The report systematically considers a country's vulnerability and its exposure to natural hazards to determine a ranking of countries around the world based on their natural disaster risk. The WorldRiskIndex (WRI), developed by the Institute for Environment and Human Security (EHS) of the United Nations University (UNU) and Bündnis Entwicklung hilft (BEH), is the main feature of the World Risk Report (WRR). It determines the risk of becoming a victim of a disaster as a result of vulnerability and natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, storms, floods, droughts and sea level rise for 185 countries worldwide. The WRI is based on 28 indicators and research data which are globally freely available and results in a global risk ranking and maps which allow for comparison between countries. Risk is at its highest where a high level of exposure to natural hazards coincides with very vulnerable societies. [1]
Rank | Country | 2022 [2] | 2016 [3] [4] | 2013 [5] | 2012 [6] | 2011 [7] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Andorra | 0.26% | — | — | — | — |
1 | Monaco | 0.26% | — | — | — | — |
2 | San Marino | 0.38% | — | — | — | — |
3 | São Tomé and Príncipe | 0.48% | — | — | — | — |
4 | Luxembourg | 0.52% | 2.43% | 2.68% | 2.65% | 2.70% |
5 | Liechtenstein | 0.79% | — | — | — | — |
6 | Singapore | 0.81% | 2.27% | 2.49% | 2.54% | 2.85% |
7 | Belarus | 0.83% | 3.11% | 3.31% | 3.32% | 2.98% |
8 | Malta | 0.94% | 0.60% | 0.61% | 0.61% | 0.72% |
9 | Bahrain | 0.95% | 1.69% | 1.81% | 1.81% | 1.66% |
10 | Hungary | 0.97% | 5.32% | 5.69% | 5.87% | 5.49% |
11 | Czechia | 1.00% | 3.37% | 3.61% | 3.67% | 4.15% |
11 | Nauru | 1.00% | — | — | — | — |
11 | Slovakia | 1.00% | 3.39% | 3.63% | 3.69% | 3.38% |
12 | Maldives | 1.02% | — | — | — | — |
13 | Denmark | 1.03% | 2.89% | 3.10% | 3.09% | 2.86% |
13 | Switzerland | 1.03% | 2.37% | 2.61% | 2.59% | 2.55% |
14 | Bhutan | 1.09% | 7.51% | 7.98% | 8.17% | 13.65% |
15 | Austria | 1.14% | 3.39% | 3.80% | 3.75% | 3.41% |
16 | Qatar | 1.17% | 0.08% | 0.11% | 0.10% | 0.02% |
17 | Palau | 1.25% | — | — | — | — |
18 | North Macedonia | 1.26% | 5.87% | 6.28% | 6.10% | 6.80% |
19 | Cape Verde | 1.27% | 10.39% | 10.80% | 10.88% | 9.47% |
20 | Turkmenistan | 1.29% | 6.44% | 6.57% | 6.64% | 7.18% |
21 | Finland | 1.30% | 2.21% | 2.28% | 2.24% | 2.06% |
21 | Moldova | 1.30% | 4.79% | 5.05% | 5.23% | 4.78% |
22 | Lesotho | 1.32% | 6.84% | 7.09% | 7.22% | 7.86% |
22 | Togo | 1.32% | 10.36% | 10.34% | 10.64% | 10.40% |
23 | Brunei | 1.34% | 17.00% | 15.58% | 15.92% | 14.08% |
24 | Botswana | 1.44% | 5.14% | 5.37% | 5.21% | 5.56% |
24 | Slovenia | 1.44% | 3.41% | 3.69% | 3.81% | 3.72% |
25 | Tuvalu | 1.46% | — | — | — | — |
26 | Benin | 1.61% | 11.39% | 11.32% | 11.42% | 10.90% |
27 | Iceland | 1.65% | 1.52% | 1.55% | 1.53% | 1.56% |
28 | Paraguay | 1.74% | 3.48% | 3.85% | 3.84% | 4.12% |
28 | Uzbekistan | 1.74% | 8.59% | 8.66% | 8.71% | 9.37% |
29 | Estonia | 1.82% | 2.36% | 2.52% | 2.50% | 2.25% |
29 | Eswatini | 1.82% | 7.52% | 7.65% | 7.84% | 7.37% |
30 | Serbia | 1.84% | 7.12% | 7.53% | 7.67% | 5.44% |
31 | Grenada | 1.85% | 1.42% | 1.44% | 1.44% | 2.29% |
32 | Barbados | 2.06% | 1.32% | 1.16% | 1.15% | 2.44% |
32 | Burkina Faso | 2.06% | 9.54% | 9.72% | 9.74% | 11.58% |
32 | Sweden | 2.06% | 2.12% | 2.26% | 2.15% | 2.00% |
33 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 2.07% | — | — | — | — |
34 | Ivory Coast | 2.08% | 8.88% | 8.86% | 9.00% | 9.03% |
34 | Mongolia | 2.08% | 3.08% | 3.10% | 3.24% | 3.43% |
35 | Latvia | 2.14% | 3.31% | 3.48% | 3.51% | 3.09% |
36 | Bulgaria | 2.15% | 4.22% | 4.43% | 4.56% | 4.08% |
37 | Niger | 2.17% | 11.24% | 11.62% | 11.93% | 14.03% |
38 | Kazakhstan | 2.18% | 3.56% | 3.84% | 3.87% | 4.04% |
39 | Azerbaijan | 2.20% | 5.54% | 6.19% | 6.25% | 5.86% |
39 | Kyrgyzstan | 2.20% | 7.86% | 8.43% | 8.50% | 8.48% |
40 | Lithuania | 2.24% | 2.92% | 3.18% | 3.23% | 2.89% |
41 | Mali | 2.25% | 8.39% | 8.65% | 8.76% | 11.51% |
42 | Marshall Islands | 2.29% | — | — | — | — |
43 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 2.30% | — | — | — | — |
44 | Tajikistan | 2.38% | 6.72% | 7.35% | 7.40% | 7.47% |
45 | Zimbabwe | 2.44% | 10.06% | 9.96% | 9.87% | 9.63% |
46 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2.51% | 6.10% | 6.42% | 6.63% | 6.25% |
47 | Seychelles | 2.54% | 2.55% | 2.58% | 2.60% | 2.68% |
48 | Comoros | 2.56% | 7.29% | 7.52% | 7.45% | 6.93% |
48 | Kuwait | 2.56% | 3.28% | 3.70% | 3.71% | 3.71% |
49 | Nepal | 2.62% | 5.12% | 5.53% | 5.69% | 6.15% |
50 | Kiribati | 2.64% | 1.78% | 1.78% | 1.78% | 1.88% |
51 | Saint Lucia | 2.69% | — | — | — | — |
52 | Rwanda | 2.70% | 7.09% | 7.43% | 7.60% | 8.68% |
53 | Armenia | 2.72% | 6.07% | 6.91% | 7.05% | 6.36% |
54 | Cyprus | 2.78% | 2.68% | 2.77% | 2.81% | 3.46% |
55 | Uganda | 2.81% | 6.52% | 6.69% | 6.75% | 7.57% |
56 | Laos | 2.91% | 5.59% | 5.71% | 5.73% | 5.80% |
57 | Chad | 2.92% | 10.85% | 11.06% | 11.13% | 12.25% |
58 | Trinidad and Tobago | 2.93% | 7.50% | 7.65% | 7.68% | 6.70% |
59 | Zambia | 2.94% | 7.25% | 7.46% | 7.44% | 8.41% |
60 | Burundi | 3.03% | 10.28% | 10.46% | 10.49% | 11.56% |
61 | Ghana | 3.05% | 8.39% | 8.81% | 8.85% | 9.35% |
62 | Bolivia | 3.07% | 4.58% | 5.08% | 5.13% | 5.16% |
63 | Ireland | 3.10% | 4.60% | 4.69% | 4.50% | 4.15% |
64 | Samoa | 3.15% | — | — | — | — |
65 | Norway | 3.16% | 2.19% | 2.35% | 2.31% | 2.28% |
66 | Romania | 3.19% | 5.92% | 6.61% | 6.78% | 6.43% |
67 | Dominica | 3.27% | — | — | — | — |
68 | Malawi | 3.30% | 7.98% | 8.02% | 8.18% | 8.99% |
68 | Montenegro | 3.30% | — | — | — | — |
69 | Central African Republic | 3.34% | 7.03% | 6.57% | 6.55% | 6.95% |
70 | Equatorial Guinea | 3.36% | 4.46% | 4.49% | 4.47% | 6.72% |
71 | Jordan | 3.48% | 4.58% | 4.88% | 4.90% | 5.13% |
72 | Mauritius | 3.50% | 15.53% | 14.89% | 15.36% | 15.74% |
73 | Lebanon | 3.52% | 5.01% | 5.05% | 5.10% | 5.01% |
74 | Bahamas | 3.75% | 4.14% | 3.99% | 4.17% | 4.52% |
85 | Georgia | 3.79% | 6.27% | 6.83% | 6.75% | 6.97% |
86 | Antigua and Barbuda | 3.84% | — | — | — | — |
87 | Ukraine | 3.89% | 2.97% | 3.14% | 3.19% | 3.02% |
88 | Germany | 3.92% | 2.95% | 3.24% | 3.27% | 2.96% |
89 | Tonga | 3.94% | 29.33% | 28.23% | 28.62% | 29.08% |
90 | Netherlands | 4.04% | 8.24% | 8.76% | 8.49% | 7.71% |
91 | Afghanistan | 4.05% | 9.50% | 9.93% | 9.79% | 14.06% |
92 | Liberia | 4.11% | 7.84% | 7.71% | 7.86% | 9.20% |
93 | Guinea-Bissau | 4.14% | 13.56% | 13.09% | 13.34% | 13.12% |
94 | Belgium | 4.16% | 3.07% | 3.42% | 3.48% | 3.51% |
95 | South Sudan | 4.21% | — | — | — | — |
96 | Micronesia | 4.36% | — | — | — | — |
97 | Gambia | 4.45% | 12.07% | 11.71% | 11.84% | 13.90% |
98 | Poland | 4.63% | 3.20% | 3.46% | 3.53% | 3.42% |
99 | Israel | 4.65% | 2.30% | 2.49% | 2.43% | 2.60% |
99 | Jamaica | 4.65% | 11.83% | 12.15% | 12.15% | 12.89% |
100 | Gabon | 4.72% | 6.04% | 5.93% | 6.20% | 6.30% |
101 | Ethiopia | 4.80% | 7.04% | 7.36% | 7.35% | 7.09% |
102 | Congo | 4.85% | 7.19% | 7.57% | 7.38% | 7.71% |
103 | Croatia | 4.86% | 3.97% | 4.24% | 4.35% | 3.71% |
104 | Suriname | 4.87% | 8.44% | 8.55% | 8.62% | 9.25% |
105 | Uruguay | 4.92% | 4.03% | 4.09% | 4.12% | 3.94% |
106 | Albania | 4.98% | 9.50% | 10.01% | 9.96% | 9.98% |
107 | Sierra Leone | 5.00% | 10.21% | 10.37% | 10.58% | 11.25% |
108 | Portugal | 5.08% | 3.45% | 3.80% | 3.82% | 3.62% |
109 | Senegal | 5.42% | 10.38% | 10.99% | 11.08% | 11.76% |
110 | United Kingdom | 5.78% | 3.54% | 3.71% | 3.65% | 3.61% |
111 | Namibia | 5.93% | 5.37% | 5.68% | 5.72% | 6.63% |
111 | Sri Lanka | 5.93% | 7.32% | 7.67% | 7.79% | 7.84% |
112 | United Arab Emirates | 6.52% | 1.97% | 2.10% | 2.07% | 4.09% |
113 | Fiji | 6.54% | 13.15% | 14.10% | 13.53% | 11.13% |
114 | Guyana | 6.64% | 11.39% | 11.65% | 11.77% | 9.02% |
115 | France | 6.67% | 2.62% | 2.79% | 2.78% | 2.76% |
116 | Guinea | 6.84% | 8.20% | 8.32% | 8.55% | 9.49% |
117 | Oman | 7.27% | 2.64% | 2.74% | 2.72% | 2.80% |
118 | Belize | 7.65% | 6.55% | 6.62% | 6.63% | 5.93% |
119 | Eritrea | 7.70% | 6.35% | 6.35% | 6.44% | 7.22% |
120 | Cuba | 7.97% | 6.13% | 6.51% | 6.55% | 5.99% |
120 | East Timor | 7.97% | 15.69% | 16.37% | 17.13% | 17.45% |
121 | Cambodia | 8.42% | 16.58% | 16.90% | 17.17% | 16.58% |
122 | Greece | 8.55% | 6.70% | 7.38% | 7.81% | 8.27% |
123 | Iraq | 8.65% | 4.49% | 4.83% | 4.95% | 5.77% |
124 | Nigeria | 9.12% | 7.98% | 8.32% | 8.28% | 9.03% |
125 | Mauritania | 9.34% | 7.95% | 8.26% | 8.43% | 9.70% |
126 | Italy | 9.37% | 4.42% | 4.88% | 4.82% | 4.74% |
127 | South Africa | 9.42% | 5.58% | 5.80% | 5.90% | 5.71% |
128 | Algeria | 9.58% | 7.36% | 8.13% | 8.15% | 8.06% |
129 | Saudi Arabia | 9.64% | 1.14% | 1.32% | 1.31% | 1.26% |
130 | DR Congo | 9.65% | — | — | — | — |
131 | Spain | 9.68% | 3.05% | 3.38% | 3.40% | 3.29% |
132 | Tunisia | 9.87% | 5.40% | 5.90% | 5.90% | 5.72% |
133 | Haiti | 9.99% | 11.68% | 11.88% | 11.96% | 11.45% |
134 | Sudan | 10.12% | 7.99% | 7.87% | 7.88% | 9.25% |
135 | Morocco | 10.29% | 6.45% | 7.13% | 7.21% | 7.17% |
136 | South Korea | 10.51% | 4.59% | 4.94% | 4.89% | 4.14% |
137 | Vanuatu | 10.64% | 36.28% | 36.43% | 36.31% | 32.00% |
138 | Djibouti | 10.66% | 10.30% | 9.84% | 9.96% | 7.05% |
139 | Angola | 11.02% | 6.52% | 6.45% | 6.56% | 8.02% |
140 | Cameroon | 11.17% | 10.91% | 11.09% | 10.96% | 14.46% |
141 | Guatemala | 11.18% | 19.88% | 20.88% | 20.75% | 20.88% |
142 | North Korea | 11.82% | — | — | — | — |
143 | Brazil | 12.15% | 4.09% | 4.26% | 4.30% | 4.26% |
144 | Syria | 12.16% | 5.69% | 5.67% | 5.68% | 6.19% |
145 | New Zealand | 13.05% | 4.55% | 4.69% | 4.44% | 4.28% |
146 | Dominican Republic | 13.23% | 10.96% | 11.28% | 11.63% | 12.00% |
147 | Chile | 13.84% | 11.65% | 12.28% | 12.26% | 11.97% |
148 | Kenya | 13.92% | 6.77% | 7.08% | 7.18% | 7.24% |
149 | Costa Rica | 14.20% | 17.00% | 16.94% | 17.38% | 16.74% |
150 | Libya | 14.31% | 3.79% | 3.93% | 3.80% | 3.67% |
151 | Malaysia | 14.36% | 6.39% | 6.45% | 6.53% | 6.69% |
152 | El Salvador | 14.37% | 16.05% | 16.85% | 16.89% | 16.49% |
153 | Solomon Islands | 14.62% | 19.14% | 18.11% | 18.15% | 23.51% |
154 | Argentina | 15.61% | 3.56% | 3.76% | 3.80% | 3.77% |
155 | Honduras | 16.00% | 10.68% | 10.91% | 11.02% | 12.10% |
156 | Turkey | 16.23% | 5.20% | 5.52% | 5.68% | 5.38% |
157 | Tanzania | 16.38% | 7.65% | 7.99% | 8.11% | 8.64% |
158 | Japan | 17.03% | 12.99% | 13.56% | 13.69% | 13.57% |
159 | Panama | 18.38% | 7.26% | 7.49% | 7.69% | 7.70% |
160 | Iran | 18.48% | 4.73% | 4.92% | 4.98% | 5.11% |
161 | Canada | 18.99% | 3.01% | 3.18% | 3.18% | 2.57% |
162 | Egypt | 20.65% | 2.29% | 2.34% | 2.33% | 2.38% |
163 | Thailand | 20.91% | 6.19% | 6.34% | 6.44% | 6.86% |
164 | Australia | 21.36% | 4.22% | 4.51% | 4.57% | 4.28% |
165 | Nicaragua | 22.35% | 14.62% | 15.18% | 15.39% | 11.91% |
166 | Ecuador | 22.42% | 7.53% | 7.77% | 7.94% | 8.69% |
167 | Venezuela | 22.45% | 5.93% | 6.16% | 6.13% | 6.11% |
168 | United States | 22.73% | 3.76% | 3.99% | 3.99% | 3.72% |
169 | Madagascar | 23.48% | 11.15% | 11.23% | 11.50% | 10.27% |
170 | Papua New Guinea | 24.10% | 16.43% | 15.90% | 15.81% | 15.45% |
171 | Yemen | 24.26% | 5.97% | 6.03% | 5.98% | 6.83% |
172 | Somalia | 25.07% | — | — | — | — |
173 | Peru | 25.41% | 6.59% | 7.02% | 6.96% | 7.82% |
174 | Vietnam | 25.85% | 12.81% | 12.88% | 11.21% | |
175 | Russia | 26.54% | 3.58% | 3.78% | 3.83% | 3.56% |
176 | Pakistan | 26.75% | 6.96% | 7.21% | 7.25% | 7.84% |
177 | Bangladesh | 27.90% | 19.17% | 19.81% | 20.22% | 17.45% |
178 | China | 28.70% | 6.39% | 6.97% | 7.04% | 6.90% |
179 | Mozambique | 34.37% | 8.69% | 8.89% | 9.09% | 9.98% |
180 | Myanmar | 35.49% | 8.90% | 9.10% | 9.15% | 8.54% |
181 | Mexico | 37.55% | 5.97% | 6.39% | 6.39% | 6.53% |
182 | Colombia | 38.37% | 6.45% | 6.90% | 6.89% | 6.86% |
183 | Indonesia | 41.46% | 10.24% | 10.54% | 10.74% | 11.69% |
184 | Haiti | 42.31% | 26.64% | 27.17% | 22.28% | 17.68% |
185 | Philippines | 46.82% | 26.70% | 27.52% | 27.98% | 24.32% |
A disaster is an event that causes serious harm to people, buildings, economies, or the environment, and the affected community cannot handle it alone. Natural disasters like avalanches, floods, earthquakes, and wildfires are caused by natural hazards. Human-made disasters like oil spills, terrorist attacks and power outages are caused by people. Nowadays, it is hard to separate natural and human-made disasters because human actions can make natural disasters worse. Climate change also affects how often disasters due to extreme weather hazards happen.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is responsible for coordinating responses to environmental issues within the United Nations system. It was established by Maurice Strong, its first director, after the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in June 1972. Its mandate is to provide leadership, deliver science and develop solutions on a wide range of issues, including climate change, the management of marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and green economic development. The organization also develops international environmental agreements; publishes and promotes environmental science and helps national governments achieve environmental targets.
A natural disaster is the very harmful impact on a society or community after a natural hazard event. Some examples of natural hazard events include avalanches, droughts, earthquakes, floods, heat waves, landslides, tropical cyclones, volcanic activity and wildfires. Additional natural hazards include blizzards, dust storms, firestorms, hails, ice storms, sinkholes, thunderstorms, tornadoes and tsunamis. A natural disaster can cause loss of life or damage property. It typically causes economic damage. How bad the damage is depends on how well people are prepared for disasters and how strong the buildings, roads, and other structures are. Scholars have been saying that the term natural disaster is unsuitable and should be abandoned. Instead, the simpler term disaster could be used. At the same time the type of hazard would be specificed. A disaster happens when a natural or human-made hazard impacts a vulnerable community. It results from the combination of the hazard and the exposure of a vulnerable society.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development. The UNDP emphasizes on developing local capacity towards long-term self-sufficiency and prosperity.
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In its broadest sense, social vulnerability is one dimension of vulnerability to multiple stressors and shocks, including abuse, social exclusion and natural hazards. Social vulnerability refers to the inability of people, organizations, and societies to withstand adverse impacts from multiple stressors to which they are exposed. These impacts are due in part to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions, and systems of cultural values.
DARA is an independent, international organization based in Madrid, Spain. DARA was established in 2003 by Silvia Hidalgo to assess the impact of humanitarian aid and to make specific recommendations for changes in policies and practices. DARA has carried out evaluations in more than 60 crises countries for a variety of organizations including United Nations agencies, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the European Commission, governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
Disaster risk reduction aims to make disasters less likely to happen. The approach, also called DRR or disaster risk management, also aims to make disasters less damaging when they do occur. DRR aims to make communities stronger and better prepared to handle disasters. In technical terms, it aims to make them more resilient or less vulnerable. When DRR is successful, it makes communities less the vulnerable because it mitigates the effects of disasters. This means DRR can make risky events fewer and less severe. Climate change can increase climate hazards. So development efforts often consider DRR and climate change adaptation together.
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Climate change is a critical issue in Bangladesh. as the country is one of the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. In the 2020 edition of Germanwatch's Climate Risk Index, it ranked seventh in the list of countries most affected by climate calamities during the period 1999–2018. Bangladesh's vulnerability to the effects of climate change is due to a combination of geographical factors, such as its flat, low-lying, and delta-exposed topography. and socio-economic factors, including its high population density, levels of poverty, and dependence on agriculture. The impacts and potential threats include sea level rise, temperature rise, food crisis, droughts, floods, and cyclones.
The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) was created in December 1999 to ensure the implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.
Globally, Nepal is ranked fourth in terms of vulnerability to climate change. Floods spread across the foothills of the Himalayas and bring landslides, leaving tens of thousands of houses and vast areas of farmland and roads destroyed. In the 2020 edition of Germanwatch's Climate Risk Index, it was judged to be the ninth hardest-hit nation by climate calamities during the period 1999 to 2018. Nepal is a least developed country, with 28.6 percent of the population living in multidimensional poverty. Analysis of trends from 1971 to 2014 by the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) shows that the average annual maximum temperature has been increasing by 0.056 °C per year. Precipitation extremes are found to be increasing. A national-level survey on the perception-based survey on climate change reported that locals accurately perceived the shifts in temperature but their perceptions of precipitation change did not converge with the instrumental records. Data reveals that more than 80 percent of property loss due to disasters is attributable to climate hazards, particularly water-related events such as floods, landslides and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs).
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Climate change vulnerability is a concept that describes how strongly people or ecosystems are likely to be affected by climate change. Its formal definition is the "propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected" by climate change. It can apply to humans and also to natural systems. Issues around the capacity to cope and adapt are also part of this concept. Vulnerability is a component of climate risk. Vulnerability differs within communities and also across societies, regions, and countries. It can increase or decrease over time.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Paris Agreement, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) are connected through their common goals of addressing global challenges and promoting sustainable development through policies and international cooperation.
The WorldRiskReport is an annual technical report on global disaster risks. The yearly issues of the WorldRiskReport focus on varying critical topics related to disaster risk management and are published in German and English. The report includes the WorldRiskIndex, which identifies the risk of an extreme natural event becoming a disaster for 181 countries worldwide.
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