There are many companies operating trains in the United Kingdom, including the operators of franchised passenger services, officially referred to as train operating companies (TOCs), as distinct from freight operating companies.
There are also a number of light rail systems.
Operating companies have ceased to exist for various reasons, including withdrawal of the franchise, the term of the franchise has expired, bankruptcy or merger.
Operator | Type | Franchise | Parent(s) | Date started | Date ceased | Replaced by | Code |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abellio ScotRail | Franchise | ScotRail | Abellio | 1 April 2015 | 31 March 2022 | ScotRail (Scottish Government) | SR |
Anglia Railways | Anglia | GB Railways | 5 January 1997 | 31 March 2004 | One | AR | |
Arriva Trains Wales | Wales & Borders | Arriva UK Trains | 8 December 2003 | 13 October 2018 [8] | KeolisAmey Wales | AW | |
Arriva Trains Merseyside | Merseytravel contract | Merseyrail | February 2000 | 20 July 2003 | Merseyrail | ME | |
Arriva Trains Northern | Franchise | Regional Railways North East | 2 March 1997 | 12 December 2004 | AN | ||
Arriva Rail North | Northern | 1 April 2016 | 29 February 2020 | Northern Trains | NT | ||
Caledonian Sleeper (Serco) | Caledonian Sleeper | Serco | 31 March 2015 | 24 June 2023 | Caledonian Sleeper (Scottish Rail Holdings) | CS | |
Central Trains | Central | National Express | 2 March 1997 | 10 November 2007 | CT | ||
Connex South Central | Network SouthCentral | Connex | 13 October 1996 | 16 June 2001 | Southern | CX | |
Connex South Eastern | South Eastern | 26 May 1996 | 9 November 2003 | South Eastern Trains | |||
East Coast | InterCity East Coast | Directly Operated Railways | 14 November 2009 | 28 February 2015 | Virgin Trains East Coast | GR | |
East Midlands Trains | East Midlands | Stagecoach | 11 November 2007 | 17 August 2019 | East Midlands Railway | EM | |
First Capital Connect | Thameslink Great Northern | FirstGroup | 1 April 2006 | 13 September 2014 | Govia Thameslink Railway | FC | |
First Great Eastern | Great Eastern | FirstGroup | 5 January 1997 | 31 March 2004 | National Express East Anglia | GE | |
First Great Western Link | Thames | FirstGroup | 1 April 2004 | 31 March 2006 | First Great Western | FK | |
First North Western | North West Regional Railways | FirstGroup | 2 March 1997 | 12 December 2004 | NW | ||
First ScotRail | Scotrail | FirstGroup | 17 October 2004 | 31 March 2015 | Abellio ScotRail | SR | |
First TransPennine Express | TransPennine Express |
| 1 February 2004 | 31 March 2016 | TransPennine Express | TP | |
Gatwick Express | Gatwick Express | National Express | 28 April 1996 | 22 June 2008 | Southern | GX | |
Great North Eastern Railway | InterCity East Coast | Sea Containers | 28 April 1996 | 8 December 2007 | National Express East Coast | GR | |
Great Western Trains | Great Western | Great Western Holdings | 4 February 1996 | March 1998 | First Great Western | GW | |
Heathrow Connect | Open Access | — | Heathrow Airport Holdings, FirstGroup | 12 June 2005 | 19 May 2018 | TfL Rail | HC |
Island Line | Franchise | Island Line | Stagecoach | 13 October 1996 | 3 February 2007 | South West Trains | IL |
London Midland | West Midlands | Govia | 11 November 2007 | 9 December 2017 | West Midlands Trains | LM | |
London Overground Rail Operations | TfL concession | London Overground |
| 11 November 2007 | 12 November 2016 [9] | Arriva Rail London | LO |
Merseyrail Electrics | Merseytravel contract | Merseyrail | MTL | 19 January 1997 | February 2000 | Arriva Trains Merseyside | ME |
Midland Mainline | Franchise | Midland Main Line | National Express | 28 February 1996 | 10 November 2007 | East Midlands Trains | ML |
National Express East Anglia | Greater Anglia | 1 April 2004 | 5 February 2012 | Greater Anglia | LE | ||
National Express East Coast | InterCity East Coast | 9 December 2007 | 13 November 2009 | East Coast | GR | ||
Northern Rail | Northern Rail | Serco-Abellio | 12 December 2004 | 31 March 2016 | Arriva Rail North | NT | |
Northern Spirit | Regional Railways North East | MTL | 2 March 1997 | February 2000 | Arriva Trains Northern | NS | |
North Western Trains | North West Regional Railways | Great Western Holdings | 2 March 1997 | March 1998 | First North Western | NW | |
ScotRail | ScotRail | National Express | 31 March 1997 | 17 October 2004 | First ScotRail | SR | |
Silverlink | North London Railways | 2 March 1997 | 10 November 2007 | SS | |||
Southeastern | Integrated Kent | Govia | 1 April 2006 | 16 October 2021 | Southeastern | SE | |
South Eastern Trains | South Eastern | Strategic Rail Authority | 9 November 2003 | 31 March 2006 | Southeastern | SE | |
South West Trains | South Western | Stagecoach | 4 February 2007 | 19 August 2017 [10] | South Western Railway | SW | |
Southern | South Central | Govia | 26 August 2001 | 25 July 2015 | Govia Thameslink Railway | SN | |
Thames Trains | Thames | Go-Ahead Group | 13 October 1996 | 31 March 2004 | First Great Western Link | TT | |
Thameslink | Thameslink | Govia | 2 March 1997 | 31 March 2006 | First Capital Connect | TR | |
TransPennine Express | TransPennine Express | FirstGroup | 1 April 2016 | 28 May 2023 | TransPennine Trains (trading as TransPennine Express) | TP | |
KeolisAmey Wales | Wales & Borders | Keolis/Amey | 14 October 2018 | 6 February 2021 | Transport for Wales Rail | AW | |
Valley Lines | Valley Lines | National Express | 13 October 1996 | 13 October 2001 | Wales & Borders | VL | |
Virgin Trains East Coast | InterCity East Coast |
| 1 March 2015 | 23 June 2018 | London North Eastern Railway | GR | |
Virgin CrossCountry | CrossCountry | Virgin Rail Group | 5 January 1997 | 10 November 2007 | VXC | ||
Virgin Trains West Coast | InterCity West Coast | 9 March 1997 | 7 December 2019 [11] | Avanti West Coast | VT | ||
West Anglia Great Northern (West Anglia Main Line and Lea Valley Lines) | West Anglia Great Northern | National Express | 5 January 1997 | 31 March 2004 | One | WN | |
West Anglia Great Northern (Great Northern and Fenline routes) | West Anglia Great Northern | National Express | 5 January 1997 | 31 March 2006 | First Capital Connect | ||
Wales & Borders | Wales & Borders | National Express | 14 October 2001 | 7 December 2003 | Arriva Trains Wales | WB | |
Wales & West | Wales & West | National Express | 13 October 1996 | 13 October 2001 | WW | ||
Wessex Trains | Wessex | National Express | 14 October 2001 | 31 March 2006 | First Great Western | WE | |
Wrexham & Shropshire | Open access | Wrexham to London | DB Regio | 28 April 2008 | 28 January 2011 | Ceased due to lack of profitability | WS |
In Northern Ireland, passenger trains are NI/Ireland government-owned by Translink or the National Transport Authority. The following brands are used:
Luxury railtours
In Northern Ireland
Defunct:
Most of the transport system in Ireland is in public hands, either side of the Irish border. The Irish road network has evolved separately in the two jurisdictions into which Ireland is divided, while the Irish rail network was mostly created prior to the partition of Ireland.
Arriva Ltd. is a British multinational public transport company headquartered in Sunderland, England.
Arriva Trains Wales was a British train operating company owned by Arriva UK Trains that operated the Wales & Borders franchise. It ran urban and inter-urban passenger services to all railway stations in Wales, including Cardiff Central, Cardiff Queen Street, Newport, Swansea, Wrexham General and Holyhead, as well as to certain stations in England such as Hereford, Shrewsbury, Chester, Crewe, Manchester Piccadilly and Birmingham New Street.
Rail transport in Ireland is provided by Iarnród Éireann in the Republic of Ireland and by Northern Ireland Railways in Northern Ireland.
There are effectively two separate mainline railway systems in the United Kingdom – the Great Britain system and the Northern Ireland system, which are regulated and operated separately, and are constituted under separate pieces of United Kingdom legislation.
FirstGroup plc is a British multi-national transport group, based in Aberdeen, Scotland. The company operates transport services in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.
In the railway system of Great Britain, a train operating company (TOC) is a railway undertaking operating passenger trains under the collective National Rail brand. TOCs have existed since the privatisation of the network under the Railways Act 1993.
London Rail was a directorate of Transport for London (TfL), involved in the relationship with the National Rail network within Greater London, UK which managed TfL's non-London Underground train services.
Northern Rail, branded as Northern, was an English train operating company owned by Serco-Abellio that operated the Northern Rail franchise from 2004 until 2016. It was the primary passenger train operator in Northern England, and operated the most stations of any train operating company in the United Kingdom. Northern Rail was replaced on 1 April 2016 by Arriva Rail North.
A railtour is a special train which is run in order to allow people to experience rail travel which is not normally available using timetabled passenger services. The 'unusual' aspect may be the route of the train, the destination, the occasion, specific sections of railway track, the locomotive hauling the train, the rolling stock, or any combination of these. Organisers may own or hire locomotives or rolling stock, or tours may be organised by railway management or other bodies outside the railway fraternity. Perhaps the most famous railtour in England was the Fifteen Guinea Special, the last steam hauled main line train run by British Rail. Railtours are often identifiable through the use of a train headboard, often identifying the name of the specific tour or the tour operator. On TOPS, railtours are usually given a 1Zxx headcode. Exceptions to this rule include regularly scheduled railtours such as the Belmond British Pullman operated Venice-Simplon Orient Express trains.
London Overground is a suburban rail network serving London and its environs. Established in 2007 to take over Silverlink Metro routes, it now serves a large part of Greater London as well as Hertfordshire, with 113 stations on the six lines that make up the network.
The Chingford branch line is a railway line between Clapton Junction and Chingford station. Services run between Liverpool Street station and Chingford, and are operated by London Overground. The branch is part of the Lea Valley Lines.
Arriva UK Trains Limited is the company that oversees Arriva's train operating companies in the United Kingdom. It gained its first franchises in February 2000. These were later lost, though several others were gained. In January 2010, with the take-over of Arriva by Deutsche Bahn, Arriva UK Trains also took over the running of those formerly overseen by DB Regio UK Limited.
Passenger rail franchising in Great Britain is the system of contracting the operation of the passenger services on the railways of Great Britain to private companies, which has been in effect since 1996 and was greatly altered in 2020, with rail franchising being effectively abolished in May 2021. In 2024 rail franchising was formally abolished, with rail contracts set to enter government control at the expiration of their contracts from 2025 onwards.
London Overground Rail Operations Limited was a train operating company contracted to operate the London Overground train service on the National Rail network, under the franchise control of Transport for London. The company was a 50/50 joint venture between Arriva UK Trains and MTR Corporation.
Serco-Abellio is a joint venture between Serco and Transport UK Group, each owning 50%. The joint venture is the train operating company of the Merseyrail franchise since July 2003 in the Liverpool City Region. It previously operated the Northern Rail franchise in Northern England from December 2004 until March 2016.
Abellio is a Dutch public transport company that operates bus and rail services in Germany, and formerly also in Czech Republic, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. It is wholly owned by the Dutch national railway company, Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS).
The Belmond Grand Hibernian was a luxury train service in Ireland. The service was operated by Belmond, the operator of several other luxury trains including the Venice Simplon Orient Express. It was officially launched on 30 August 2016 and ceased on 18 February 2021. The carriages were transferred to England, and after a complete redesign, will enter to service again as Britannic Explorer from July 2025.
The East Anglia franchise is a railway franchise for passenger trains on the Great Eastern Main Line and West Anglia Main Lines in England. It commenced operation in April 2004 when the Anglia and Great Eastern franchises, together with the West Anglia part of the West Anglia Great Northern franchise, were combined to form the Greater Anglia franchise.
Arriva Rail London is a train operating company owned by Arriva UK Trains that operates the London Overground concession on behalf of Transport for London.