This is a detailed list of human spaceflights from 2011 to 2020.
# | Crew | Launch spacecraft | Habitation | Return spacecraft | Brief mission summary | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
285 | Steven Lindsey (5) Eric A. Boe (2) Nicole P. Stott (2) Benjamin A. Drew (2) Michael R. Barratt (2) Stephen G. Bowen (3) | 24 February 2011 STS-133, Discovery | ISS | 9 March 2011 STS-133, Discovery | ISS assembly and supply. Delivery of PLM. Delivery of Robonaut. Final mission of Discovery . | |
286 | Aleksandr Samokutyayev (1) Andrei Borisenko (1) Ronald J. Garan (2) | 4 April 2011 Soyuz TMA-21 | ISS (crew 27/28) | 16 September 2011 Soyuz TMA-21 | ISS crew rotation. | |
287 | Mark Kelly (4) Gregory H. Johnson (2) Michael Fincke (3) Roberto Vittori (3) Andrew J. Feustel (2) Gregory E. Chamitoff (2) | 16 May 2011 STS-134, Endeavour | ISS | 1 June 2011 STS-134, Endeavour | ISS assembly and supply. Delivery of Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer. Delivery of ELC3. Final flight of Endeavour . | |
288 | Sergey Volkov (2) Satoshi Furukawa Michael E. Fossum (3) | 7 June 2011 Soyuz TMA-02M | ISS (crew 28/29) | 22 November 2011 Soyuz TMA-02M | ISS crew rotation. | |
289 | Christopher Ferguson (3) Douglas G. Hurley (2) Sandra Magnus (3) Rex J. Walheim (3) | 8 July 2011 STS-135, Atlantis | ISS | 21 July 2011 STS-135, Atlantis | ISS assembly and supply. Final flight of Atlantis . Final mission of the Space Shuttle. | |
290 | Anton Shkaplerov (1) Anatoli Ivanishin (1) Dan Burbank (3) | 14 November 2011 Soyuz TMA-22 | ISS (crew 29/30) | 27 April 2012 Soyuz TMA-22 | ISS crew rotation. | |
291 | Oleg Kononenko (2) André Kuipers (2) Donald Pettit (3) | 21 December 2011 Soyuz TMA-03M | ISS (crew 30/31) | 1 July 2012 Soyuz TMA-03M | ISS crew rotation. | |
292 | Gennady Padalka (4) Sergei Revin Joseph M. Acaba (2) | 15 May 2012 Soyuz TMA-04M | ISS (crew 31/32) | 17 September 2012 Soyuz TMA-04M | ISS crew rotation. | |
293 | Jing Haipeng (2) Liu Wang Liu Yang (1) | 16 June 2012 Shenzhou 9 | Tiangong 1 | 29 June 2012 Shenzhou 9 | Fourth human spaceflight, first crewed space station docking for China and first Chinese woman in space. | |
294 | Yuri Malenchenko (5) Sunita Williams (2) Akihiko Hoshide (2) | 15 July 2012 Soyuz TMA-05M | ISS (crew 32/33) | 19 November 2012 Soyuz TMA-05M | ISS crew rotation. | |
295 | Oleg Novitskiy (1) Evgeny Tarelkin Kevin A. Ford (2) | 23 October 2012 Soyuz TMA-06M | ISS (crew 33/34) | 16 March 2013 Soyuz TMA-06M | ISS crew rotation. | |
296 | Roman Romanenko (2) Chris Hadfield (3) Thomas Marshburn (2) | 19 December 2012 Soyuz TMA-07M | ISS (crew 34/35) | 14 May 2013 Soyuz TMA-07M | ISS crew rotation. | |
297 | Pavel Vinogradov (3) Alexander Misurkin (1) Christopher Cassidy (2) | 28 March 2013 Soyuz TMA-08M | ISS (crew 35/36) | 11 September 2013 Soyuz TMA-08M | ISS crew rotation. | |
298 | Fyodor Yurchikhin (4) Karen L. Nyberg (2) Luca Parmitano (1) | 28 May 2013 Soyuz TMA-09M | ISS (crew 36/37) | 11 November 2013 Soyuz TMA-09M | ISS crew rotation. | |
299 | Nie Haisheng (2) Zhang Xiaoguang Wang Yaping (1) | 11 June 2013 Shenzhou 10 | Tiangong 1 | 26 June 2013 Shenzhou 10 | Fifth human spaceflight and second crewed space station docking for China. | |
300 | Oleg Kotov (3) Sergey Ryazansky (1) Michael S. Hopkins (1) | 25 September 2013 Soyuz TMA-10M | ISS (crew 37/38) | 11 March 2014 Soyuz TMA-10M | ISS crew rotation. | |
301 | Mikhail Tyurin (3) Richard Mastracchio (4) Koichi Wakata (4) | 7 November 2013 Soyuz TMA-11M | ISS (crew 38/39) | 14 May 2014 Soyuz TMA-11M | ISS crew rotation. | |
302 | Aleksandr Skvortsov (2) Oleg Artemyev (1) Steven Swanson (3) | 25 March 2014 Soyuz TMA-12M | ISS (crew 39/40) | 11 September 2014 Soyuz TMA-12M | ISS crew rotation. | |
303 | Maksim Surayev (2) Gregory R. Wiseman Alexander Gerst (1) | 28 May 2014 Soyuz TMA-13M | ISS (crew 40/41) | 10 November 2014 Soyuz TMA-13M | ISS crew rotation. | |
304 | Aleksandr Samokutyayev (2) Yelena Serova Barry E. Wilmore (2) | 25 September 2014 Soyuz TMA-14M | ISS (crew 41/42) | 12 March 2015 Soyuz TMA-14M | ISS crew rotation. | |
305 | Anton Shkaplerov (2) Samantha Cristoforetti (1) Terry W. Virts (2) | 23 November 2014 Soyuz TMA-15M | ISS (crew 42/43) | 11 June 2015 Soyuz TMA-15M | ISS crew rotation. | |
306 | Gennady Padalka (5) | 27 March 2015 Soyuz TMA-16M | ISS (crew 43/44) | 12 September 2015 Soyuz TMA-16M | ISS crew rotation. | |
Mikhail Korniyenko (2) Scott Kelly (4) | ISS (crew 43/44/45/46) | 2 March 2016 Soyuz TMA-18M | ||||
307 | Oleg Kononenko (3) Kimiya Yui Kjell N. Lindgren (1) | 22 July 2015 Soyuz TMA-17M | ISS (crew 44/45) | 11 December 2015 Soyuz TMA-17M | ISS crew rotation. | |
308 | Sergey Alexandrovich Volkov (3) | 2 September 2015 Soyuz TMA-18M | ISS (crew 45/46) | 2 March 2016 Soyuz TMA-18M | ISS crew rotation; First citizen of Kazakhstan (Aimbetov) and first Dane (Mogensen) in space. | |
Andreas Mogensen Aidyn Aimbetov | ISS | 12 September 2015 Soyuz TMA-16M | ||||
309 | Yuri Malenchenko (6) Timothy Kopra (2) Tim Peake | 15 December 2015 Soyuz TMA-19M | ISS (crew 46/47) | 18 June 2016 Soyuz TMA-19M | ISS crew rotation. | |
310 | Aleksey Ovchinin (1) Oleg Skripochka (2) Jeffrey Williams (4) | 18 March 2016 Soyuz TMA-20M | ISS (crew 47/48) | 7 September 2016 Soyuz TMA-20M | ISS crew rotation. | |
311 | Anatoli Ivanishin (2) Takuya Onishi Kathleen Rubins (1) | 7 July 2016 Soyuz MS-01 | ISS (crew 48/49) | 30 October 2016 Soyuz MS-01 | ISS crew rotation. | |
312 | Jing Haipeng (3) Chen Dong (1) | 16 October 2016 Shenzhou 11 | Tiangong 2 | 18 November 2016 Shenzhou 11 | Testbed mission for the Chinese to gain experience from an extended stay on a space laboratory and test its life-support systems. | |
313 | Sergey Ryzhikov (1) Andrei Borisenko (2) Robert S. Kimbrough (2) | 19 October 2016 Soyuz MS-02 | ISS (crew 49/50) | 10 April 2017 Soyuz MS-02 | ISS crew rotation. | |
314 | Oleg Novitskiy (2) Thomas Pesquet (1) | 17 November 2016 Soyuz MS-03 | ISS (crew 50/51) | 2 June 2017 Soyuz MS-03 | ISS crew rotation. | |
Peggy Whitson (3) | ISS (crew 50/51/52) | 3 September 2017 Soyuz MS-04 | ||||
315 | Fyodor Yurchikhin (5) Jack D. Fischer | 20 April 2017 Soyuz MS-04 | ISS (crew 51/52) | 3 September 2017 Soyuz MS-04 | ISS crew rotation. | |
316 | Sergey Ryazansky (2) Paolo Nespoli (3) Randolph Bresnik (2) | 28 July 2017 Soyuz MS-05 | ISS (crew 52/53) | 14 December 2017 Soyuz MS-05 | ISS crew rotation. | |
317 | Alexander Misurkin (2) Mark T. Vande Hei (1) Joseph M. Acaba (3) | 12 September 2017 Soyuz MS-06 | ISS (crew 53/54) | 28 February 2018 Soyuz MS-06 | ISS crew rotation. | |
318 | Anton Shkaplerov (3) Scott D. Tingle Norishige Kanai | 17 December 2017 Soyuz MS-07 | ISS (crew 54/55) | 3 June 2018 Soyuz MS-07 | ISS crew rotation. | |
319 | Oleg Artemyev (2) Andrew J. Feustel (3) Richard R. Arnold (2) | 21 March 2018 Soyuz MS-08 | ISS (crew 55/56) | 4 October 2018 Soyuz MS-08 | ISS crew rotation. | |
320 | Sergey Prokopyev (1) Alexander Gerst (2) Serena M. Auñón-Chancellor | 6 June 2018 Soyuz MS-09 | ISS (crew 56/57) | 20 December 2018 Soyuz MS-09 | ISS crew rotation. | |
— | Aleksey Ovchinin Nick Hague | 11 October 2018 Soyuz MS-10 | Aborted shortly after launch to the ISS due to second stage malfunction. Reached an apogee of 93 km, falling short of the Kármán line. | |||
321 | Oleg Kononenko (4) David Saint-Jacques Anne McClain | 3 December 2018 Soyuz MS-11 | ISS (crew 57/58/59) | 25 June 2019 Soyuz MS-11 | ISS crew rotation. | |
— | Mark P. Stucky Frederick W. Sturckow | 13 December 2018 VSS Unity VP-03 | Successful test flight for Virgin Galactic commercial fleet, in preparation for later space tourism operations. Apogee of 82.7 km did not pass the Kármán line but passed the US definition of space. | |||
— | Dave Mackay Michael Masucci Beth Moses | 22 February 2019 VSS Unity VF-01 | First test passenger flight for Virgin Galactic commercial fleet, in preparation for later space tourism operations. The passenger, Beth Moses, is Virgin Galactic's Chief Astronaut Instructor and the first woman to fly aboard a commercial spaceship. Apogee of 89.9 km did not pass the Kármán line but passed the US definition of space. | |||
322 | Aleksey Ovchinin (2) Nick Hague | 14 March 2019 Soyuz MS-12 | ISS (crew 59/60) | 3 October 2019 Soyuz MS-12 | ISS crew rotation. | |
Christina Koch | ISS (crew 59/60/61) | 6 February 2020 Soyuz MS-13 | ||||
323 | Aleksandr Skvortsov (3) Luca Parmitano (2) | 20 July 2019 Soyuz MS-13 | ISS (crew 60/61) | 6 February 2020 Soyuz MS-13 | ISS crew rotation. | |
Andrew R. Morgan | ISS (crew 60/61/62) | 17 April 2020 Soyuz MS-15 | ||||
324 | Oleg Skripochka (3) Jessica Meir | 25 September 2019 Soyuz MS-15 | ISS (crew 61/62) | 17 April 2020 Soyuz MS-15 | ISS crew rotation; First Emirati person in space (Al Mansouri). | |
Hazza Al Mansouri | ISS (MBRSC) | 3 October 2019 Soyuz MS-12 | ||||
325 | Anatoli Ivanishin (3) Ivan Vagner Christopher Cassidy (3) | 9 April 2020 Soyuz MS-16 | ISS (crew 62/63) | 22 October 2020 Soyuz MS-16 | ISS crew rotation. | |
326 | Doug Hurley (3) Bob Behnken (3) | 30 May 2020 Crew Dragon Demo-2, Endeavour | ISS | 2 August 2020 Crew Dragon Demo-2, Endeavour | First crewed test flight of SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft. | |
327 | Sergey Ryzhikov (2) Sergey Kud-Sverchkov Kathleen Rubins (2) | 14 October 2020 Soyuz MS-17 | ISS (crew 63/64) | 17 April 2021 Soyuz MS-17 | ISS crew rotation. | |
328 | Michael Hopkins (2) Victor Glover Soichi Noguchi (3) Shannon Walker (2) | 15 November 2020 SpaceX Crew-1, Resilience | ISS (crew 64/65) | 2 May 2021 SpaceX Crew-1, Resilience | ISS crew rotation. |
Human spaceflight is spaceflight with a crew or passengers aboard a spacecraft, often with the spacecraft being operated directly by the onboard human crew. Spacecraft can also be remotely operated from ground stations on Earth, or autonomously, without any direct human involvement. People trained for spaceflight are called astronauts, cosmonauts (Russian), or taikonauts (Chinese); and non-professionals are referred to as spaceflight participants or spacefarers.
A space station is a spacecraft capable of supporting a human crew in orbit for an extended period of time and is therefore a type of space habitat. It lacks major propulsion or landing systems. An orbital station or an orbital space station is an artificial satellite. Stations must have docking ports to allow other spacecraft to dock to transfer crew and supplies. The purpose of maintaining an orbital outpost varies depending on the program. Space stations have most often been launched for scientific purposes, but military launches have also occurred.
Human spaceflight programs have been conducted, started, or planned by multiple countries and companies. The age of crewed rocket flight was initiated by Fritz von Opel who piloted the world's first rocket-propelled flight on 30 September 1929. All space flights depend on rocket technology; von Opel was the co-designer and financier of the visionary project. Until the 21st century, human spaceflight programs were sponsored exclusively by governments, through either the military or civilian space agencies. With the launch of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of human spaceflight programs – commercial human spaceflight – arrived. By the end of 2022, three countries and one private company (SpaceX) had successfully launched humans to Earth orbit, and two private companies had launched humans on a suborbital trajectory.
Apollo–Soyuz was the first crewed international space mission, carried out jointly by the United States and the Soviet Union in July 1975. Millions of people around the world watched on television as a United States Apollo spacecraft docked with a Soviet Soyuz capsule. The project, and its handshake in space, was a symbol of détente between the two superpowers during the Cold War.
A mission patch is a cloth reproduction of a spaceflight mission emblem worn by astronauts and other personnel affiliated with that mission. It is usually executed as an embroidered patch. The term space patch is mostly applied to an emblem designed for a crewed space mission. Traditionally, the patch is worn on the space suit that astronauts and cosmonauts wear when launched into space. Mission patches have been adopted by the crew and personnel of many other space ventures, public and private.
Spaceflight began in the 20th century following theoretical and practical breakthroughs by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert H. Goddard, and Hermann Oberth. First successful large-scale rocket programs were initiated in the 1920s Germany by Fritz von Opel and Max Valier, and eventually in Nazi Germany by Wernher von Braun. The Soviet Union took the lead in the post-war Space Race, launching the first satellite, the first man and the first woman into orbit. The United States caught up with, and then passed, their Soviet rivals during the mid-1960s, landing the first men on the Moon in 1969. In the same period, France, the United Kingdom, Japan and China were concurrently developing more limited launch capabilities.
Timeline of longest spaceflights is a chronology of the longest spaceflights. Many of the first flights set records measured in hours and days, the space station missions of the 1970s and 1980s pushed this to weeks and months, and by the 1990s the record was pushed to over a year and has remained there into the 21st century.