Martinectes

This article is about the plesiosaur genus. For musical genre, see Martinetes.

Martinectes Temporal range: Late Cretaceous (late Campanian), 80.57–78.25  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Skeleton mount, University of Michigan Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Superorder:	† Sauropterygia
Order:	† Plesiosauria
Family:	† Polycotylidae
Subfamily:	† Polycotylinae
Clade:	† Dolichorhynchia
Genus:	† Martinectes Clark, O'Keefe & Slack, 2023
Type species
†Martinectes bonneri Adams, 1997
Synonyms
Trinacromerum bonneri (Adams, 1997) Dolichorhynchops bonneri (O'Keefe, 2008)

Martinectes is an extinct genus of polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian stage) of North America and possibly European Russia. The genus contains a single species M. bonneri, known from multiple skeletons and skulls. Martinectes was historically considered to represent a species of the genus Trinacromerum and later Dolichorhynchops before it was moved to its own genus. ^[1] It was a large polycotylid measuring around 5.5–7 metres (18–23 ft) long.

History

Humerus and femur of specimen UNSM 50133

Two very large specimens of a polycotylid plesiosaur (KUVP 40001 and 40002 ^[2] ) were collected from the Pierre Shale of Wyoming and later reported on by Adams in her 1997 Masters thesis, and in the same year, she officially described the specimens as a new species of Trinacromerum (T. bonneri). The specific name honoured University of Kansas preparator Orville Bonner. ^[3] Unknown to her at the time, Carpenter (1996) had revised the Polycotylidae and separated Dolichorhynchops from Trinacromerum, raising the question as to whether or not the specimens represented a separate species or just larger individuals of D. osborni. ^[4] A study in 2008 found that T. bonneri is a valid species of Dolichorhynchops, D. bonneri. ^[5] In 2023, Clark, O'Keefe and Slack assigned D. bonneri from the Sharon Springs Formation of the United States to a new genus Martinectes, which means "Martin's swimmer". ^[1] In 2025, polycotylid teeth material from the Rybushka Formation of European Russia were referred to cf. Martinectes. ^[6]

Description

Martinectes was a large polycotylid plesiosaur. In 2017, Everhart suggested that KUVP 40001 would have measured up to 6–7 metres (20–23 ft) in length. ^[7] In 2025, Zverkov and Meleshin suggested that Martinectes would have been similar in size to Polycotylus, around 5.5 metres (18 ft) long. ^[6]

Classification

Clark, O'Keefe & Slack (2023) recovered Martinectes as a polycotylid member of the plesiosaur clade Leptocleidia, as the sister taxon to an unnamed polycotyline from the Niobrara Formation. This clade, in turn, is sister to Unktaheela . These species, together with Dolichorhynchops spp. (D. osborni and D. herschelensis), form the clade Dolichorhynchia within the Polycotylinae. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below: ^[1]

Leptocleidia	Brancasaurus Vectocleidus Leptocleididae Polycotylidae Edgarosaurus Palmulasaurus Pahasapasaurus Occultonectia Manemergus Thililua Polycotylinae Eopolycotylus Polycotylus latipinnis Scalamagnus Trinacromerum bentonianum Dolichorhynchia Dolichorhynchops osborni Dolichorhynchops herschelensis Martinectes ROM 29010 (Niobrara polycotyline) [8] Unktaheela

References

1. Clark, Robert O.; O’Keefe, F. Robin; Slack, Sara E. (2023-12-24). "A new genus of small polycotylid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior Seaway and a clarification of the genus Dolichorhynchops" . Cretaceous Research . 157: 105812. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105812. ISSN   0195-6671.
2. "Image: KU40001-4.jpg, (589 × 500 px)". oceansofkansas.com. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
3. Adams, D. A. (1997). "Trinacromerum bonneri, new species, last and fastest pliosaur of the Western Interior Seaway". Texas Journal of Science. 49 (3): 179–198.
4. Carpenter, K. (1996). "A Review of short-necked plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior, North America" (PDF). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 201 (2): 259–287. Bibcode:1996NJGPA.201..259C. doi:10.1127/njgpa/201/1996/259.
5. O'Keefe, F. R. (2008). "Cranial anatomy and taxonomy of Dolichorhynchops bonneri new combination, a polycotylid (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Pierre Shale of Wyoming and South Dakota". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (3): 664–676. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[664:caatod]2.0.co;2. S2CID   32099438.
6. Zverkov, N. G.; Meleshin, I. A. (2025). "Enigmatic large-toothed Campanian polycotylid plesiosaurs with specific dietary preferences and potentially wide distribution". Journal of Palaeogeography. doi: 10.1016/j.jop.2024.11.007 .
7. Everhart, M. J. (2017). Oceans of Kansas - A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea (2nd ed.). Indiana University Press. ISBN   978-0253026323.
8. Sato, Tamaki; Wu, Xiao-Chun; Tirabasso, Alex; Bloskie, Paul (2011-03-17). "Braincase of a polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Manitoba, Canada". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 31 (2): 313–329. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..313S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550358. ISSN   0272-4634.