List of European species extinct in the Holocene

Map of Europe

This is a list of European species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE) ^{[upper-alpha 1]} and continues to the present day. ^[1]

This list includes the European continent and its surrounding islands. All large islands in the Mediterranean Sea are included except for Cyprus, which is in the List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene. The recently extinct animals of the Macaronesian islands in the North Atlantic are listed separately. The three Caucasian republics of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia are included, even though their territory may fall partially or fully in Asia depending on the definition of Europe considered.

Overseas territories, departments, and constituent countries of European countries are not included here; they are found on the lists pertaining to their respective regions. For example, French Polynesia is grouped with Oceania, Martinique is grouped with the West Indies, and Réunion is grouped with Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands, despite all of them being politically part of France.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)

Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Woolly mammoth	Mammuthus primigenius	Northern Eurasia and North America	Most recent remains in the Southern Urals dated to 9650 BCE, [2] and in Cherepovets, Russia to 9290-9180 BCE. [3]
Tilos dwarf elephant	Palaeoloxodon tiliensis	Tilos, Greece	Most recent remains dated to 3040-1840 BCE. A painting on the Ancient Egyptian tomb of Rekhmire (1470-1445 BCE) depicting exotic animals brought to Egypt as tribute by foreign peoples, includes a picture of an animal interpreted as a dwarf elephant by some authors. [4]

Lagomorphs (order Lagomorpha)

Rabbits and hares (family Leporidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Don hare	Lepus timidus tanaiticus [5]	Russia	Gradually replaced by the extant mountain hare south to north until becoming extinct during the Subboreal, 3050-550 BCE. [6]

Pikas (family Ochotonidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
	Ochotona transcaucasica	Georgia and Azerbaijan [7]	Similar to the Afghan pika. It probably became extinct in the early Holocene. [8]
Sardinian pika	Prolagus sardus	Corsica and Sardinia	Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE. [9] Though hunted by the original human inhabitants of the islands, it likely became extinct due to Roman agricultural practices, the introduction of predators (dogs, cats, and small mustelids) and ecological competitors (rodents, rabbits, and hares). [10] Transmission of pathogens by rabbits and hares could have been another factor. [11] Survival into modern history, even as late as 1774 on the smaller island of Tavolara, has been hypothesised from the description of unknown mammals by later Sardinian authors; however, this interpretation remains dubious owing to anatomical discrepancies. [12]

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Steppe pika	Ochotona pusilla	Western Europe to Kazakhstan	Most recent remains dated to 9650 BCE in the Ponto-Caspian region, 9550 BCE in Boreal Europe, 9450 BCE in the British Isles, 8850 BCE in Northwestern Germany, 8750 BCE in northern Central Europe, 6050 BCE [2] in the Carpathian Basin, the Middle Holocene in the Middle Urals, [13] and 1220 BCE in the Southern Urals. [2] This species avoids human disturbance strictly and is considered an excellent indicator of the health of steppe ecosystems, as a result. [14]

Rodents (order Rodentia)

Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family Cricetidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
	Microtus brecciensis	Iberian Peninsula	Most recent remains dated to 8450 BCE. [2]
	Pliomys coronensis	Western Europe	Most recent remains in Green Spain dated to the Holocene. [2]
Tyrrhenian vole	Tyrrhenicola henseli	Corsica and Sardinia	Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE. [9]

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Narrow-headed vole	Microtus gregalis	Northern Eurasia	Most recent remains dated to 9650 BCE in the Ponto-Caspian Region, 9550 BCE in Boreal Europe, 8750 BCE in northern Central Europe, 8250 BCE in the Franco-Cantabrian region, 6050 BCE in Northwestern Germany, 5850 BCE [2] in the Carpathian Basin, and Late Holocene in the Urals. [14]

Old World rats and mice (family Muridae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
	Mus minotaurus	Crete, Greece	Most recent remains at Mochlos dated to the Bronze Age. It was outcompeted and replaced by the house mouse accidentally introduced by sailors from the eastern Mediterranean. [15]
St. Kilda house mouse	Mus musculus muralis	St Kilda, Scotland	A commensal species, it became extinct after the removal of all human inhabitants from the island in 1930. [16]
Tyrrhenian field rat	Rhagamys orthodon	Corsica and Sardinia	Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE. [9]

Dormice (family Gliridae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Majorcan giant dormouse	Hypnomys morpheus	Gymnesian Islands, Spain	Most recent remains at Escorca, Mallorca dated to 4840-4690 BCE, coinding with the period of initial human settlement in the island. It could have succumbed to diseases carried by introduced commensal mammals. [17]

Squirrels (family Sciuridae)

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Spermophilus citelloides	Central Europe to Dobruja [18]	Most recent remains dated to the early Holocene. [19]
Spermophilus severskensis	Desna River region	Highly specialised for grazing, with the narrowest range of all Pleistocene ground quirrels. The latest possible date is the Atlantic, and its extinction was probably related to the local collapse of mammoth steppe. [18]
Spermophilus superciliosus	North Central Europe and the British Isles to Crimea and the Middle Urals	Most recent remains in north Central Europe are dated to 8750 BCE. [2] However, remains have been dated to the late Holocene in Ukraine, and one account describes a large, previously unidentified, "red-cheeked" ground squirrel from the early 20th century of the Dnipropetrovsk area. [20]

True insectivores (order Eulipotyphla)

True shrews (family Soricidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Sardinian giant shrew	Asoriculus similis	Corsica and Sardinia [21]	Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE. [9] [upper-alpha 2]
Balearic giant shrew	Nesiotites hidalgo	Gymnesian Islands, Spain	Most recent remains at Alcúdia dated to 3030-2690 BCE, coinding with the period of initial human settlement in the island. It could have succumbed to diseases carried by introduced commensal mammals. [17]	Top, compared to Neomys below.

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)

Cats (family Felidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Eurasian cave lion	Panthera spelaea	Northern Eurasia and Beringia	Most recent remains in the Franco-Cantabrian region dated to 9350 BCE. [2] Other lion remains from Italy and northern Spain could indicate that a small form survived in mountain areas until the Preboreal and Boreal, respectively. [22]

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Cheetah	Acinonyx jubatus	Africa and western Asia to India	Remains were found in Shengavit and Urartu, Armenia dating to the 4th-3rd millennium BCE. It is also depicted in rock art of the 4th-1st millennium BCE, where it can be differenciated from the leopard by the shape of its paws and unretracted claws. Possibly survived in Armenia until the Middle Ages before disappearing due to hunting. [23]
Lion	Panthera leo	Africa, western Asia, northern India, and southern Europe	According to the alternate hypothesis, the modern lion expanded into southern Europe and replaced the cave lion there already in the Late Glacial, surviving in Italy and northern Spain until the Preboreal or Boreal. [22] A possible second colonization event took place in the Balkans during the Atlantic and Subboreal periods, reaching as far as Hungary, southwestern Ukraine, and Greece. In the Iron Age the lion strongly declined until it disappeared from these regions, possibly because of hunting and habitat loss caused by increasing human population and livestock rearing. [24] In 370 CE the Greco-Roman orator Themistius mentioned that lions had disappeared from Thessaly, their last Balkan stronghold. [upper-alpha 3] Lions were also hunted historically across Transcaucasia, and were reportedly common in the ungulate-rich Kura-Araz and Mughan plains, up to the Absheron Peninsula, until 900 CE. [26]
European leopards	Populations of Panthera pardus	Central, southern Europe, and the Caucasus	A cold-adapted subspecies of the leopard, Panthera pardus spelaea , was widespread in Europe during the Pleniglacial and Late Glacial. [27] A 8850 BCE record from the Franco-Cantabrian region, [2] another from the Preboreal or Boreal of Greece, and two from the Sub-Atlantic of western and southern Ukraine could indicate that leopards survived or recolonized the continent in the Holocene. However, later remains from Hellenistic and Roman sites are confidently attributed to imports from Asia and Africa. [24] In the Caucasus, the leopard was hunted to extinction from most of the region by the 1950s or 1960s, [28] but still survives in small areas of the North Caucasus, southern Armenia, and Azerbaijan. [29] These leopards belong to the Persian subspecies Panthera pardus tulliana , which also occurs in Anatolia. [30] In 1889 an Anatolian leopard was killed in the Greek island of Samos after swimming from Asia. Local folklore suggests that similar events have happened in the island at different times in history. [31]
Tiger	Panthera tigris	Tropical and temperate Asia to the Black Sea	Present permanently in the Caucasus region and along the Caspian and eastern Azov coasts, the Terek and Kuban rivers, and the estuary of the Don river during the 10th-12th centuries CE, with vagrants recorded as far as Chernihiv, Ukraine. [28] Last recorded in Mingrelia and Imeretia at the beginning of the 17th century, Armenia in the early 19th century, eastern Georgia in 1936, [26] and Azerbaijan's Talysh Mountains in 1966. Last three were all vagrants intruding after tigers stopped breeding in the respective area. [28]

Hyenas (family Hyaenidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Cave hyena	Crocuta spelaea	Europe and Central Asia	Most recent remains dated to 9650 BCE in the Franco-Cantabrian region and to 8950 BCE in the British Isles. [2]

Dogs (family Canidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Sicilian wolf	Canis lupus cristaldii	Sicily, Italy	Exterminated by livestock farmers. The last confirmed individual was killed in 1924 near Bellolampo; unconfirmed killings near Palermo were reported between 1935 and 1938, and unconfirmed sightings between 1960 and 1970. [32]
European dhole	Cuon alpinus europaeus	Central, Southern Europe and the Caucasus	Most recent remains dated to 7050-6550 BCE in Riparo Fredian, Italy (with doubts) [33] and Les Coves de Santa Maira, Spain. [34] Claims of 21st century presence of dhole in the Caucasus are erroneous. [35]
Sardinian dhole	Cynotherium sardous	Corsica and Sardinia	Most recent remains in Corsica dated to 9910-9710 BCE and Sardinia to 9531-9196 BCE, roughly coinciding with modern human colonization of the islands. [36]

Martens, polecats, otters, badgers, and weasels (family Mustelidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Sardinian giant otter	Megalenhydris barbaricina	Sardinia, Italy	Known from a single skeleton found in a cave with no stratigraphical context but estimated to be Late Pleistocene or early Holocene, [37] 68050-8050 BCE. [38]

Odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla)

Horses and allies (family Equidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Tarpan	Equus ferus ferus	Western Europe to western Siberia, [39] Anatolia? [40]	Historical sources record wild horses living until the 12th century in Denmark, 13th in Germany, [41] 14th in Portugal, 16th in Spain, [42] the Vosges, East Prussia, and Lithuania; 18th in the northern Carpathians [41] and southern Urals, [43] and 19th in Poland and Ukraine. [44] The last in the wild was killed in Askania-Nova in 1879, and the last in captivity died in the Moscow Zoo in 1887. [41] Some sources treat them as wild, untameable animals of different nature to horses, and others as feral horses or hybrids, casting doubt on the moment when pure wild horses became extinct in the continent. Despite this, the IUCN considers the subspecies E. f. ferus valid. The Tatar-Cossack word "tarpan" was popularized for European wild horses in the 19th century, though today is sometimes limited to horses from central and eastern Europe. [44] Paleogenomics suggest that horses were domesticated independently in the Ponto-Caspian steppe and expanded to the rest of Europe by the Bronze Age. Early nomadic pastoralists likely released their horses to graze freely at night, resulting in feral populations and hybridization with wild horses. Wild mares were also captured to replenish domestic herds, breaking down the social order of wild herds and diminishing their reproduction. Around 600-1100 CE, the original high genetic diversity of domestic horses dropped to current levels. [44] In historical times European wild horses were hunted for their meat, hide, traditional medicine, sport, and to protect crops and livestock hay deposits during the winter. [42] [41] Several horse breeds have been claimed to have recent tarpan ancestry including the Konik, Sorraia, Exmoor pony, Hucul pony, Bosnian Mountain Horse, Estonian Native, and Gotland pony. However, genetic and historical evidence indicate that all are typical domestic horses. [44]
Hydruntine	Equus hemionus hydruntinus	Southern Europe to northern Iran	Remains dated to 8050 BCE in Western Europe, 3550 BCE in Italy, [2] 3300-2700 BCE in Karanovo, Bulgaria; 3200-2500 BCE in Los Millares, Spain; 2050 BCE in southern Central Europe, [2] and 1500-500 BCE in Keti, Armenia. Questionable remains in Didi-gora, Georgia dated to 1075 BCE. The hydruntine inhabited open steppe habitat that became rarer and fragmented in the Holocene, making it more vulnerable to human exploitation. [45]

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Turkmenian kulan	Equus hemionus kulan	Ukraine to Central Asia [46]	Probably present in the deserts between the Volga and Ural rivers until the 18th or 19th century, when it was extirpated due to increasing hunting with firearms and seizure of waterholes for livestock use. 18th century records from Voronezh, Russia are considered unreliable. [47] It was first reintroduced to Askania-Nova, Ukraine in 1950. [48] In 2020 Rewilding Europe released kulan in the Tarutyns'kyj steppe near the Danube Delta. [49] It has also announced plans to release kulan in Spain as proxy for the hydruntine. [50]
Persian onager	Equus hemionus onager	Iran and the eastern Caucasus	Most recent remains at the Baku fortress dated to the 13th century. [45]

Rhinoceroses (family Rhinocerotidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Woolly rhinoceros	Coelodonta antiquitatis	Northern Eurasia	Most recent remains in the Southern Urals dated to 9450 BCE. [2]

Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)

Right and bowhead whales (family Balaenidae)

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
North Atlantic right whale	Eubalaena glacialis	North Atlantic and western Mediterranean Sea	Possibly calved in the Mediterranean in ancient times. [51] All few confirmed individuals in Europe since 1999 were identified as vagrants from the North American population, and known calving areas in Africa appear to be depleted. [52]

Gray whales (family Eschrichtiidae)

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Gray whale	Eschrichtius robustus	North Atlantic, Mediterranean, and northern Pacific Ocean [53]	Most recent remains at Ijmuiden, Netherlands were dated to 550 CE. [54] A vagrant from the Pacific population dispersed over the Arctic Ocean and was seen in Europe in 2010. [55] [56]

True deer (family Cervidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Caucasian moose	Alces alces caucasicus	North Caucasus and the Transcaucasian coast of the Black Sea	Hunted to extinction by the beginning of the 20th century. The subspecies' validity is questioned because moose from Russia later colonized the North Caucasus naturally over the 20th century. [57]
Irish elk	Megaloceros giganteus	Europe and Southern Siberia	Most recent remains in Maloarkhangelsk, Russia dated to 5766-5643 BCE, [58] and in the South Urals dated to 2320 BCE. [2] Alleged Holocene remains from Great Britain, Ireland, Schleswig-Holstein, and Ukraine are poorly dated or erroneous. Scythian engravings from 600-500 BCE that appear to depict Megaloceros could have been based on fossil remains. [58]
	Praemegaceros cazioti	Corsica and Sardinia [59]	Most recently dated to 8718 BCE in Teppa u Lupinu, Corsica and 5641–5075 BCE in Grotta Juntu, Sardinia. It survived the first human colonization of the islands, but became extinct when Neolithic peoples arrived. [36]

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Wapiti	Cervus canadensis	Northern Eurasia and North America	Survived into the early Holocene of Scania and (as the subspecies C. c. palmidactyloceros) in northern Italy, Switzerland, and possibly the French Alps while the temperate forest-adapted red deer replaced it in the rest of Europe. The dwarf subspecies C. c. tyrrhenicus existed in Capri after the post-glacial sea level rise. [60]

Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Caucasian wisent	Bison bonasus caucasicus	Caucasus and Northern Iran	Declined after the Russian conquest of the Caucasus as a result of increased hunting, deforestation, and domestic cattle rearing. The subspecies was protected in the 1890s when it was limited to 442 animals in the area between the Belaya and Laba rivers. However an epizootic outbreak in 1919 reduced the animals to just 50, and the last individuals were poached in 1927. [61] The only captive animal, a male, lived in Germany between 1908 and 1925 and bred with females of the lowland wisent subspecies. As a result, several wisent populations carry its genes today. [62]
Carpathian wisent	Bison bonasus hungarorum	Carpathian Mountains	Claimed subspecies disappeared in either 1762 or 1790, but there is a lack of differences to justify it. It was described from a single neurocranium in the Hungarian National Museum that was subsequently lost in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. [63]
Steppe bison	Bison priscus	Northern Eurasia and North America	Most recent remains dated to 1130-1060 BCE near the Oyat river in Western Russia. However this date was not calibrated and the remains could be older. [64] Recent calibrated dates include 9450 BCE in the Southern Urals, 8650 BCE in the Middle Urals, and 7550 BCE in Boreal Europe. [2]
Eurasian aurochs	Bos primigenius primigenius	Mid-latitude Eurasia	Declined as a result of hunting, deforestation for agriculture, competition with livestock for pastures, and diseases transmitted by domestic cattle. The last individual in the Jaktorow forest of Mazovia, Poland died in 1627, [65] and the last in Sofia, Bulgaria in the late 17th or early 18th century. [66] [67] There are different active projects to breed aurochs-like cattle and release them in the wild as proxy for the aurochs.
European water buffalo	Bubalus murrensis	Central, eastern, and southeastern Europe	Most recent confirmed remains in Kolomna, Russia dated to 10811 BCE, during the Last Glacial Period. [68] However, unique genetic introgression into local domestic water buffaloes and possible remains from the Neolithic of southeastern Europe (9000-7000 BCE) and Atlantic of Austria (7000-4000 BCE) suggest that the native European species of water buffalo survived into the Holocene. [69] In 2019, Rewilding Europe released domestic buffaloes in the Danube Delta as proxy for the European water buffalo. [70]
Portuguese ibex	Capra pyrenaica lusitanica	Portuguese-Galician border	Hunted to extinction around 1890. A different subspecies of Spanish ibex naturally colonized the Peneda-Gerês National Park in the Portuguese ibex's former range during the 21st century. [71] [72]
Pyrenean ibex	Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica	Pyrenees and possibly the Cantabrian Mountains [73]	The last individual, a female, died at Ordesa National Park in 2000. A single cloned individual was born on July 30, 2003, but died several minutes later, [74] making this the first case of biological taxon de-extinction and a taxon becoming extinct twice. In 2014, Spanish ibexes from the Guadarrama Mountains were released in the French Pyrenees as proxy for the Pyrenean ibex. [72]
Balearic Islands cave goat	Myotragus balearicus	Gymnesian Islands, Spain	Most recent remains dated to 3969-3759 BCE in Menorca, 3649-3379 BCE in Cabrera, [75] and 2830-2470 BCE in Mallorca. The timeframe allows to confidently exclude climate change as a reason for the extinction and blame it solely on the first human settlers to the islands. [76]

Extinct in the wild

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Lowland wisent	Bison bonasus bonasus	Western Europe to Southern Siberia	The last wild population in Poland's Białowieża Forest was hunted to extinction during World War I. A captive herd was returned to Bialowieza in 1929; it was made of zoo animals, some of which were hybridized with other subspecies or species of bison. Individuals with American bison ancestry were removed from Bialowieza in 1936, and with Caucasian wisent ancestry in 1950. The Bialowieza herd was fully returned to the wild in 1952 and subsequently used as stock for pure lowland herds in Poland, Lithuania, and Belarus. [77] The Caucasian-lowland hybrid line was introduced to the Kavkazsky Nature Reserve in 1940, in the Caucasian wisent's former range, and allowed to roam free from 1946. [78] Other hybrid wisent herds were later established in the Carpathians, Ukraine, and Russia. [77]

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Wild water buffalo	Bubalus arnee [79]	Southern Asia	Most recent remains at Kosi Choter, Armenia dated to the Bronze Age. [80]
Tahr	Hemitragus sp.	Southern Europe to the Caucasus and the Himalayas	Most recent remains in the Iberian Peninsula dated to 9600 BCE. [2]
Muskox	Ovibos moschatus	Northern Eurasia and North America	Most recent remains in Sweden were dated to 7050 BCE. [81] The first reintroduction attempt was made at Gurskøya, Norway in 1925, but all animals died because of the unfavorable climate or poaching. Another herd was released at Hjerkinn in the Dovre mountains in 1932. These animals are presumed to have been exterminated during World War II, though there were unconfirmed sightings of muskoxen at Tafjord in 1942 and 1951. The definitive successful reintroduction in Dovre was made in 1947. [82] In 1971 a herd left Dovre after being harassed by tourists and established itself in Harjedalen, Sweden. Norwegians also introduced muskoxen to Svalbard in 1929, outside of the muskox's natural range, but this population died out by the 1970s. [81]

Birds (class Aves)

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family Rallidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Ibiza rail	Rallus eivissensis	Ibiza, Spain	Most recent remains dated to 5295-4848 BCE. [83]

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)

Possibly extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Slender-billed curlew	Numenius tenuirostris	Western Eurasia and North Africa	The species bred in Kazakhstan and southern Siberia and wintered in western Morocco and Tunisia, being present in Europe during migration or as a vagrant. It likely disappeared as a result of habitat alteration in Asia and overhunting in Africa. The last confirmed record worldwide was in Hungary, in 2001. [84]

Auks (family Alcidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Great auk	Pinguinus impennis	Northern Atlantic and western Mediterranean Sea	Originally hunted for its feathers, meat, fat, and oil; as it grew rare, also to supply collectionists. The last pair on the eastern Atlantic was killed on Eldey Island, off Iceland in 1844. [85]

Buttonquails (family Turnicidae)

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Common buttonquail	Turnix sylvaticus	Africa, South Asia, southwestern Iberian Peninsula, and Sicily	Last confirmed individual in Spain was killed in Doñana National Park in 1981. [86]

Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order Pelecaniformes)

Ibises and spoonbills (family Threskiornithidae)

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Northern bald ibis	Geronticus eremita	Mediterranean region	Extirpated from Europe before 1650 as a result of habitat loss, climate change, and direct persecution. [87] A 1738 painting made in England by Eleazar Albin was based on a stuffed specimen or an older depiction. [88] In 1991 a gradual reintroduction project using handreared chicks began at Alpenzoo Innsbruck in Austria, and in 2011 a migratory population was established between southern Germany, Austria, and Tuscany. A second reintroduction project started in southern Spain in 2004. [87]

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Aquila nipaloides	Corsica and Sardinia [89]	Similar to the steppe eagle. Most recent remains at Teppa di U Lupinu, Corsica dated to 8718-8300 BCE. [90]

Owls (order Strigiformes)

True owls (family Strigidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Mediterranean brown fish owl	Ketupa zeylonensis lamarmorae	Corsica, Sardinia, southern Italy, Crete, and Israel	Described as different separated species including Bubo insularis, before being recognized as a subspecies of the Asian brown fish owl. [91] The most recent remains in Corsica date to 7433-7035 BCE. In Corsica-Sardinia it could have been locally adapted to prey on the Sardinian pika, disappearing after human arrival with it. [9]

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Images
Marsh owl	Asio capensis	Africa and southwestern Iberia	Occasional winter visitor to southwest Andalusia until the end of the 19th century, with a single later record of a bird shot in Jerez de la Frontera in 1998. [92]

Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Pied raven	Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus	Faroe Islands	Last confirmed individual shot in Mykines in 1902. [93]

Reptiles (class Reptilia)

Squamates (order Squamata)

Wall lizards (family Lacertidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Ratas Island lizard	Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi	Ratas Island off Mahón, Spain	Exterminated in 1935 [94] when the island was exploded as part of remodeling works in Mahón harbor. [95]
Santo Stefano lizard	Podarcis siculus sanctistephani	Santo Stefano Island, Italy	Extinct around 1965 as a result of a epidemic and predation by introduced snakes and feral cats. [96]

Vipers (family Viperidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Ibizan dwarf viper	Vipera latastei ebusitana	Ibiza, Spain	Most recent remains dated to 5295 BCE. The causes of extinction are presumed human-induced due to the lack of climatic changes at the time, such as the introduction of exotic predators like feral dogs, pigs, and garden dormice by the first human settlers. [97]

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)

Sturgeons and paddlefishes (order Acipenseriformes)

Sturgeons (family Acipenseridae)

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Atlantic sturgeon	Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus	Eastern coast of North America and the Baltic region	Last known Baltic specimen was caught in 1996 near Muhumaa, Estonia. [98] It was reintroduced to the Oder river in 2009, [99] and to the Narva in 2013. [100]

Minnows and allies (order Cypriniformes)

Carps, minnows, and relatives (family Cyprinidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Skadar nase	Chondrostoma scodrense	Lake Skadar	Described in 1987 from specimens preserved in the 1900s. Surveys of the lake failed to find any living animals. [101]
Danube delta gudgeon	Romanogobio antipai	Lower Danube	Last recorded in the 1960s. [102]

Salmon, trout and relatives (order Salmoniformes)

Salmon, trout and relatives (family Salmonidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
	Coregonus bezola	Lac du Bourget, France	Last recorded individual caught in the late 19th century, though local testimonies suggest it persisted until the 1960s. [103]
True fera	Coregonus fera	Lake Geneva	Last recorded in 1920. Became extinct due to eutrophication and overfishing. [104]
Lake Constance whitefish	Coregonus gutturosus	Lake Constance	Not recorded since eutrophication of the lake peaked in the early 1970s, killing all eggs. [105]
Gravenche	Coregonus hiemalis	Lake Geneva	Not recorded since the early 1900s. Likely disappeared due to eutrophication and overfishing. [106]
	Coregonus restrictus	Lake Morat, Switzerland	Last recorded in 1890, likely because of eutrophication. [107]
	Salvelinus neocomensis	Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland	Last recorded in 1904. [108]

Extinct in the wild

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Beloribitsa	Stenodus leucichthys	Caspian Sea, Volga, Ural and Terek river drainages	Last recorded in the Ural in the 1960s. [109] All spawning grounds were lost after dams were built in the Volga, Ural, and Terek river drainages. The species continues to exist in captivity, from which it is released periodically in its native range. However, illegal fishing and hybridization with the introduced nelma remain threats to its survival. [109]

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Houting	Coregonus oxyrinchus	Southern North Sea, Scheldt, Meuse and Rhine Basins up to Cologne, and southeastern England	Disappeared around 1940 as a result of water pollution. [110] Though treated as a different species since about 1700, a genetic study in 2023 found the houting indistinguishable from the lavaret (Coregonus lavaretus) still extant in Great Britain, the Alpine area, and waterways it was introduced to. [111] [112]

Lionfishes and sculpins (order Scorpaeniformes)

Sticklebacks (family Gasterosteidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Techirghiol stickleback	Gasterosteus crenobiontus	Lake Techirghiol, Romania	Last recorded in the 1960s. Extinct as a result of hybridization with the three-spined stickleback; the springs it inhabited were separated from the latter's habitat by a hypersaline lake acting as barrier between the species, until irrigation works transformed the lake into a brackish one that was invaded by migratory three-spined sticklebacks. [113]

Cartilaginous fish (class Chondrichthyes)

Shovelnose rays and allies (order Rhinopristiformes)

Sawfishes (family Pristidae)

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Smalltooth sawfish	Pristis pectinata	Mid-Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea	Last caught in Vis, Croatia in 1902, and broadly in the Mediterranean before 1956. [114]
Largetooth sawfish	Pristis pristis	Circumtropical	Last caught in Embiez, France before 1966. [114]

Lampreys and relatives (class Hyperoartia)

Lampreys (order Petromyzontiformes)

Northern lampreys (family Petromyzontidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Ukrainian migratory lamprey	Eudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory'	Dniestr, Dniepr, and Don River drainages	Disappeared in the late 19th century for unknown reasons. [115]

Insects (class Insecta)

Praying mantises (order Mantodea)

Family Amelidae

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Spined dwarf mantis	Ameles fasciipennis	Probably near Tolentino, Italy	Known only from the holotype, probably collected around 1871. [116]
	Pseudoyersinia brevipennis	Hyères, France	Only known from the holotype collected in 1860. [117]

Bark lice, book lice and parasitic lice (order Psocodea)

Mammal lice (family Trichodectidae)

Possibly extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Iberian lynx louse	Felicola isidoroi	Andújar, Spain	Only known from a male adult and a nymph found on a dead Iberian lynx in 1997, itself a critically endangered species with low population density and disjunct distribution at the time. Besides difficulties in mixing and exchanging populations, the lice was threatened by the fact that lynxes taken to captive breeding centers were systematically deloused. [118] [119]

Beetles (order Coleoptera)

Predaceous diving beetles (family Dytiscidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range
Perrin's cave beetle	Siettitia balsetensis	France [120]

Butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera)

Metalmark butterflies (family Riodinidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
British large copper	Lycaena dispar dispar	England, United Kingdom	Last recorded in 1864. [121]
Moss-land silver-studded blue	Plebejus argus masseyi	Lancashire and Cumbria, United Kingdom	Last recorded in 1942. [122]
Dutch alcon blue	Phengaris alcon arenaria	Utrecht and Holland, Netherlands	Last recorded in 1980. [123]
British large blue	Phengaris arion eutyphron	Southern Britain	Last recorded in 1979. The subspecies P. a. arion was later introduced from Sweden to replace it. [124]

Cosmet moths (family Cosmopterigidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Manchester moth	Euclemensia woodiella	Kersal Moor, United Kingdom	Last recorded in the 1820s. Only three museum specimens remain. [125]

Caddisflies (order Trichoptera)

Net-spinning caddisflies (family Hydropsychidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Tobias' caddisfly	Hydropsyche tobiasi	The Main River and the Rhine up to Cologne, Germany	Last collected in 1938. Both the Main and the Rhine were heavily polluted around that time and all local caddisfly species disappeared. Although other caddisflies returned after water quality improved, this species has not been recorded since. [126]

Flies and mosquitos (order Diptera)

Long-legged flies (family Dolichopodidae)

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Poecilobothrus majesticus	Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex, United Kingdom	Last recorded in 1907. The causes of extinction are unknown. [127]

Slugs and snails (class Gastropoda)

Order Littorinimorpha

Mud snails (family Hydrobiidae)

Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Graecoanatolica macedonica	Doiran Lake on the Greece-North Macedonia border	Last recorded in 1987 and deemed extinct as a result of water substraction, which peaked in 1988. However, fresh shells collected in 2009 may hint to its continued survival. [128]
Ohridohauffenia drimica	Upper Drin River in North Macedonia	Last recorded before 1983. Disappeared when the river was drained. [129]

Possibly extinct

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Belgrandia varica	Var River Delta, France	Not seen since 1870. The documented area of distribution was greatly urbanized, degraded, and polluted afterward. [130]
Belgrandiella boetersi	Tiefsteinschlucht, Austria	Not seen in surveys since at least 1968. It likely declined due to groundwater abstraction and habitat degradation. [131]

Order Stylommatophora

True glass snails (family Zonitidae)

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Zonites santoriniensis	Santorini, Greece	Wiped out by the Minoan eruption. [132]
Zonites siphnicus	Sifnos, Sikinos, and Folegandros, Greece	Only known from subfossil remains collected in 1935-1936. [133]

Possibly extinct

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Zonites embolium	Islets of Dyo Adelfoi, Megali Zafrano, Karavonisi, and Divounia, inbetween Astypalaia and Karpathos, Greece	Known only from subfossil shells in three islets and last recorded in the fourth in 1985. Likely declined due to habitat alteration caused by fire, tourism, and military construction. [134]

Family Parmacellidae

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Parmacella gervaisii	La Crau, Provence, France	Not seen since its description in 1874. The species has been suggested to be the same as, or related to Drusia deshayesii from northern Morocco and Algeria, as well as an introduced species. [135]

Sea anemones, corals, and zoanthids (class Hexacorallia)

Sea anemones (order Actiniaria)

Family Edwardsiidae

Possibly extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Ivell's sea anemone	Edwardsia ivelli	Widewater Lagoon, West Sussex, United Kingdom	Not recorded since 1983, possibly because of water pollution. [136]

Plants (kingdom Plantae)

Order Asterales

Sunflowers (family Asteraceae)

Probably extinct

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Hieracium cambricogothicum	Great Britain	Last collected in 1970. [137]

Order Ericales

Primroses (family Ericales)

Extinct in the wild

Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Lysimachia minoricensis	Barranc de Sa Vall, Minorca, Spain	Disappeared from the wild between 1926 and 1950. The causes are unknown. [138]

Order Poales

Grasses (family Poaceae)

Extinct in the wild

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Interrupted brome	Bromus interruptus	Wash to Severn estuaries, United Kingdom	Disappeared from the wild in 1972, probably due to crop sprays and improved seed screening. Reintroduced in 2001. [139]

See also

• List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene
• Holocene extinction
• Lists of extinct species
• List of extinct bird species since 1500
• Extinct in the wild
• Lazarus taxon

Notes

1. The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means "before CE 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
2. A. corsicanus was originally applied to remains from Corsica and A. similis to Sardinia. It was later recognized that A. corsicanus existed in the early Pleistocene of both islands, and A. similis in the late Pleistocene-Holocene, as seen in Moncunill-Sole et al. (2016).
3. "...and we are displeased because elephants have been removed from Libya, because lions have disappeared from Thessaly, because hippopotamoi have been gotten rid from the marshes of the Nile." ^[25]

References

1. Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science . 24 (1): 3–17. Bibcode:2009JQS....24....3W. doi: 10.1002/jqs.1227 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
2. Puzachenko, A. Y., & Markova, A. K. (2019). Evolution of mammal species composition and species richness during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene transition in Europe: A general view at the regional scale. Quaternary International, 530, 88-106.
3. Kuzmin, Y. V. (2010). Extinction of the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) and woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) in Eurasia: review of chronological and environmental issues. Boreas, 39(2), 247-261
4. Masseti, M. (2008). The most ancient explorations of the Mediterranean. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th Ser, 59(Suppl I), 1-18.
5. Boeskorov, G. G., Chernova, O. F., & Shchelchkova, M. V. (2023, May). First Find of a Frozen Mummy of the Fossil Don Hare Lepus tanaiticus (Leporidae, Lagomorpha) from the Pleistocene of Yakutia. In Doklady Earth Sciences (Vol. 510, No. 1, pp. 298-302). Moscow: Pleiades Publishing.
6. Prost, S., Knapp, M., Flemmig, J., Hufthammer, A. K., Kosintsev, P., Stiller, M., & Hofreiter, M. (2010). A phantom extinction? New insights into extinction dynamics of the Don‐hare Lepus tanaiticus. Journal of evolutionary biology, 23(9), 2022-2029.
7. Čermák, S., Obuch, J., & Benda, P. (2006). Notes on the genus Ochotona in the Middle East (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae). Lynx (Praha), 37, 51-66.
8. Averianov, A. (2001). Pleistocene lagomorphs of Eurasia. Deinsea, 8(1), 1-14.
9. Vigne, Jean-Denis, Salvador Bailon, and Jacques Cuisin. "Biostratigraphy of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals in Corsica and the role of man in the Holocene faunal turnover." Anthropologica 25.26 (1997): 587-604.
10. Vigne, Jean-Denis & Valladas, Hélène (1996). "Small Mammal Fossil Assemblages as Indicators of Environmental Change in Northern Corsica during the Last 2500 Years". Journal of Archaeological Science. 23 (2): 199–215.
11. "Prolagus sardus factsheet". Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
12. Wilkens, Barbara (2000). Osservazioni sulla presenza in epoca recente del Prolago sardo a Tavolara secondo le notizie di Francesco Cetti. 3° Convegno Nazionale di Archeozoologia (in Italian). Siracusa. pp. 217–222.
13. Kosintsev, P. A., & Bachura, O. P. (2014). Formation of recent ranges of mammals in the Urals during the Holocene. Biology Bulletin, 41(7), 629-637.
14. Németh, A., Bárány, A., Csorba, G., Magyari, E., Pazonyi, P., & Pálfy, J. (2017). Holocene mammal extinctions in the Carpathian Basin: a review. Mammal Review, 47(1), 38-52.
15. Papayiannis, K. (2012). The micromammals of Minoan Crete: Human intervention in the ecosystem of the island. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 92, 239-248.
16. "People and nature on St Kilda". www.ihbc.org.uk. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
17. Bover, P. (2011). La paleontologia de vertebrats insulars de les Balears: la contribució de les excavacions recents. Endins: publicació d'espeleologia, 299-316.
18. Popova, L. V.; Maul, L. C.; Zagorodniuk, I. V.; Veklych, Yu. M.; Shydlovskiy, P. S.; Pogodina, N. V.; Bondar, K. M.; Strukova, T. V.; Parfitt, S. A. (2019-03-10). "'Good fences make good neighbours': Concepts and records of range dynamics in ground squirrels and geographical barriers in the Pleistocene of the Circum-Black Sea area". Quaternary International. BRIDGING EUROPE AND ASIA: QUATERNARY STRATIGRAPHY AND PALAEOLITHIC HUMAN OCCUPATION. 509: 103–120. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2018.03.023. ISSN   1040-6182.
19. Sinitsa, M. V., Virág, A., Pazonyi, P., & Knitlová, M. (2021). Redescription and phylogenetic relationships of Spermophilus citelloides (Rodentia: Sciuridae: Xerinae), a ground squirrel from the Middle Pleistocene–Holocene of Central Europe. Historical Biology, 33(1), 19-39.
20. Popova, L. V. (2015-01-30). "Small mammal fauna as an evidence of environmental dynamics in the Holocene of Ukrainian area". Quaternary International. Correlations of Quaternary Fluvial, Eolian, Deltaic and Marine Sequences: SEQS 2013. 357: 82–92. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.044. ISSN   1040-6182.
21. Moncunill-Sole, B.; Jordana, X.; Köhler, M. (2016). "How common is gigantism in insular fossil shrews? Examining the 'Island Rule' in soricids (Mammalia: Soricomorpha) from Mediterranean Islands using new body mass estimation models". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 178 (1): 163–182. doi: 10.1111/zoj.12399 .
22. Masseti, M., & Mazza, P. P. (2013). Western European Quaternary lions: new working hypotheses. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 109(1), 66-77.
23. Manaseryan, N. (2017). 6. "Carnivora mammals of the Holocene in Armenia". In Archaeozoology of the Near East, p. 76.
24. Sommer, R. S.; Benecke, N. (2006). "Late Pleistocene and Holocene development of the felid fauna (Felidae) of Europe: a review". Journal of Zoology. 269: 7–19. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2005.00040.x.
25. Braddock, A.C. (2023) Implication: An ecocritical dictionary of art history. Yale University Press, 256 pages.
26. Schnitzler, A., & Hermann, L. (2019). "Chronological distribution of the tiger Panthera tigris and the Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica in their common range in Asia". Mammal Review, 49 (4), 340-353.
27. Sauqué, V., Rabal-Garcés, R., & Cuenca-Bescós, G. (2016). Carnivores from Los Rincones, a leopard den in the highest mountain of the Iberian range (Moncayo, Zaragoza, Spain). Historical Biology, 28(4), 479-506.
28. Heptner, V. G. (Ed.). (1989). Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume 2 Part 2 Carnivora (Hyenas and Cats) (Vol. 2). Brill.
29. Lukarevsky, V., Akkiev, M., Askerov, E., Agili, A., Can, E., Gurielidze, Z., ... & Yarovenko, Y. (2007). Status of the leopard in the Caucasus. Cat News Special, 2, 15-21.
30. Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 73–75.
31. Masetti, M. (2012) Atlas of terrestrial mammals of the Ionian and Aegean islands. Walter de Gruyter, 318 pages.
32. Angelici, F. M.; Rossi, L. (2018). "A new subspecies of grey wolf (Carnivora, Canidae), recently extinct, from Sicily, Italy" (PDF). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona. 42: 3–15.
33. Ghezzo, E., & Rook, L. (2014). Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811)(Mammalia, Carnivora) from Equi (Late Pleistocene, Massa-Carrara, Italy): anatomical analysis and palaeoethological contextualisation. Rendiconti Lincei, 25(4), 491-504.
34. Ripoll, M. P., Perez, J. V. M., Serra, A. S., Tortosa, J. E. A., & Montanana, I. S. (2010). Presence of the genus Cuon in upper Pleistocene and initial Holocene sites of the Iberian Peninsula: new remains identified in archaeological contexts of the Mediterranean region. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(3), 437-450.
35. Nikolay, Spassov & Ignatov, Assen & Akosta, Ilya. (2015). The Story of the Turkish Dhole. CETAF News.
36. Valenzuela, A., Torres-Roig, E., Zoboli, D., Pillola, G. L., & Alcover, J. A. (2022). Asynchronous ecological upheavals on the Western Mediterranean islands: New insights on the extinction of their autochthonous small mammals. The Holocene, 32(3), 137-146.
37. Willemsen, G. F. (2006). Megalenhydris and its relationship to Lutra reconsidered. Hellenic Journal of Geosciences, 41, 83-87.
38. Louys, J.; Braje, T. J.; Chang, C.-H.; Cosgrove, R.; Fitzpatrick, S. M.; Fujita, M.; Hawkins, S.; Ingicco, T.; Kawamura, A.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; McDowell, M. C.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Piper, P. J.; Roberts, P.; Simmons, A. H.; van den Bergh, G.; van der Geer, A.; Kealy, S.; O'Connor, S. (2021). "No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (20): e2023005118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11823005L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2023005118 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   8157961 . PMID   33941645.
39. Косинцев, П. А., Пластеева, Н. А., & Васильев, С. К. (2013). Дикие лошади (Equus (Equus) sl) Западной Сибири в голоцене. Зоологический журнал, 92(9), 1107-1107.
40. Wutke, S. (2016). Tracing Changes in Space and Time: Paternal Diversity and Phenotypic Traits during Horse Domestication (Doctoral dissertation, Universität Potsdam).
41. Tadeusz Jezierski, Zbigniew Jaworski: Das Polnische Konik. Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei Bd. 658, Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben 2008
42. Nores, C., Muñiz, A. M., Rodríguez, L. L., Bennett, E. A., & Geigl, E. M. (2015). The Iberian zebro: what kind of a beast was it?. Anthropozoologica, 50(1), 21-32.
43. Kosintsev, P. (2007). Late Pleistocene large mammal faunas from the Urals. Quaternary International, 160(1), 112-120.
44. Lovász, L., Fages, A., & Amrhein, V. (2021). Konik, Tarpan, European wild horse: an origin story with conservation implications. Global Ecology and Conservation, 32, e01911.
45. Crees, Jennifer J.; Turvey, Samuel T. (May 2014). "Holocene extinction dynamics of Equus hydruntinus, a late-surviving European megafaunal mammal". Quaternary Science Reviews. 91: 16–29.
46. Kaczensky, P.; Lkhagvasuren, B.; Pereladova, O.; Hemami, M. & Bouskila, A. (2016). "Equus hemionus ssp. kulan". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T7964A3144714. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T7964A3144714.en . Retrieved 2 June 2024.
47. Heptner, V. G., Nasimovich, A. A., Bannikov, A. G., & Hoffman, R. S. (1989). Mammals of the Soviet Union, vol. 1. Leiden, the Netherlands: EJ Brill, 1147 pages.
48. Yasinetskaya, N.I. (1997) НАУЧНОЕ И ЭКОЛОГО-ПРОСВЕТИТЕЛЬСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЕЙ СЕМЕЙСТВА ЛОШАДИНЫХ EQUIDAE ЗООПАРКА "АСКАНИЯ-НОВА". In Современные проблемы зоологии, экологии и охраны природы. Материалы чтений и научной конференции, посвященных памяти профессора Андрея Григорьевича Банникова, и 100-летию со дня его рождения. ЕВРОАЗИАТСКАЯ РЕГИОНАЛЬНАЯ АССОЦИАЦИЯ ЗООПАРКОВ И АКВАРИУМОВ, 351 pages.
49. Second shipment of kulan arrives in the Ukrainian Danube Delta.
50. Iberian Highlands.
51. Ana S. L. Rodrigues; Anne Charpentier; Darío Bernal-Casasola; Armelle Gardeisen; Carlos Nores; José Antonio Pis Millán; Krista McGrath; Camilla F. Speller (July 11, 2018). "Forgotten Mediterranean calving grounds of grey and North Atlantic right whales: evidence from Roman archaeological records". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1882). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0961 . PMC   6053924 . PMID   30051821.
52. Cooke, J.G. (2020) [errata version of 2020 assessment]. "Eubalaena glacialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T41712A178589687. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41712A178589687.en . Retrieved 28 March 2021.
53. Cooke, J.G. (2018). "Eschrichtius robustus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T8097A50353881. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8097A50353881.en . Retrieved 2 June 2024.
54. Jones, M.L. et al. (2012) The Gray Whale: Eschrichtius robustus. Academic Press, 600 pages.
55. Hamilton, Alex (October 8, 2015). "The Gray Whale Sneaks Back into the Atlantic, Two Centuries Later". WNYC. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
56. Schiffman, Richard (February 25, 2016). "Why Are Gray Whales Moving to the Ocean Next Door?". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
57. Sipko, T.P. & Kholodova, M.V. (2009) Fragmentation of Eurasian moose populations during periods of population depression. Alces, Vol. 45: 25-34
58. Lister, A. M., & Stuart, A. J. (2019). The extinction of the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach): New radiocarbon evidence. Quaternary International, 500, 185-203.
59. Melis, S., Salvadori, S., & Pillola, G. L. (2010). SARDINIAN DEER: DERIVATIONS, FOSSIL DISCOVERIES AND CURRENT DISTRIBUTION. Present Environment & Sustainable Development, 4(2).
60. Croitor, R. (2020). A new form of wapiti Cervus canadensis Erxleben, 1777 (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the Late Pleistocene of France. Palaeoworld, 29(4), 789-806.
61. Krasinska, M. & Krasinski, Zbigniew (2013). European Bison: The Nature Monograph. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 380 pages.
62. Puzek, Z.; et al. (2002). European Bison Bison bonasus: Current State of the Species and an Action Plan for Its Conservation. Bialowieza: Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences.
63. Krasińska, M., & Krasiński, Z. (2013). European bison: the nature monograph. Springer Science & Business Media.
64. Plasteeva, N. A., Gasilin, V. V., Devjashin, M. M., & Kosintsev, P. A. (2020). Holocene Distribution and Extinction of Ungulates in Northern Eurasia. Biology Bulletin, 47(8), 981-995.
65. Rokosz, M. (1995). "History of the Aurochs (Bos taurus primigenius) in Poland" (PDF). Animal Genetics Resources Information. 16: 5–12. doi:10.1017/S1014233900004582. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2013.
66. Boev, Z. (2016). Subfossil Vertebrate Fauna from Forum Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria), 16-18th Century AD. Acta zoologica bulgarica, 68(3), 415-424.
67. BOEV, Z. (2021). The last Bos primigenius survived in Bulgaria (Cetartiodactyla: Bovidae). Lynx, series nova, 52(1).
68. Vislobokova, Innessa A.; Lopatin, Alexey V.; Tarasenko, Konstantin K.; Ziegler, Reinhard (2021-02-10). "An unexpected record of an extinct water buffalo Bubalus murrensis (Berckhemer, 1927) in the Last Glacial in Europe and its implication for dispersal pattern of this species". Quaternary International. 574: 127–136. Bibcode:2021QuInt.574..127V. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.12.020. ISSN   1040-6182. S2CID   230559949.
69. Noce, A., Qanbari, S., González-Prendes, R., Brenmoehl, J., Luigi-Sierra, M. G., Theerkorn, M., ... & Hoeflich, A. (2021). Genetic diversity of Bubalus bubalis in Germany and global relations of its genetic background. Frontiers in genetics, 11, 610353.
70. Water buffalo release boosts natural dynamics in the Danube Delta.
71. Acevedo, P., & Cassinello, J. (2009). Biology, ecology and status of Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica: a critical review and research prospectus. Mammal Review, 39(1), 17-32.
72. Alados, C. L., Escós, J., Salvador Milla, A., & Cassinello, J. (2017). Cabra montés–Capra pyrenaica Schinz, 1838. digital.csic.es
73. Ríu, J. U. (1959). El "mueyu", "capra pyrenaica" asturiana extinguida a comienzos del siglo pasado. Archivum: Revista de la Facultad de Filología, (9), 361-375.
74. J. Folch; J. Cocero; M. J. Chesne; P. Alabart; J. K. Dominguez; V. Congnie; Y. Roche; A. Fernández-Árias; A. Marti; J. I. Sánchez; P. Echegoyen; E. Beckers; J. F. Sánchez; A. Bonastre; X. Vignon (2009). "First birth of an animal from an extinct subspecies (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) by cloning". Theriogenology. 71 (#6): 1026–1034. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.11.005 . PMID   19167744.
75. Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-953509-5 . Retrieved 29 February 2012.
76. Bover, P., et al. (2016). Closing the gap: new data on the last documented Myotragus and the first human evidence on Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean Sea). The Holocene, 26(11), 1887-1891.
77. Tokarska, M., Pertoldi, C., Kowalczyk, R., & Perzanowski, K. (2011). Genetic status of the European bison Bison bonasus after extinction in the wild and subsequent recovery. Mammal Review, 41(2), 151-162.
78. Sipko, T. P. (2009). European bison in Russia–past, present and future. European Bison Conservation Newsletter, 2, 148-159.
79. Manaseryan, N., & Gyonjyan, A. (1995). "The Change of the Anthropogene Fauna of Armenia". In the Proceedings of the First International Mammoth Symposium, Saint-Petersburg, Russia (pp. 687-688).
80. Chahoud, J., Vila, E., Bălăşescu, A., & Crassard, R. (2016). "The diversity of Late Pleistocene and Holocene wild ungulates and kites structures in Armenia". Quaternary International, 395, 133-153.
81. Peter C. Lent (1999). Muskoxen and Their Hunters: A History. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN   978-0-8061-3170-2 . Retrieved 2013-08-25.
82. Lønø, O. (1960). Transplantation of the muskox in Europe and North-America. Norsk Polarinstitutt, 29 pages.
83. Guerra Rodríguez, C. (2015) Avifauna del pleistoceno superior-holoceno de las Pitiusas: passeriformes y sus depredadores. Unpublished.
84. Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing.
85. BirdLife International (2016). "Pinguinus impennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22694856A93472944. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694856A93472944.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
86. Andalusian Buttonquail declared extinct in Spain
87. Böhm, C., Bowden, C. G., Seddon, P. J., Hatipoğlu, T., Oubrou, W., El Bekkay, M., ... & Unsöld, M. (2021). The northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita: history, current status and future perspectives. Oryx, 55(6), 934-946.
88. Roland, M., & Schenker, A. (2023). Illustration eines Waldrapps Geronticus eremita vom Jura aus dem 16. Jahrhundert. Ornithologische Beobachter, 120(3).
89. Louchart, A., Bedetti, C., & Pavia, M. (2005). A new species of eagle (Aves: Accipitridae) close to the Steppe Eagle, from Pleistocene of Corsica and Sardinia, France and Italy. PALAEONTOGRAPHICA ABTEILUNG A PALÄOZOOLOGIE, STRATIGRAPHIE, 272, 121-148.
90. Salotti, M., Louchart, A., Bailon, S., Lorenzo, S., Oberlin, C., Ottaviani-Spella, M. M., ... & Tramoni, P. (2008). A Teppa di U Lupinu Cave (Corsica, France)–human presence since 8500 years BC, and the enigmatic origin of the earlier, late Pleistocene accumulation. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia-Series A: Vertebrata, 51(1-2), 15-34.
91. Mlíkovský, J. (2003). Brown Fish Owl (Bubo zeylonensis) in Europe: past distribution and taxonomic status. pg. 61-65
92. García, E. & Patterson, A. (2020) Where to watch birds in southern and western Spain. Bloomsbury Publishing, 400 pages.
93. Robischon, Marcel (February 2015). "Blue Tigers, Black Tapirs, & the Pied Raven of the Faroe Islands: Teaching Genetic Drift Using Real-Life Animal Examples". The American Biology Teacher. 77 (2): 108–112. doi:10.1525/abt.2015.77.2.5. JSTOR   10.1525/abt.2015.77.2.5. S2CID   85886338.
94. Salvador, A. (2009). Lagartija balear–Podarcis lilfordi (Günther, 1874). Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Madrid, Spain: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/ (10 May 2018).
95. La Isla de Las Ratas, Illa Redona, S'illa des Morts... Menorca.info
96. Day, D. (1989). Vanished species. Popular Culture Ink.
97. Torres-Roig, E., Mitchell, K. J., Alcover, J. A., Martínez-Freiría, F., Bailón, S., Heiniger, H., ... & Bover, P. (2021). Origin, extinction and ancient DNA of a new fossil insular viper: molecular clues of overseas immigration. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 192(1), 144-168.
98. "Muhu Maria jäi viimaseks Läänemerest püütud atlandi tuuraks". Saarlane.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on October 17, 2013.
99. Germany, SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg (2006-10-31). "European Wildlife: Bringing the Sturgeon Back to Germany - SPIEGEL ONLINE - International". Spiegel.de. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
100. "Eesti meres ujuvad taas tuurad". Maaleht (in Estonian). 18 October 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
101. Crivelli, A.J. (2006). "Chondrostoma scodrense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2006: e.T61345A12465545. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61345A12465545.en . Retrieved 13 January 2018.
102. Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008). "Romanogobio antipai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T135636A4167651. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135636A4167651.en . Retrieved 13 January 2018.
103. Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008). "Coregonus bezola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T135556A4144562. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135556A4144562.en . Retrieved 13 January 2018.
104. Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008). "Coregonus fera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T135627A4165119. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135627A4165119.en . Retrieved 13 January 2018.
105. Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008). "Coregonus gutturosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T135506A4134620. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135506A4134620.en . Retrieved 13 January 2018.
106. Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008). "Coregonus hiemalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T135671A4175929. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135671A4175929.en . Retrieved 13 January 2018.
107. Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008). "Coregonus restrictus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T135570A4149314. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135570A4149314.en . Retrieved 13 January 2018.
108. Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008). "Salvelinus neocomensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T135421A4127253. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135421A4127253.en . Retrieved 13 January 2018.
109. Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Stenodus leucichthys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T20745A9229071. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T20745A9229071.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
110. Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008). "Coregonus oxyrinchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T5380A11126034. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T5380A11126034.en . Retrieved 13 January 2018.
111. Kroes, R.; Winkel, Y.; Breeuwer, J. A. J.; van Loon, E. E.; Loader, S. P.; Maclaine, J. S.; Verdonschot, P. F. M.; van der Geest, H. G. (2023). "Phylogenetic analysis of museum specimens of houting Coregonus oxyrinchus shows the need for a revision of its extinct status". BMC Ecology and Evolution. 23 (1): 57. doi: 10.1186/s12862-023-02161-7 . ISSN   2730-7182. PMC   10523663 .
112. Amsterdam, University of. "Officially extinct fish is alive and well, according to DNA analyses". phys.org. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
113. Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008). "Gasterosteus crenobiontus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T135637A4167779. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135637A4167779.en . Retrieved 13 January 2018.
114. Ferretti, F., Morey Verd, G., Seret, B., Sulić Šprem, J., & Micheli, F. (2016). Falling through the cracks: the fading history of a large iconic predator. Fish and fisheries, 17(3), 875-889.
115. Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Eudontomyzon sp. nov. migratory". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T135505A4134478. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135505A4134478.en . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
116. Ameles fasciipennis
117. Battiston, R. (2020). "Pseudoyersinia brevipennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T44792108A44798207. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T44792108A44798207.en . Retrieved 19 December 2019.
118. Pérez, J. M., Sánchez, I., & Palma, R. L. (2013). The dilemma of conserving parasites: the case of Felicola (Lorisicola) isidoroi (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) and its host, the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Insect Conservation and Diversity, 6(6), 680-686.
119. Giggs, R. (2019). The sad story of a rare cat and its loyal parasite. The Atlantic Monthly.
120. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Siettitia balsetensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996: e.T20207A9179037. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20207A9179037.en . Retrieved 13 January 2018.
121. Extinction and Hope
122. British Wildlife Vol. 11 (1999). British Wildlife Pub.
123. Verhoeven, J. T. (Ed.). (2013). Fens and bogs in the Netherlands: vegetation, history, nutrient dynamics and conservation (Vol. 18). Springer Science & Business Media.
124. Newland, D., Still, R., Swash, A., & Tomlinson, D. (2020). Britain's Butterflies (Vol. 75). Princeton University Press.
125. Gandy, M. (2016). Moth. Reaktion Books.
126. Malicky, H. (2014). "Hydropsyche tobiasi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T10332A21426347. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T10332A21426347.en . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
127. Macadam, C. (2022). "Poecilobothrus majesticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022: e.T123671476A123674314. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T123671476A123674314.en . Retrieved 26 April 2023.
128. Albrecht, C.; Hauffe, T.; Reischütz, P. (2011). "Graecoanatolica macedonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2011: e.T41027A10390353. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T41027A10390353.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
129. Hauffe, T.; Albrecht, C.; Schreiber, K.; Seddon, M.B. (2010). "Ohridohauffenia drimica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2010: e.T15187A4500356. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T15187A4500356.en . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
130. Prie, V. (2010). "Belgrandia varica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2010: e.T155668A4818436. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T155668A4818436.en . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
131. Reischutz, P. (2010). "Belgrandiella boetersi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2010: e.T155972A4876539. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T155972A4876539.en . Retrieved 2 June 2024.
132. Triantis, K. (2017). "Zonites santoriniensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T171131A85577984. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T171131A85577984.en . Retrieved 2 June 2024.
133. Triantis, K. (2017). "Zonites siphnicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T171588A85579865. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T171588A85579865.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
134. Triantis, K. (2017). "Zonites embolium. The IUN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T171211A85578264". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T171211A85578264.en . Retrieved 26 May 2022.
135. Martínez–Ortí, A. L. B. E. R. T. O., & Borreda, V. (2012). New systematics of Parmacellidae P. Fischer 1856 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata), with the recovery of the genus–name Drusia Gray 1855 and the description of Escutiella subgen. nov. Journal of Conchology, 41(1), 1-18.
136. Macadam, C. (2022). "Edwardsia ivelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022: e.T7035A200286264. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T7035A200286264.en . Retrieved 3 August 2022.
137. BSBI Archive - Watsonia
138. Galicia Herbada, D.; Fraga Arquimbau, P. (2011). "Lysimachia minoricensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2011: e.T61670A12535686. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T61670A12535686.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021.
139. Bilz, M. (2011). "Bromus interruptus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2011: e.T165247A5995954. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T165247A5995954.en . Retrieved 10 January 2011.

External links

• The Extinction Website
• IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
• European Union - Nature and Biodiversity