List of South American animals extinct in the Holocene

Last updated

Map of South America South America (orthographic projection).svg
Map of South America

This is a list of South American animals extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE) [A] and continues to the present day. [1]

Contents

The list includes animal extinctions in the Falklands and other islands near the continent but not the Galápagos Islands, which has its own list of extinct animals. Extinct animals from the West Indies are covered in List of Antillian and Bermudan animals extinct in the Holocene. Extinctions from Easter Island, a territory of Chile in Polynesia, are covered in the List of Oceanian species extinct in the Holocene.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Opossums (order Didelphimorphia)

Opossums (family Didelphidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
Red-bellied gracile opossum Cryptonanus ignitus Jujuy, ArgentinaLast collected in 1962. The only known locality was destroyed by agriculture and urban development. [2]
Possibly extinct
Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
One-striped opossum Monodelphis unistriataSoutheastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina Only collected twice, in 1821 in Brazil and 1899 in Argentina. The causes of decline are unknown, but possibly related to habitat loss through logging and agriculture. [3]

Armadillos, pampatheres, and glyptodonts (order Cingulata)

Long-nosed armadillos (family Dasypodidae)

Scientific nameRangeComments
Propraopus sulcatus Eastern South AmericaMost recent remains at Toca do Serrote do Artur, Brazil dated to 6660-4880 BCE. [4]

Chlamyphorid armadillos and glyptodonts (family Chlamyphoridae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Doedicurus clavicaudatus South American pampas Most recent remains at Arroyo Seco, Argentina dated to 4765-4445 BCE. [4] Doedicurus BW.jpg
Eutatus seguini Northern Argentina and Uruguay Most recent remains at Arroyo Seco, Argentina dated to 6389-6060 BCE. [5]
Eutatus seguini skull.JPG
Glyptodon clavipes Eastern Brazil to the Argentinian pampa [6] Most recent remains at Toca do Serrote do Artur, Brazil dated to 6660-4880 BCE. [4] GLYPTODON.jpg
Glyptodon reticulatus Southern Brazil Found in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Upper Ribeira Valley, southeastern Sao Paulo, Brazil but without direct datation. [7] Glyptodon life restoration.jpg
Glyptotherium cylindricum Florida and Texas to northeastern Brazil Found in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Serra do Ramalho, Brazil but without direct datation. [8] Glyptotheriumm.jpg
Hoplophorus euphractus Eastern BrazilMost recent remains at Toca do Serrote do Artur, Brazil dated to 6660-4880 BCE. [4]
Hoplophorus euphractus tail.jpg
Neosclerocalyptus paskoensis [9] Southern South America Most recent remains in Paraguay dated to 5120 BCE. [10] Glyptodontidae - Sclerocalyptus ornatus reconstruction.jpg
Neuryurus sp.Eastern Argentina and UruguayMost recent remains at Lobería, Argentina dated to c. 19050-8050 BCE. [11]
Panochthus tuberculatus Argentina to southern BrazilFound in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Luján, Argentina but without direct datation. [12] PSM V13 D154 Panochthus tuberculatus.jpg

Pachyarmatheres (family Pachyarmatheriidae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Pachyarmatherium brasiliense Eastern BrazilFound in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Serra do Ramalho, Brazil but without direct datation. [8] Pachyarmatherium.jpg

Pampatheres (family Pampatheriidae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Holmesina majus Minas Gerais and Ceará, BrazilFound in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Serra do Ramalho, Brazil but without direct datation. [8]
Pampatherium sp. Mexico, Central and South America Pampatherium-bpk.jpg

Anteaters and sloths (order Pilosa)

Megalonychid ground sloths (family Megalonychidae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Ahytherium aureum Eastern BrazilFound in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Upper Ribeira Valley, southeastern Sao Paulo, Brazil but without direct datation. [7] Ahytherium.png

Giant ground sloths (family Megatheriidae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Eremotherium laurillardi Southern United States to BrazilMost recent remains in the Miranda River basin, Brazil dated to 5477-4170 BCE. [13] A-Pleistocene-meso-megamammals-from-Sergipe-Brazil.jpg
Megatherium americanum Temperate South America and the Andes Most recent remains at Campo Laborde, Argentina were dated to 5270-4310 BCE and show signs of human hunting and processing. [14] Megatherium americanum by sphenaphinae.png

Mylodonts (family Mylodontidae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Glossotherium robustum South AmericaMost recent remains at El Cautivo, Ecuador dated to 6810-6650 BCE. [4] Extm Glossotherium robustum rbh-hlmwh01913-12.jpg
Lestodon armatus Southern BrazilFound in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Upper Ribeira Valley, southeastern Sao Paulo, Brazil but without direct datation. [7] Lestodon life restoration.png
Mylodon darwini Pampas and Patagonia Most recent remains at Cueva del Milodón, Chile dated to 10935-8804 BCE. [15] Mylodon darwini cropped.png
Scelidodon chiliensis Western South AmericaMost recent remains at Pampa de los Fósiles, Peru, dated to 7160-6760 BCE. [4] Scelidodon.JPG

Scelidotherid ground sloths (family Scelidotheriidae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Catonyx cuvieri Eastern South AmericaMost recent remains at Lagoa Santa, Brazil dated to 7830-7430 BCE. [4]
Catonyx life reconstruction.jpg
Scelidotherium leptocephalum Southern South AmericaMost recent remains at Río Cuarto, Argentina dated to 5660-5540 BCE. [16] Scelidotherium leptocephalum side.jpg
Valgipes bucklandi Intertropical region of Brazil [8] Most recent remains at Lagoa Santa, Brazil dated to 9110-9030 BCE. [17] Valgipes bucklandi skull dorsal view.png

Nothrotheriid ground sloths (family Nothrotheriidae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Nothrotherium maquinense Eastern BrazilFound in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Serra do Ramalho, Brazil but without direct datation. [8] Nothrotherium.JPG

Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)

Gomphotheres (family Gomphotheriidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Cuvier's gomphothere [18] Cuvieronius hyodonCentral America to northern and central AndesMost recent remains at Quebrada Quereo, Chile dated to 7450-6850 BCE; however this date is not calibrated and the remains could be older. [19] Cuvieronius.jpg
Notiomastodon platensis South AmericaMost recently dated at El Totumo, Colombia, to 4170-4050 BCE; however this date is uncalibrated and the remains are assigned to the Late Glacial. Other remains from Toro, Valle del Cauca are assigned to the Holocene but with no direct date. [20] Calibrated remains at Itapipoca, Brazil were dated to 8209-5886 BCE, [13] and at El Cautivo, Ecuador to 6810-6650 BCE. [4] Notiomastodon paleoreconstruction.png

Rodents (order Rodentia)

Cavies (family Caviidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Galea tixiensis Río de la Plata basin to southern BoliviaMost recent remains at the Tandilia mountains, Argentina dated to around 950 CE. [21]
Giant capybara [22] Neochoerus sp. Southern United States to BrazilFound in sites of Minas Gerais, Bahia, and Rondonia, Brazil that date from the Late Pleistocene to early Holocene, but without exact dating. [8] Neochoerus pinckneyi paleoart by RunicPotato.jpg

Tuco-tucos (family Ctenomyidae)

Scientific nameRangeComments
Ctenomys viarapaensis Pampa de Achala, ArgentinaMost recent remains at Quebrada del Real 1 dated to 5410 BCE - 1590 CE. [23]

Neotropical spiny rats (family Echimyidae)

Scientific nameRangeComments
Clyomys riograndensis Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilMost recent remains dated to 1750 BCE. [24]
Dicolpomys fossor Río de la Plata basin and southern BrazilMost recent remains at Sambaquí de Puerto Landa, Argentina dated to 894-953 CE. [25]
Proclinodontomys mordax Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilMost recent remains dated to 5250 BCE. [24]

Rock rats, degus, and viscacha rats (family Octodontidae)

Scientific nameRangeComments
Octomys sp.Western ArgentinaMost recent remains at Vaquerías Gruta 1, Argentina dated to 1150 BCE - 1570 CE. Related to the Mountain viscacha rat but different enough to be a new species. [26]

Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family Cricetidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Bibimys massoiai Piauí, BrazilMost recent remains at Toca do Serrote do Artur dated to 6943-3656 BCE. [27]
Candango mouse Juscelinomys candango Brasília, BrazilLast collected in 1960. Presumed extinct when the area was urbanized. [28] Jusceliomys candango.jpg
Vespucci's giant rat Noronhomys vespuccii Fernando de Noronha Island, BrazilOnly recorded alive by Amerigo Vespucci in 1503; otherwise known from subfossil remains. [29]
Possibly extinct
Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Brucepattersonius talpinus Lagoa Santa, BrazilKnown from Quaternary fossils. [27]
Fossorial giant rat Gyldenstolpia fronto Chaco Basin to southeastern BrazilKnown from the holotype collected in the Argentinian Chaco in 1896, and four Quaternary fossils from Lagoa Santa, Brazil. [30] Gyldenstolpia fronto.jpg
Habrothrix clivigenis Lagoa Santa, BrazilKnown from Quaternary fossils. [27]
Juliomys anoblepas Calomys anoblepas Winge.png
Zuniga's dark rice rat Melanomys zunigaeLomas de Atocongo, near Lima, PeruLast recorded in 1949. Declined due to habitat degradation caused by goat grazing and mining activity. [31]
Oxymycterus cosmodius Lagoa Santa, BrazilKnown from Quaternary fossils. [27]

Bats (order Chiroptera)

Leaf-nosed bats (family Phyllostomidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
Giant vampire bat Desmodus draculaeEastern South AmericaMost recent remains in Centinela del Mar, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina dated to 1675-1755 AD. [32]

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)

Cats (family Felidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
South American saber-toothed cat Smilodon populatorEastern South AmericaMost recent remains at Itapipoca, Brazil dated to 7129-6239 BCE. [13] Smilodon pop2 15.jpg

Dogs (family Canidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Dire wolf Aenocyon dirus North America and western South AmericaMost recent remains at Talara, Peru dated to 7320-6840 BCE; however this date is uncalibrated and the age of the remains could be older. Other late remains from Luján, Argentina were older than the most recent stratigraphical section dated to 9050-8050 BCE. [33] The American Museum journal (c1900-(1918)) (Aenocyon dirus) transparent.png
Falkland Islands wolf Dusicyon australis Falkland Islands Exterminated by sheep farmers in 1876. [34] FalklandIslandFox2.jpg
Dusicyon avus Argentina and Uruguay Most recent remains in the Pampas dated to 1232-1397, and in southernmost Patagonia to 1454-1626. [35] Dusicyon avus Wikipedia Juandertal (cropped).jpg
Fuegian dog Lycalopex sp. Tierra del Fuego and possibly southern PatagoniaOnly domestic descendant of the culpeo, bred by the Selkʼnam people. Disappeared during the Selkʼnam genocide in the early 20th century. [36] [37] Fuegian dog (1863).jpg
Protocyon troglodytes Middle South America [38] to Yucatan [39] Most recent remains at Toca da Boa Vista, Brazil dated to 20,000-10,000 years ago. [33]

Bears (family Ursidae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Arctotherium bonariense ArgentinaRecorded from the Middle Pleistocene to the Early Holocene. [40] Arctotherium.jpg
Arctotherium tarijense Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, and ChileMost recent remains at Cueva de los Chingues, Chile dated to 9310-9210 BCE. [41]
Arctotherium wingei Northeastern South AmericaMost recent remains at Muaco, Venezuela dated to 7320-6840 BCE. However, this datation is uncalibrated and the remains could be older. [40]

Earless seals (family Phocidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Caribbean monk seal Neomonachus tropicalis Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico Last recorded in Venezuela before 1700. [42] The species was hunted for its skin, oil, and to remove competition for fishermen. [43] Cms-newyorkzoologicalsociety1910.jpg

Notoungulates (order Notoungulata)

Toxodonts (family Toxodontidae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Toxodon platensis South AmericaOne tooth found at Abismo Ponta da Flecha, Brazil was dated to 4650-1450 BCE when testing its enamel, and 6050-3450 BCE when testing its dentine. [4] Other remains at Itapipoca were dated to 7320-6099 BCE. [13] Toxodon NT small.jpg

Litopterns (order Litopterna)

Macrauchenids (family Macraucheniidae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Macrauchenia patachonica Southwestern South AmericaMost recent remains at Centinela del Mar, Argentina dated to 9381-9281 BCE. [44] Macrauchenia patachonica NT.jpg
Xenorhinotherium bahiense North and east South AmericaMost recent remains at Itapipoca, Brazil dated to 2267-1543 BCE. [13] Xenorhinotherium Life Reconstruction.png

Proterotheriids (family Proterotheriidae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Neolicaphrium recens Northern Argentina, Uruguay, and southern BrazilMost recent remains at the Dolores Formation, Uruguay dated to the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene, but without exact datation. [45] Neolicaphrium recens mandible, Sopas Formation, Uruguay.jpg

Odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla)

Horses and allies (family Equidae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Equus neogeus South AmericaMost recent remains at Toca do Serrote do Artur, Brazil dated to 6660-4880 BCE. [4] Amerhippus.jpg
Hippidion saldiasi Eastern and southern South America [46] [B] Most recent remains at Cueva del Medio, Chile dated to 10748-9456 BCE. [15] In San Vicente de Tagua Tagua, Chile Hippidion was dated indirectly to c. 9430 BCE; however this date was uncalibrated and the remains could be older. [19] Em - Hippidion sp. - 3.jpg

Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)

Camels and llamas (family Camelidae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Hemiauchenia paradoxa Northern Río de la Plata Basin and central Brazil [48] Found in Holocene sites of Argentina but without exact dates. [41] Hemiauchenia paradoxa.png
Palaeolama major Northern and eastern South AmericaMost recent remains at Itapipoca, Brazil dated to 2281-1402 BCE. [13] Informacion del camelido extinto, Paleolama - A740640.jpg
Locally extinct
Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Chilihueque Population of Lama guanicoe Central Chile A third domestic South American camelid recorded by Europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries, bred by the Mapuche and different from llamas and alpacas. DNA analysis of remains from Mocha Island (where camelids were introduced by people) indicates that it was a population of Patagonian guanaco that was managed, or domesticated independently from the llama. It disappeared when indigenous communities switched to sheep and horse farming after colonization. [49] Detalle Expedicion de Hendrick Brouwer en Valdivia 1643.jpg
Gracile llama Population of Lama vicugnaArgentina and the Strait of Magellan Formerly considered a separate species, Lama gracilis. Most recent remains at Piedra Museo, Argentina dated to 7365-7155 BCE, though this datation is not calibrated and the remains could be older. [50]

True deer (family Cervidae)

Scientific nameRangeComments
Antifer ultra Río de la Plata Basin to central ChileMost recent remains in Chile dated to around 7950 BCE. However this datation was not calibrated and the remains could be older. [51]
Morenelaphus brachyceros Temperate South AmericaMost recently dated to 8050-5845 BCE; however this datation was not calibrated and the remains could be older. Other remains from southern Uruguay were dated, and calibrated, to 10010-9907 BCE. [6]

Birds (class Aves)

Landfowl (order Galliformes)

Chachalacas, guans, and curassows (family Cracidae)

Extinct in the wild
Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Alagoas curassow Mitu mitu Alagoas and Pernambuco, BrazilDeclined due to hunting and destruction of its habitat for sugarcane plantation, until the last known individual in the wild was killed near São Miguel dos Campos in either 1987 or 1988. All living individuals descent from three animals captured in 1977, and part of the current captive population is hybridized with the razor-billed curassow. [52] The species was reintroduced to the wild in 2019. [53] Mitu mitu 1838.jpg

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
Niceforo's pintail Anas georgica niceforoiCentral ColombiaLast recorded in 1952. Possibly extinct due to hunting and habitat degradation. [54]
Fighting shelduck [55] Neochen pugil Minas Gerais, BrazilKnown from the late Pleistocene or early Holocene of Lagoa Santa, Brazil. [56]

Grebes (order Podicipediformes)

Grebes (family Podicipedidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
Colombian grebe Podiceps andinus Bogotá wetlands, ColombiaLast recorded in 1977. Extinct due to wetland drainage, siltation, pesticide pollution, disruption caused by reed harvesting, hunting, and predation by introduced rainbow trout. [57]

Nightjars (order Caprimulgiformes)

Typical nightjars (family Caprimulgidae)

Possibly extinct
Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
Cayenne nightjar Setopagis maculosaTamanoir, French Guiana Only known from the holotype collected in 1917. [58]

Swifts, treeswifts, and hummingbirds (order Apodiformes)

Hummingbirds (family Trochillidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Bogotá sunangel Heliantelus zusiiNorthern Andes?Only known from one skin purchased in Bogotá in 1909. It could have disappeared due to deforestation, though the original range is unknown. [54]
Alejandro Selkirk firecrown Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi Alejandro Selkirk Island?, Juan Fernández Archipelago, ChileLast recorded in 1908 (with doubts). [54] Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi.jpg
Possibly extinct
Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Letitia's thorntail Discosura letitiaeBoliviaOnly known from two males collected at an unknown locality in 1852. [54] Discosura letitiae.jpg
Turquoise-throated puffleg Eriocnemis godiniNorthern EcuadorOnly known from the holotype collected in 1850, with an unconfirmed sighting in 1976. The original habitat at the holotype's location is almost certainly destroyed. [59] Eriocnemis godini.jpg

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family Rallidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
Peruvian rail Rallus semiplumbeus peruvianusPeruvian highlands and possibly EcuadorOnly known from the holotype collected in 1886, which is now lost. [54]
Rallus sp.Fernando de Noronha Island, BrazilA flightless species known from subfossil remains, presumably extinct due to predation by introduced mammals. [55]

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)

Possibly extinct
Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Eskimo curlew Numenius borealisNorthwestern Canada and Alaska, and Southern ConeLast recorded in South America in 1939, where it wintered. Likely extinct due to large scale hunting in North America, the conversion of the Great Plains to agriculture, and the extinction of the Rocky Mountain locust, once its prey. The South American pampas were converted to agriculture in the same manner afterward. [60] Numenius borealis.jpg

Storks and allies (order Ciconiiformes)

Storks (family Ciconiidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Asphalt stork Ciconia lydekkeri Contiguous United States to ArgentinaKnown from the late Pleistocene or early Holocene of Lagoa Santa, Brazil. [56]
Ciconia maltha.jpg

New World vultures (order Cathartiformes)

New World vultures and condors (family Cathartidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
Pleistovultur nevesi Matozinhos, BrazilKnown from a humerus dated around 10560-8040 BCE. Presumed extinct as a consequence of the disappearance of the megafauna. [55]
Winge's vulture [55] Wingegyps cartelleiBahia and Minas Gerais, BrazilKnown from the late Pleistocene or early Holocene of Lagoa Santa. [56]

Owls (order Strigiformes)

True owls (family Strigidae)

Possibly extinct
Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
Pernambuco pygmy owl Glaucidium mooreorumNortheast coast of BrazilLast recorded in 2001. [58]

Parrots (order Psittaciformes)

Holotropical parrots (family Psittacidae)

Possibly extinct
Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Glaucous macaw Anodorhynchus glaucusBorder area of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and UruguayLast recorded in Mbaracayu, Paraguay in 2001. Declined due to clearance of gallery forests for agriculture and livestock grazing, and possibly also hunting and capture of animals for the exotic pet trade. [61] Anodorhynchus glaucus.jpg
Sinú parakeet Pyrrhura subandinaSinú Valley, Córdoba Department, ColombiaLast recorded in 1949. Declined due to habitat loss to agriculture and cattle grazing, hunting, trapping for the pet trade, and pollution with agrochemicals. [62]
Extinct in the wild
Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Spix's macaw Cyanopsitta spixiiSao Francisco River, Bahia, BrazilLast recorded in the wild in 2000. Declined due to capture for the pet trade, and habitat loss caused by deforestation, livestock grazing, and the construction of the Sobradinho Dam. [63] AraSpixiSmit.jpg

Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

Antpittas (family Grallariidae)

Possibly extinct
Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
Táchira antpitta Grallaria chtoniaSouthwestern Táchira, VenezuelaLast collected in 1955-1956. Declined due to extensive deforestation of its range for agricultural use. [54]
Antioquia brown-banded antpitta Grallaria milleri gilesiSanta Helena, Antioquia, ColombiaOnly known from the holotype, collected in 1878. The type locality has since been deforested for coffee cultivation and other agriculture. [54]

Ovenbirds (family Furnariidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
Cryptic treehunter Cichlocolaptes mazarbarnettiAlagoas and Pernambuco, BrazilLast recorded in 2007. Extinct due to deforestation. [54]
Alagoas foliage-gleaner Philydor novaesiLast recorded in 2011. Extinct due to deforestation. [54]

Antbirds (family Thamnophilidae)

Possibly extinct
Common nameScientific nameRange
Rio de Janeiro antwren Myrmotherula fluminensis Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [58]

Reptiles (class Reptilia)

Turtles and tortoises (order Testudines)

Big-headed turtles (family Podocnemididae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Peltocephalus maturin Madeira River, BrazilOnly known from a lower jaw dated to 12385-7060 BCE, roughly coinciding with the time when the area was first reached by Paleo-Amerindians. [64] Peltocephalus maturin size.png

Amphibians (class Amphibia)

Frogs (order Anura)

True toads (family Bufonidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
Maracay harlequin frog Atelopus vogliGüey River, Aragua, VenezuelaLast collected in 1957. Its habitat was destroyed by agriculture. [65]
Possibly extinct
Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
Green and red venter harlequin toad Atelopus pinangoiNear Piñango, Mérida, VenezuelaLast recorded in 1997. Declined due to chytridiomycosis, habitat loss caused by logging and ranching, introduced trout, and climate change. [66]
Scarlet harlequin toad Atelopus sorianoiNear Guaraque, Mérida, VenezuelaLast recorded in 1990. Possibly extinct due to chytridiomycosis caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , drought, road kills, and habitat loss caused by agriculture. [67]

Tree frogs and allies (family Hylidae)

Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
Spiny-knee leaf frog Phrynomedusa fimbriata Sao Paulo and Paraná states, BrazilLast collected in the 1950s. Extinct due to air pollution and infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [68]

Darwin's frogs (family Rhinodermatidae)

Possibly extinct
Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
Chile Darwin's frog Rhinoderma rufum Valparaíso and Biobío, ChileLast recorded in 1981. The cause of decline is unknown but chytridiomycosis has been suggested. [69]

Rain frogs (family Strabomantidae)

Possibly extinct
Common nameScientific nameRangeComments
Aragua robber frog Pristimantis anotis Henri Pittier National Park, Aragua, VenezuelaLast collected in 1974. The cause of decline is unknown, though chytridiomycosis is present in the area. [70]

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)

Catfishes (order Siluriformes)

Pencil catfishes (family Trichomycteridae)

Possibly extinct
Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Greasefish Rhizosomichthys totae Tota Lake, ColombiaLast collected in 1958. Possibly extinct due to exotic fish introductions ( Eremophilus mutisii , Grundulus bogotensis , Carassius auratus , Oncorhynchus mykiss ) and chemical pollution caused by agriculture. [71] Rhizosomichthys totae.jpg

Toothcarps (order Cyprinodontiformes)

Pupfishes (family Cyprinodontidae)

Possibly extinct
Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Titicaca orestias Orestias cuvieri Lake Titicaca The causes of decline are unknown. [72] LakeTiticacaOrestia-1835.gif

Insects (class Insecta)

Beetles (order Coleoptera)

Predaceous diving beetles (family Dytiscidae)

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Megadytes ducalis Condeúba, Bahia, BrazilOnly known from individuals collected in the 19th century. [73] Megadytes ducalis Sharp, 1882 (Dytiscidae) Holotype Brazil (42556946761).jpg
Meridiorhantus orbignyi Argentina and Brazil [74]

Bark lice, book lice, and parasitic lice (order Psocodea)

Bird body lice (family Menoponidae)

Possibly extinct
Scientific nameRangeComments
Austromenopon confine AmericasParasite of the slender-billed curlew. [75]

Bird chewing lice (family Philopteridae)

Possibly extinct
Scientific nameRangeComments
Cummingsiella breviclypeata AmericasParasite of the slender-billed curlew. [75]

Arachnids (class Arachnida)

Order Mesostigmata

Family Halarachnidae

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPictures
Caribbean monk seal nasal mite Halarachne americanaCaribbean Sea Extinct with its host. [76] Halarachne americana (cropped).jpg

Clitellates (class Clitellata)

Order Opisthopora

Family Glossoscolecidae

Possibly extinct
Scientific nameRangeComments
Rhinodrilus fafner Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BrazilOnly known from the holotype described in 1918. [77]

Slugs and snails (class Gastropoda)

Order Littorinimorpha

Family Cochliopidae

Scientific nameRangeComments
Littoridina gaudichaudii Ecuador [78] Littoridina gaudichaudii (MNHN-IM-2000-33996) 003.jpeg

Order Stylommatophora

Family Odontostomidae

Scientific nameRangePictures
Tomigerus gibberulus Brazil [79]
Tomigerus turbinatus Brazil [80] Tomigerus turbinatus shell.jpg

Family Strophocheilidae

Scientific nameRange
Megalobulimus cardosoi Brazil [81]

Unassigned order

Family Hemisinidae

Extinct in the wild
Scientific nameRange
Aylacostoma chloroticum Paraná River [82]

See also

Notes

  1. The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means "before CE 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
  2. Hippidion principale was included within H. saldiasi by Der Sarkissian et al. (2015). [47]

References

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