area in southwest Wisconsin is known for its rare species, especially in the Baraboo Range. [1] Owners include private individuals, Native American tribes, and several county, state and federal agencies. [1] These landmarks were designed between 1967 and 1987. [1] They vary in size between 44 and 53,531 acres (18 and 21,663 hectares). [1]
The National Natural Landmarks Program is administered by the National Park Service, a branch of the Department of the Interior. The National Park Service determines which properties meet NNL criteria and, after notifying the owners, makes nomination recommendations. The Secretary of the Interior reviews nominations and, based on a set of predetermined criteria, makes a decision on NNL designation or a determination of eligibility for designation. Both public and privately owned properties can be designated as NNLs. Owners may object to the nomination of the property as a NNL. [2] This designation provides indirect, partial protection of the historic integrity of the properties via tax incentives, grants, monitoring of threats, and other means. [3]
Name | Image | Date | Location | County | Size (acres) | Ownership | Description | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Abraham's Woods | 1973 | 42°40′58″N89°29′2″W / 42.68278°N 89.48389°W | Green | 44 | state | A remnant of regional climax maple-basswood forest. | |
2 | Avoca River-Bottom Prairie | 1980 | 43°12′3″N90°18′17″W / 43.20083°N 90.30472°W | Iowa | 762 | state | The largest intact prairie in Wisconsin. | |
3 | Baraboo Range | 1980 | 43°25′30″N89°39′20″W / 43.42500°N 89.65556°W | Columbia / Sauk | 53,531 | state, private | An example of an exhumed mountain range. | |
4 | Bose Lake Hemlock Hardwoods | 1980 | 45°55′56″N88°58′19″W / 45.93222°N 88.97194°W | Forest | 62 | federal | The best virgin stand of hemlock in Wisconsin. Part of Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest. | |
5 | Cave of the Mounds | 1987 | 43°1′5″N89°48′58″W / 43.01806°N 89.81611°W | Dane | 63 | private | Cave richly decorated with cave formations of most known varieties. | |
6 | Cedarburg Bog | 1973 | 43°23′14″N88°0′27″W / 43.38722°N 88.00750°W | Ozaukee | 2817 | state, private | The largest and most outstanding bog in southeastern Wisconsin. | |
7 | Chippewa River Bottoms | – | 1973 | Buffalo | 8086 | federal, state | The largest single stand of bottomland hardwood forest along the once widespread post-glacial forest. | |
8 | Chiwaukee Prairie | 1973 | 42°33′18″N88°49′0″W / 42.55500°N 88.81667°W | Kenosha | 485 | state, private | The best remaining wet prairie in Wisconsin along the shore of Lake Michigan. | |
9 | Finnerud Forest Scientific Area | 1973 | 45°51′29″N89°44′53″W / 45.85806°N 89.74806°W | Oneida | 117 | state | An excellent representative of the northern coniferous forest complex. | |
10 | Flambeau River Hemlock-Harwood Forest | 1973 | 45°44′54″N90°45′51″W / 45.74833°N 90.76417°W | Price / Sawyer | 391 | state | The best and largest remnant of old-growth conifer-hardwood forest in Wisconsin. | |
11 | Kakagon Sloughs | 1973 | 46°39′44″N90°44′28″W / 46.66222°N 90.74111°W | Ashland | 2932 | Bad River Tribe, Private | One of the finest marsh complexes on the upper Great Lakes. | |
12 | Kickapoo River Natural Area | – | 1975 | 43°53′53″N90°27′27″W / 43.89806°N 90.45750°W | Vernon | 5841 | federal, state | The largest undisturbed concentration of exposed seeping sandstone in Wisconsin. Flora and river meanderings typical of the Driftless Area |
13 | Moquah Barrens Research Natural Area | 1980 | 46°37′35″N91°15′0″W / 46.62639°N 91.25000°W | Bayfield | 632 | federal | Representative of the jack pine-scrub oak barrens (savannas) of the glacial outwash area. Found in the Chequamegon National Forest of northwestern Wisconsin. | |
14 | Point Beach Ridges | 1980 | 44°12′49″N87°30′55″W / 44.21361°N 87.51528°W | Manitowoc | 151 | state | Alternating ridges and swales formed by previous water levels of Lake Michigan. | |
15 | The Ridges Sanctuary | 1967 | 45°4′22″N87°7′7″W / 45.07278°N 87.11861°W | Door | 2281 | federal, state | A series of sand ridges and swales with associated boreal forest and bog vegetation. | |
16 | Spruce Lake Bog | 1967 | 43°40′14″N88°12′4″W / 43.67056°N 88.20111°W | Fond du Lac | 162 | state, private | A superb, unspoiled example of a northern bog. | |
17 | Summerton Bog | 1973 | 43°45′3″N89°31′23″W / 43.75083°N 89.52306°W | Marquette | 266 | private | An undisturbed and floristically diverse area providing habitat for many rare plant and animal species. | |
18 | Wyalusing Hardwood Forest | 1973 | 42°58′47″N91°6′31″W / 42.97972°N 91.10861°W | Grant | 214 | state | Contains several rare plant species and abundant wildlife, including some endangered species. | |
Source: [1] |
The Driftless Area, a region in the American Midwest, comprises southwestern Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, and the extreme northwestern corner of Illinois. It was never covered by ice during the last ice age, and therefore lacks glacial deposits, also termed drift. Its landscape is characterized by steep hills, forested ridges, deeply carved river valleys, and karst geology with spring-fed waterfalls and cold-water trout streams. Ecologically, the Driftless Area's flora and fauna are more closely related to those of the Great Lakes region and New England than those of the broader Midwest and central Plains regions. The steep riverine landscape of both the Driftless Area proper and the surrounding Driftless-like region are the result of early glacial advances that forced preglacial rivers that flowed into the Great Lakes southward, causing them to carve a gorge across bedrock cuestas, thereby forming the modern incised upper Mississippi River valley. The region has elevations ranging from 603 to 1,719 feet at Blue Mound State Park, and together with the Driftless-like region, covers 24,000 square miles (62,200 km2).
Devil's Lake State Park is a state park located in the Baraboo Range in eastern Sauk County, just south of Baraboo, Wisconsin. It is around thirty-five miles northwest of Madison, and is on the western edge of the last ice-sheet deposited during the Wisconsin glaciation. The state park encompasses 9,217 acres (3,730 ha), making it the largest in Wisconsin. The state park is known for its 500-foot-high (150 m) quartzite bluffs along the 360-acre (150 ha) Devil's Lake, which was created by a glacier depositing terminal moraines that plugged the north and south ends of the gap in the bluffs during the last ice age approximately 12,000 years ago. The sand at the bottom of Devil's Lake is thought to be deposited by glaciers.
The National Natural Landmarks (NNL) Program recognizes and encourages the conservation of outstanding examples of the natural history of the United States. It is the only national natural areas program that identifies and recognizes the best examples of biological and geological features in both public and private ownership. The program was established on May 18, 1962, by United States Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall.
Buffalo River State Park is a state park of Minnesota, United States, conserving a prairie bisected by the wooded banks of the Buffalo River. Together with the adjacent Bluestem Prairie Scientific and Natural Area owned by The Nature Conservancy, it protects one of the largest and highest-quality prairie remnants in Minnesota. With the closest swimming lake to the Fargo–Moorhead metropolitan area, however, it is most popular for swimming and picnicking. The 1,068-acre (432 ha) park is located just off U.S. Route 10 in Clay County, 4.5 miles (7.2 km) east of Glyndon and 14 miles (23 km) east of Moorhead.
Big Bog State Recreation Area, a recent addition to the Minnesota state park system, is located on Minnesota State Highway 72, north of Waskish, Minnesota. It covers 9,459 acres (38.3 km2), primarily swamps, bogs, and upland "islands".
Lake Agassiz Peatlands Natural Area is a 25,411-acre (10,283 ha) National Natural Landmark located in Koochiching County, Minnesota. Designated in November 1965 under the Historic Sites Act, its ownership and oversight are provided by the National Park Service of the United States. This designation from the United States Secretary of the Interior, gives it recognition as an outstanding example of the nation's natural history. The designation describes it as
An example of the extensive peatlands occupying the bed of ancient glacial Lake Agassiz, illustrating the process of peat accumulation over about 11,000 years. The area contains Myrtle Lake Bog, which developed contrary to the usual successional process of lake filling, and is an excellent example of both raised and string bogs.
Wisconsin, a state in the Midwestern United States, has a vast and diverse geography famous for its landforms created by glaciers during the Wisconsin glaciation 17 thousand years ago. The state can be generally divided into five geographic regions—Lake Superior Lowland, Northern Highland, Central Plain, Eastern Ridges & Lowlands, and Western Upland. The southwestern part of the state, which was not covered by glaciers during the most recent ice age, is known as the Driftless Area. The Wisconsin glaciation formed the Wisconsin Dells, Devil's Lake, and the Baraboo Range. A number of areas are protected in the state, including Devil's Lake State Park, the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, and the Chequamegon–Nicolet National Forest.
The Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve is an ecological research site located primarily in East Bethel, Minnesota in the counties of Anoka and Isanti on the northern edge of the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area.
The Aldo Leopold Shack and Farm is a historic farm on Levee Road in rural Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States. The property was acquired in the 1930s as a family summer retreat by the noted conservationist and writer Aldo Leopold and is the landscape that inspired his conservation ethic and the writing of his best-known work, A Sand County Almanac. The property is now owned and managed by the Aldo Leopold Foundation, which provides tours and other educational programs on the property and the adjacent visitors center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009.
The Turtle-Flambeau Flowage is a 12,942 acres (52.37 km2) lake, in Iron County, Wisconsin. It has a maximum depth of 15 meters and is the seventh largest lake in the state of Wisconsin by surface area. The flowage is home to unique wetland patterns and plant species as well as several species of sport and game fish, including Musky, Panfish, Largemouth Bass, Smallmouth Bass, Northern Pike, Walleye and Sturgeon. The lake's water clarity is low, but can vary in different locations in the lake. Fishing, camping, boating, and hunting are popular activities on the flowage, and Ojibwe people traditionally harvest fish and game on the lake. Environmental concerns on the flowage include mercury contamination, algal blooms, and several types of invasive species.
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