Umoonasaurus

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Umoonasaurus
Temporal range: Aptian-Albian, 115  Ma
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Umoonasaurus skull.jpg
Holotype skull
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Superorder:† Sauropterygia
Order:† Plesiosauria
Family:† Leptocleididae
Genus:† Umoonasaurus
Kear, Schroeder & Lee, 2006
Species:
†U. demoscyllus
Binomial name
†Umoonasaurus demoscyllus
Kear, Schroeder & Lee, 2006

Umoonasaurus is an extinct genus of plesiosaur belonging to the family Leptocleididae. This genus lived approximately 115 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous period (Aptian-Albian stages), in shallow seas covering parts of what is now Australia. It was a relatively small animal around 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) long. An identifying trait of Umoonasaurus is three crest-ridges on its skull.

Contents

Discovery and naming

Specimen of "Eric" at the Australian Museum. UmoonasaurusSkeleton.jpg
Specimen of "Eric" at the Australian Museum.

The holotype of Umoonasaurus demoscyllus is AM F99374, an opalized skeleton that has been nicknamed "Eric". It was discovered in the Zorba Extension Opal Field near the town of Coober Pedy, and is very well preserved, representing the most complete opalized fossil of a vertebrate known. Other specimens have also been referred to this species. SAM P2381, discovered in the Andamooka opal fields, is another opalized specimen. SAM 31050 was discovered in the Curdimurka area near Lake Eyre, and SAM P410550, a juvenile specimen, comes from the Neales River region, near the town of Oodnadatta. [1] Another juvenile specimen, SAM P15980, was later referred to this species. All known specimens come from the Bulldog Shale in South Australia, although material very similar to Umoonasaurus has been found in the Darwin Formation in the Northern Territory. [2]

The generic name is a combination of the Antakirinja name for the Coober Pedy region, Umoona, and the Greek word sauros, meaning "lizard." The specific name comes from the Greek words demos and scylla , meaning "of the people" and "sea monster," respectively, referring to the public donations used to acquire the holotype. [1]

Description

Life restoration Umoonasaurus demoscyllus.png
Life restoration

Umoonasaurus is a small plesiosaur, a four-flippered marine reptile. The holotype is estimated to have measured 2–2.5 meters (6.6–8.2 ft) long, [3] [2] while the juvenile specimen SAM P15980 was only 70 centimetres (2.3 ft) long at maximum. [2] Umoonasaurus is unusual in possessing a combination of primitive and derived characters. [1]

Umoonasaurus had a small, triangular skull with a length of 22.2 centimeters (8.7 in) and a width of 13 centimeters (5.1 in). A tall, narrow crest is present along the middle of the anterior (front) end of the skull. Two other ridges are present above the orbits (openings for the eyes). The premaxilla bears a dental rosette with five tooth sockets. These would have held long, sharp teeth. Each maxilla bears at least ten tooth sockets. The teeth in positions 4 to 6 would have been very large, while the rest of the teeth would have been smaller and more gracile. The external nares (openings for the nostrils) are very small and positioned close to the orbits. While incompletely preserved, the temporal fenestrae would have likely occupied one third of the length of the skull. The anterior skull roof (composed of the parietals) is lanceolate (shaped like a lance head). The pineal foramen (a depression between the orbits and the temporal fenestrae) is triangular and has raised edges. The vomer (a palatal bone close to the tip of the snout) barely extends posteriorly past the internal nares (opening for the nostrils on the inside of the skull). The region of the pterygoid (another of the palatal bones) that borders the quadrate is squared off. The interpterygoid vacuity (a region enclosed by the left and right pterygoids) is separated into the anterior and posterior interpterygoid vacuities, the former of which is particularly large. The parasphenoid (one of the bones in the braincase) runs over the midline of the narrower posterior interpterygoid vacuity. The surrounding surface of the pterygoid is concave. The basicranium (braincase floor) has gracile paroccipital processes (extensions that connect to other bones in the skull). The basioccipital has robust protuberances and extends behind the pterygoid. [1]

The postcranium of Umoonasaurus is not very specialized, but does have some derived traits. The cervical (neck) centra (vertebral bodies) are taller than wide, and the width of the zygapophyses (projections on the neural arch involved in vertebral articulation) is roughly equal to that of the centrum. The neural spines are laterally (side to side) compressed and blade-like in shape. The ribs are single-headed. The epipodials (the bones that form the forearm and shin) are wider than long. At least five posterior caudal vertebrae are fused into a structure that resembles a pygostyle. [1] The function of this structure is unclear, but it may have been involved in the support of a dermal caudal fin. [4]

Classification

Prior to their description, the specimens that would later be assigned to Umoonasaurus were thought to represent a new species of Leptocleidus . [5] In 2006, Kear and colleagues found Umoonasaurus to belong to the superfamily Pliosauroidea and be the most basal member of the family Rhomaleosauridae. They found the latter surprising, as Umoonasaurus was also identified as the last surviving member of that family. Leptocleidus was recovered as a more derived rhomaleosaurid, although it was still considered plausible that the two might be close relatives. [1] In 2008, Smith and Dyke found Umoonasaurus to belong to Leptocleididae instead of Rhomaleosauridae, although still within Pliosauroidea. [6] A 2009 study by Druckenmiller and Russel also recovered Umoonasaurus as a pliosauroid, this time as a possible member of Polycotylidae. [7] In 2010, Ketchum and Benson found Umoonasaurus to be a member of Leptocleididae, although they recovered that family as a member of Plesiosauroidea instead of Pliosauroidea. [8] Umoonasaurus was also recovered as a leptocleidid by Druckenmiller and Knutsen in 2012, who found Leptocleididae to belong to Pliosauroidea once again. [9] A 2013 study by Benson and colleagues found Umoonasaurus to be a close relative of Leptocleidus and to belong to Leptocleidia within Plesiosauroidea. [10] In 2015, Parrilla-Bel and Canudo found Umoonasaurus to be a leptocleidid, and in turn finding Leptocleididae to belong to Leptocleidia, which was once again recovered as a member of Plesiosauroidea. [11] Subsequent analyses have recovered a placement for Umoonasaurus similar to the previous two studies. [12] [13] [14]

Paleobiology

The crests of Umoonasaurus were likely covered by keratin in life, which would have made the crests considerably taller. Since the crests seem too delicate for defense, intraspecific combat, or skull reinforcement, they likely were used for communication. These structures could have been used for both species recognition and courtship displays, and may have been boldly colored in life. [1] Preserved gut contents of the type specimen include 60 gastroliths and 17 isolated vertebrae of an indeterminate teleost fish. This teleost would have an estimated maximum length of between 182 and 296 mm, suggesting Umoonasaurus was a pelagic predator of the middle trophic level, but does not rule out opportunistic predation on benthic prey. [15] [3] This indicates a preference for small prey items, a view reinforced by the lack of hypercarnivorous adaptations in Umoonasaurus. [1]

Paleoenvironment

All known Umoonasaurus come from the Bulldog Shale, a member of the Marree Subgroup located in the Eromanga Basin of South Australia. [1] The sediments of the Bulldog Shale were deposited from the early Aptian to early Albian stages of the Lower Cretaceous, [16] with Umoonasaurus coming from Aptian [2] deposits laid down approximately 115 million years ago. [1] Some horizons of the Bulldog Shale, including those around Coober Pedy, contain rich opal deposits. [16] Fossilized macroinvertebrates and pollen have been used to recover an early Aptian to early Albian age for this formation. [16] The deposits of the Bulldog Shale represent a coastal region of a shallow epicontinental sea. [17] Dark layers of shale rich in organic material with low planktonic diversity are indictive of dysaerobic waters (those with a low amount of dissolved oxygen) near the bottom. [16] This sea would have been located at a latitude of approximately 70° S, within the polar regions. The presence of glendonite, ice-rafted boulders, and coniferous driftwood with dense growth rings indicate a seasonal climate with near-freezing temperatures. [17] The average temperature of this region has been estimated at 12.2 °C (54.0 °F). [16] This suggests that Umoonasaurus was able to tolerate these cold conditions. [1]

The Bulldog Shale has yielded fossils of plants, invertebrates, fish, and reptiles. [17] The macroinvertebrate fauna of this formation includes several molluscs, such as belemnites, gastropods, and bivalves. Fish are represented by chimaeras (such as Edaphodon ) [3] and bony fish (including teleosts [3] and a lungfish). Sharks are conspicuously absent in the Bulldog Shale. [16] Among the reptiles are other plesiosaurs, including the possible aristonectine elasmosaurid Opallionectes , other indeterminate elasmosaurids, [16] the giant pliosaurid Kronosaurus , and polycotylid-like specimens. The ichthyosaur Platypterigius is also known from the Bulldog Shale. [2]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plesiosauroidea</span> Extinct clade of reptiles

Plesiosauroidea is an extinct clade of carnivorous marine reptiles. They have the snake-like longest neck to body ratio of any reptile. Plesiosauroids are known from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. After their discovery, some plesiosauroids were said to have resembled "a snake threaded through the shell of a turtle", although they had no shell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pliosauroidea</span> Extinct clade of reptiles

Pliosauroidea is an extinct clade of plesiosaurs, known from the earliest Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous. They are best known for the subclade Thalassophonea, which contained crocodile-like short-necked forms with large heads and massive toothed jaws, commonly known as pliosaurs. More primitive non-thalassophonean pliosauroids resembled plesiosaurs in possessing relatively long necks and smaller heads. They originally included only members of the family Pliosauridae, of the order Plesiosauria, but several other genera and families are now also included, the number and details of which vary according to the classification used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elasmosauridae</span> Extinct family of reptiles

Elasmosauridae is an extinct family of plesiosaurs, often called elasmosaurs. They had the longest necks of the plesiosaurs and existed from the Hauterivian to the Maastrichtian stages of the Cretaceous, and represented one of the two groups of plesiosaurs present at the end of the Cretaceous alongside Polycotylidae. Their diet mainly consisted of crustaceans and molluscs.

<i>Microcleidus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Microcleidus is an extinct genus of sauropterygian reptile belonging to the Plesiosauroidea. The species has 40 neck vertebrae and a short tail of 28 vertebrae. Fossils of the genus have been found in France, the Posidonia Shale in Germany and Luxembourg, and the Alum Shale Formation of England.

<i>Plesiopleurodon</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Plesiopleurodon is an extinct genus of Mesozoic marine reptiles, belonging to Sauropterygia, known from the Late Cretaceous of North America. It was named by Kenneth Carpenter based on a complete skull with a mandible, cervical vertebra, and a coracoid. In naming the specimen, Carpenter noted "Of all known pliosaurs, Plesiopleurodon wellesi most closely resembles Liopleurodon ferox from the Oxfordian of Europe, hence the generic reference." It was initially described as a pliosaur due to it short neck, a common trait of the family, although it is in the order Plesiosauria. However, later exploration into the relationships of both orders indicate that not all pliosaurs have short necks and not all plesiosaurs have long necks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polycotylidae</span> Extinct family of reptiles

Polycotylidae is a family of plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous, a sister group to Leptocleididae. Polycotylids first appeared during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous, before becoming abundant and widespread during the early Late Cretaceous. Several species survived into the final stage of the Cretaceous, the Maastrichtian.

<i>Thalassiodracon</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

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<i>Leptocleidus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

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<i>Nichollssaura</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

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<i>Archaeonectrus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

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<i>Brancasaurus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Brancasaurus is a genus of plesiosaur which lived in a freshwater lake in the Early Cretaceous of what is now North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With a long neck possessing vertebrae bearing distinctively-shaped "shark fin"-shaped neural spines, and a relatively small and pointed head, Brancasaurus is superficially similar to Elasmosaurus, albeit smaller in size at 3.26 metres (10.7 ft) in length as a subadult.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leptocleididae</span> Extinct family of reptiles

Leptocleididae is a family of small-sized plesiosaurs that lived during the Early Cretaceous period. They had small bodies with small heads and short necks. Leptocleidus and Umoonasaurus had round bodies and triangle-shaped heads. Leptocleidids have been found in what were shallow nearshore, freshwater and brackish habitats. Hilary F. Ketchum and Roger B. J. Benson (2010), transferred Brancasaurus, Kaiwhekea, Nichollssaura and Thililua to this family. However, Ketchum and Benson (2011) reassigned Kaiwhekea and Thililua to their original positions, as an elasmosaurid and a polycotylid, respectively.

<i>Plesiopterys</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhomaleosauridae</span> Extinct family of reptiles

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<i>Anningasaura</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

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<i>Hastanectes</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

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<i>Vectocleidus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of plesiosaur research</span>

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The Bulldog Shale is a formation of Early Cretaceous age that forms part of the Marree Subgroup of the Rolling Downs Group, located in the Eromanga Basin of South Australia, Queensland and New South Wales.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Kear, Benjamin P; Schroeder, Natalie I.; Lee, Michael S.Y. (2006). "An archaic crested plesiosaur in opal from the Lower Cretaceous high-latitude deposits of Australia". Biology Letters. 2 (4): 615–619. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0504. PMC   1833998 . PMID   17148303.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Kear, Benjamin P. (2016). "Cretaceous marine amniotes of Australia: perspectives on a decade of new research" (PDF). Memoirs of Museum Victoria. 74: 17–28. doi: 10.24199/j.mmv.2016.74.03 .
  3. 1 2 3 4 McHenry, Colin R. (2009). Devourer of Gods: The palaeoecology of the Cretaceous pliosaur Kronosaurus queenslandicus (Thesis). The University of Newcastle.
  4. ↑ Smith, Adam S. (2013). "Morphology of the caudal vertebrae in Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus and a review of the evidence for a tail fin in Plesiosauria" (PDF). Paludicola. 9 (3): 144–158.
  5. ↑ Kear, Benjamin P. (2003). "Cretaceous marine reptiles of Australia: a review of taxonomy and distribution" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 24 (3): 277–303. Bibcode:2003CrRes..24..277K. doi:10.1016/S0195-6671(03)00046-6.
  6. ↑ Smith, AS; Dyke, GJ (2008). "The skull of the giant predatory pliosaur Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni: implications for plesiosaur phylogenetics". Naturwissenschaften. 95 (10): 975–980. Bibcode:2008NW.....95..975S. doi:10.1007/s00114-008-0402-z. PMID   18523747. S2CID   12528732.
  7. 1 2 Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Russel, Anthony P. (2009). "Earliest North American occurrence of Polycotylidae (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (6): 981–989. Bibcode:2009JPal...83..981D. doi:10.1666/09-014.1. S2CID   130695434.
  8. ↑ Ketchum, H. F. & Benson, R. B. J. (2010). "Global interrelationships of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) and the pivotal role of taxon sampling in determining the outcome of phylogenetic analyses". Biological Reviews. 85 (2): 361–392. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00107.x. PMID   20002391. S2CID   12193439.
  9. ↑ Druckenmiller, P.S.; Knutsen, E.M. (2012). "Phylogenetic relationships of Upper Jurassic (Middle Volgian) plesiosaurians (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Agardhfjellet Formation of central Spitsbergen, Norway". Norwegian Journal of Geology. 92: 277–284.
  10. ↑ Benson, Roger B. J.; Evans, Mark; Smith, Adam S.; Sassoon, Judyth; Moore-Faye, Scott; Ketchum, Hilary F.; Forrest, Richard (2013). "A Giant Pliosaurid Skull from the Late Jurassic of England". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e65989. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...865989B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065989 . PMC   3669260 . PMID   23741520.
  11. 1 2 Parrilla-Bel, Jara; Canudo, José Ignacio (2015). "On the presence of plesiosaurs in the Blesa Formation (Barremian) in Teruel (Spain)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 278 (2): 213–227. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2015/0526.
  12. ↑ Sachs, Sven; Hornung, Jahn J.; Kear, Benjamin P. (2016). "Reappraisal of Europe's most complete Early Cretaceous plesiosaurian: Brancasaurus brancai Wegner, 1914 from the "Wealden facies" of Germany". PeerJ. 4: e2813. doi: 10.7717/peerj.2813 . PMC   5183163 . PMID   28028478.
  13. ↑ Fischer, Valentin; Benson, Roger B. J.; Zverkov, Nikolay G.; Soul, Laura C.; Arkhangelsky, Maxim S.; Lambert, Olivier; Stenshin, Ilya M.; Uspensky, Gleb N.; Druckenmiller, Patrick S. (2017). "Plasticity and Convergence in the Evolution of Short-Necked Plesiosaurs". Current Biology. 27 (11): 1667–1676. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.052 . PMID   28552354.
  14. ↑ Fischer, V.; Benson, R. B. J.; Druckenmiller, P. S.; Ketchum, H. F.; Bardet, N. (2018). "The evolutionary history of polycotylid plesiosaurians". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (3): 172177. Bibcode:2018RSOS....572177F. doi:10.1098/rsos.172177. PMC   5882735 . PMID   29657811.
  15. ↑ White, Joshua M.; Barron, Aleese; McCurry, Matthew R.; Denham, Tim (2023-04-17). "Investigating gut contents of the leptocleidian plesiosaur Umoonasaurus demoscyllus using micro-CT imaging". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 47 (2): 206–210. Bibcode:2023Alch...47..206W. doi: 10.1080/03115518.2023.2194944 . ISSN   0311-5518. S2CID   258225678.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kear, Benjamin P. (2006). "Marine reptiles from the Lower Cretaceous of South Australia: elements of a high‐latitude cold‐water assemblage". Palaeontology. 49 (4): 837–856. Bibcode:2006Palgy..49..837K. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00569.x .
  17. 1 2 3 Zammit, Maria; Kear, Benjamin P. (2011). "Healed bite marks on a Cretaceous ichthyosaur" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (4): 859–863. doi: 10.4202/app.2010.0117 . S2CID   53522727.
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