Mimallonidae

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Mimallonidae
Mimallonid Moth (Adalgisa croesa) (40338355862).jpg
Adalgisa eliasi
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Clade: Ditrysia
Clade: Apoditrysia
Clade: Obtectomera
Clade: Macroheterocera
Superfamily: Mimallonoidea
Family: Mimallonidae
Subfamilies
Diversity
300 species

Mimallonidae (mimallonids), sometimes known as "sack-bearer" moths for the larval case-building behavior, are a family of Lepidoptera containing over 300 named species in 43 genera. [1] [2] [3] These moths are found only in the New World, with most taxa occurring in the Neotropics. [4] Adult moths are externally similar to those belonging to some of the other Macroheterocera families Bombycoidea and Drepanoidea, and thus have been variously treated as belonging to either one of these or other superfamilies. [4] [5]

Contents

Distribution

Mimallonids are restricted to the New World, and are distributed in North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean (Cuba and The Bahamas). [2] The vast majority of genera and species are found in the tropical regions of the New World, with only five described species from the United States. [6] [2]

Biology

Not much has been published on the natural history of adult Mimallonidae, though most species are thought to be nocturnal. [4] At least three species have diurnal males. [7] [8] Young caterpillars live inside of folded leaves or beneath silken networks, and build portable or semi-portable cases out of silk, frass, and plant material as they grow. [4] The cases are open on either end and vary from irregular in structure to spindle-shaped. [4] The openings of the cases can be blocked by the head and/or the flattened anal plate of the last segment of the body. [4] The sack-like case-making behavior of the caterpillars have earned them the common name "sack-bearers". [9]

Mimallonidae larvae feed on several families of plants, including (but not limited to): Anacardiaceae, Clusiaceae, Combretaceae, Fagaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae and Rubiaceae. [4] [10] Research at the Area de Conservación, Guanacaste, Costa Rica has resulted in the rearing of many species of Mimallonidae, including some from several additional families of plants. [10]

Systematics and evolution

The current consensus, especially in works based on phylogenetic results, consider Mimallonidae to be the sole family of Mimallonoidea. [5] [11] [12] Other phylogenetic studies of all major Lepidoptera lineages support the placement of Mimallonidae as sister to all Macroheterocera, but within the broader clade Obtectomera. [11] [12] This phylogenetic placement means that mimallonid moths are not more closely related to any one family of Lepidoptera, but are equally related (share a common ancestor with) all members of the extremely diverse clade Macroheterocera. [11] Morphological features, particularly of the larvae, support the uniqueness of this family and distinctness from Macroheterocera. [4] [9]

The systematic relationships with Mimallonidae have been subject to two revisions, resulting in two different classification schemes. William Schaus revised the family and named most of the genera, he then separated the genera into two subfamilies: Lacosominae and Mimalloninae. [13] These subfamilies were based on the presence (Lacosominae) or the absence (Mimalloninae) of the frenulum. [13] It was later realized that this character varies within genera, and thus was deemed a sympleisiomorphy. [4] [14] Using molecular phylogenetics, specifically with the technique of anchored hybrid enrichment, the family was reorganized based on the recognition and naming of robustly supported clades, which were further strengthened with morphological apomorphies. [1] [5] The clades which were robustly supported across all analyses were assigned subfamily status, resulting in recognition of seven subfamilies in Mimallonidae. [1] [5] Using both molecular and morphological phylogenetics, all 42 genera (including some newly described ones) were assigned to the named clades. [1] [2] [5] The 300+ species of the family, too, have been formally classified according to their phylogenetic arrangement. [2]

Recently, many of the species formally placed in the genus Cicinnus have been transferred to Gonogramma, making Gonogramma one of the most diverse mimallonid genera. [1]

Subfamilies, tribes, and genera

Below are the named clades of Mimallonidae, with their constituent genera assigned to their subfamily and tribe (wherever applicable). [2]

Importance to humans

Mimallonidae have been reported as pests of some economically significant crops. In Surinam, Mimallo amilia has been noted as a pest of guava ( Psidium gaujava ). [15] In Brazil, M. amilia is a known pest of eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus urophylla ) and Psychocampa callipius a pest of cashew (Anacardium occidentale). [16] [17]

In addition to some Mimallonidae species being regarded as pests, others have been considered as potential biological controls of invasive plants. Species belonging to the genus Druentica have been considered as potential control agents of Miconia calvescens (where it is invasive throughout the Pacific Islands, including Hawaii and Australia) and Clidemia hirta in Hawaii. [18] [19] [20] Aceclostria mus has been evaluated as a potential control agent of the Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) in the United States. [21]

Related Research Articles

180,000 species of Lepidoptera are described, equivalent to 10% of the total described species of living organisms. This is a list of the diversity of the Lepidoptera showing the estimated number of genera and species described for each superfamily and, where available, family. See Lepidoptera for a note of the schedule of families used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Endromidae</span> Family of moths

Endromidae is a family of moths consisting of 16 genera with 72 species. This relictual family is related to the families Carthaeidae, Anthelidae, and Phiditiidae as part of the bombycine group “CAPOPEM”.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gracillariidae</span> Family of moths

Gracillariidae is an important family of insects in the order Lepidoptera and the principal family of leaf miners that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest species such as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthelidae</span> Family of moths

Anthelidae is a family of Australian lappet moths in the order Lepidoptera. It had earlier been considered to be part of the Lasiocampoidea superfamily, but a 2008 molecular phylogenetic study, supported by a 2011 study, resulted in reincluding the Anthelidae in the superfamily Bombycoidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apatelodidae</span> Family of moths

Apatelodidae, the American silkworm moths, is a family of insects in the order Lepidoptera. They are a family within the superfamily Bombycoidea, though they have in the past been considered a subfamily of Bombycidae.

Hydropionea is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The 13 described species are distributed in Central and South America.

Druentica inscita is a moth of the family Mimallonidae. It is native to Mexico, and was thought to have been introduced to Hawaii for biological control of Clidemia hirta. However, recent research has suggested that the species introduced to Hawaii was misidentified, and is now known to be Druentica coralie.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erebinae</span> Subfamily of moths

The Erebinae are a subfamily of moths in the family Erebidae erected by William Elford Leach in 1815. Erebine moths are found on all continents except Antarctica, but reach their greatest diversity in the tropics. While the exact number of species belonging to the Erebinae is not known, the subfamily is estimated to include around 10,000 species. Some well-known Erebinae include underwing moths (Catocala) and witch moths (Thermesiini). Many of the species in the subfamily have medium to large wingspans, up to nearly 30 cm in the white witch moth, which has the widest wingspan of all Lepidoptera. Erebine caterpillars feed on a broad range of plants; many species feed on grasses and legumes, and a few are pests of castor bean, sugarcane, rice, as well as pistachios and blackberries.

Cheneya is a small genus of moths of the family Bombycidae, within which it is placed in subfamily Epiinae.

Ephoria is a genus of moths of the family Apatelodidae. It was previously known as Colabata, as a result of Herrich-Schäffer's Synopsis familiarum Lepidopterorum—in which Ephoria was introduced—having been published twice. The earlier of these publications precedes that of Walker's Colabata in 1856, making the latter the junior synonym.

Drepatelodes is a genus of moths of the family Apatelodidae.

<i>Apatelodes</i> Genus of moths

Apatelodes is a genus of moths of the family Apatelodidae first described by Packard in 1864.

<i>Prothysana</i> Genus of moths

Prothysana is a genus of moths of the family Apatelodidae. It contains two species, whose larvae are known as shag-carpet caterpillars. They are found from Mexico, south to Panama and into South America, at least to Ecuador.

Prothysana terminalis is a moth in the family Apatelodidae whose larvae are known as shag-carpet caterpillars. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1855. It is found in South America.

Thelosia is a genus of moths of the family Apatelodidae. It was first described in 1896 by William Schaus, containing at the time three species: Thelosia phalaena, T. camina and T. truvena. Since then, several additional species have been described.

<i>Olceclostera</i> Genus of moths

Olceclostera is a genus of moths of the family Apatelodidae.

<i>Lacosoma</i> Moth genus in family Mimallonidae

Lacosoma is a genus of sack-bearer moths in the family Mimallonidae. There are at least 30 described species in Lacosoma.

Lacosoma arizonicum, the southwestern sack-bearer moth, is a species of moth in the family Mimallonidae and one of four species of sack-bearers occurring north of Mexico. Its type locality is the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona. The species was first described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1898 from a single male specimen and has Hodges number 7660.

The Macroheterocera are a well supported clade of moths that are closely related to butterflies and macro-moths.

Pantelodes is a genus of moths of the family Apatelodidae. It was first described by Daniel Herbin in 2017, containing at the time nine species: Pantelodes satellitia and eight newly described species previously identified as the former. In 2021, an additional species, Pantelodes camacana, was described. The distribution of the genus is Neotropical.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 St Laurent, Ryan A.; Mielke, Carlos G. C.; Herbin, Daniel; Dexter, Kelly M.; Kawahara, Akito Y. (2020). "A new target capture phylogeny elucidates the systematics and evolution of wing coupling in sack-bearer moths". Systematic Entomology. 45 (3): 653–669. doi: 10.1111/syen.12421 . ISSN   1365-3113.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 St Laurent, Ryan A.; Kawahara, Akito Y. (2019-01-10). "Reclassification of the Sack-bearer Moths (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea, Mimallonidae)". ZooKeys (815): 1–114. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.815.27335 . ISSN   1313-2970. PMC   6336762 . PMID   30670925.
  3. ↑ St Laurent, Ryan A.; Becker, Vitor O. (2020). "A New Genus and Species of Mimalloninae (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae), with Updated Distributional and Phenological Data for Tostallo albescens (Jones)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 122 (1): 172–183. doi:10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.172. ISSN   0013-8797. S2CID   211228448.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Lemaire, Claude; Minet, Joël (1998). "18. The Bombycoidea and their Relatives.". In Kristensen, Niels P. (ed.). Band 4: Arthropoda, 2 Hälfte: Insecta, Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies, Teilband/Part 35 Vol 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 322–353. ISBN   978-3-11-080474-4.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 St Laurent, Ryan A.; Hamilton, Chris A.; Kawahara, Akito Y. (2018). "Museum specimens provide phylogenomic data to resolve relationships of sack-bearer moths (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea, Mimallonidae)". Systematic Entomology. 43 (4): 729–761. doi: 10.1111/syen.12301 . ISSN   1365-3113.
  6. ↑ St Laurent, Ryan A.; Reeves, Lawrence E.; Kawahara, Akito Y. (2020-04-30). "Cicinnus chambersi: a new species of sack-bearer moth (Lepidoptera, Mimallonidae, Cicinninae) from southeastern Arizona, USA". ZooKeys (931): 49–71. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.931.50203 . ISSN   1313-2970. PMC   7205858 . PMID   32405241. Archived from the original on 2023-11-19. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  7. ↑ St Laurent, Ryan A; Carvalho, Ana Paula S. (2017). "Report of Diurnal Activity in Mimallonoidea with Notes on the Sexual Behavior of Lacosoma chiridota Grote, 1864". The Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 71 (1): 12–15. doi:10.18473/lepi.v71i1.a3. ISSN   0024-0966. S2CID   89990990.
  8. ↑ St Laurent, Ryan A.; Carvalho, Ana Paula S.; Kawahara, Akito Y. (2019-03-01). "Two New Species of Psychocampa and a Possible Case of Visual Mimicry in the Sack-Bearer Moths (Lepidoptera: Mimallonoidea)". Insect Systematics and Diversity. 3 (2). doi:10.1093/isd/ixz003. Archived from the original on 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
  9. 1 2 Stehr, F. W. (1987). "Mimallonidae (Mimallonoidea)". In Stehr, F. W. (ed.). Immature Insects. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing. pp. 508–509.
  10. 1 2 Janzen, Daniel H.; Hallwachs, Winnie. "Dynamic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoids, of Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica". Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  11. 1 2 3 Bazinet, Adam L.; Cummings, Michael P.; Mitter, Kim T.; Mitter, Charles W. (2013-12-04). "Can RNA-Seq Resolve the Rapid Radiation of Advanced Moths and Butterflies (Hexapoda: Lepidoptera: Apoditrysia)? An Exploratory Study". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e82615. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...882615B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082615 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3853519 . PMID   24324810.
  12. 1 2 Kawahara, Akito Y.; Breinholt, Jesse W. (2014). "Phylogenomics provides strong evidence for relationships of butterflies and moths". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 281 (1788): 20140970. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0970 . PMC   4083801 . PMID   24966318.
  13. 1 2 Schaus, William (1928). "Familie Mimallonidae". In Seitz, Adalbert (ed.). Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer, Bd 6: Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart: A. Kernen. pp. 635–672.
  14. ↑ Pearson, H. R. (1951). "Contribuição ao conhecimento do gênero "Mimallo" Huebner, 1920 (Lepidoptera, Mimallonidae)". Revista Brasileira de Biologia. 11: 315–332.
  15. ↑ Van Dinther, J. B. M. (1960). "Insect pests of cultivated plants in surinam". Bulletin Agriculture Experimental Station Suriname. 76: 1–159.
  16. ↑ Zanuncio, Teresinha Vinha; Zanuncio, José Cola; Zanuncio Junior, José Salazar; Zanuncio Junior, José Salazar; Santos, Germini Porto; do Carmo Queiroz Fialho, Maria; Bernardino, Aline Sales (2005). "Aspectos biológicos e morfológicos de Mimallo amilia (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae) em folhas de Eucalyptus urophylla". Revista Árvore (in Portuguese). 29 (2): 321–326. doi: 10.1590/S0100-67622005000200015 . ISSN   0100-6762.
  17. ↑ Mesquita, A. L. M.; Fancelli, M.; Sobrinho, R. B. (2010). "Importância, comportamento e sugestões de manejo da lagarta-saia-justa em cultivo orgânico de cajueiro-anão". Essentia. 11: 57–64.
  18. ↑ St Laurent, Ryan A.; Cock, Matthew J. W. (2017). "Annotated list of Mimallonidae (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea) from Trinidad and Tobago, with the description of a new species of Cicinnus Blanchard, 1852 and taxonomic notes". Zootaxa. 4268 (1): 053–070. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4268.1.3. PMID   28610382. S2CID   31124102.
  19. ↑ Morais, Elisangela G. F.; Picanço, Marcelo C; Semeão, Altair A.; Barreto, Robert W.; Rosada, Jander F.; Martins, Julio C. (2012). "Lepidopterans as potential agents for the biological control of the invasive plant, Miconia calvescens". Journal of Insect Science. 12 (1): 63. doi: 10.1673/031.012.6301 . PMC   3481469 . PMID   22938203.
  20. ↑ Nakahara, L. M.; Burkhart, R. M.; Funasaki, G. Y. (1992). "Review and status of biological control of Clidemia in Hawaii" (PDF). In Stone, C. P.; Smith, Clifford W.; Tunison, J. Timothy (eds.). Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawai'i: Management and Research. Honolulu: Cooperative National Park Resource Study Unit, University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 452–465. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  21. ↑ Mc Kay, Fernando; Oleiro, Marina; Walsh, Guillermo Cabrera; Gandolfo, Daniel; Cuda, James P.; Wheeler, Gregory S. (2009). "Natural Enemies of Brazilian Peppertree (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) from Argentina: Their Possible Use for Biological Control in the USA". Florida Entomologist. 92 (2): 292–304. doi: 10.1653/024.092.0213 . ISSN   0015-4040.

Sources

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