The Ngoni Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Ngoni Empire or the Kingdom of Ngoni, is a monarchy[2][3] in Southern Africa[4] that started in 1815 when some of the Nguni of South Africa broke away from the Zulu Kingdom[1] and escaped to Malawi.[5][6][7][8][4]
The Ngoni kingdom began during the reign of Chaka, the Zulu king, which marked the beginning of a dark chapter in African history. His brief rule of seven or eight years was characterized by unprecedented bloodshed, displacement, and devastation. The violence and chaos he unleashed had far-reaching consequences, affecting countless tribes and communities. [9][10][11]
Chaka's brutality
Chaka's brutal campaigns resulted in the deaths of over a million people, either directly or indirectly. Many more were displaced, forced into cannibalism, or left to die in the wilderness. The full extent of the suffering and misery he caused may never be fully known. Despite his reign of terror, Chaka's eventual death in 1828 did not bring an end to the violence. The Ngoni people, who had been united under his rule, began to splinter and migrate, leaving a trail of bloodshed in their wake.[12]
One notable incident during Chaka's reign was his battle against Zwide, a rival chief. Chaka emerged victorious thanks to the treachery of Noluju, a political prisoner who sought revenge against Zwide. Noluju's betrayal led to Zwide's defeat, but ultimately, it also sealed his own fate. He was later killed by Zwide's spies while celebrating his victory in a song, which became a haunting paean and prophecy for the fate of many tribes. Noluju's story serves as a poignant reminder of the cyclical nature of violence and revenge that characterized this dark period in African history.[9]
Zwide leadership
The Ngoni people, though living under Zwide's rule, occasionally rebelled against him. A remarkable story from that time highlights the power of principle and the influence of superstition in their lives. When Zwide, who had been defeated and imprisoned by Zwangendaba, was released and sent back with a gift of cattle, his pride was wounded, and he sought revenge. His mother, Lowawa, tried to reason with him, urging him not to attack the Ngoni, who had shown mercy by releasing him and gifting him cattle. However, Zwide refused to listen.[12]
Determined to stop her son, Lowawa devised a plan to strike fear into the hearts of his soldiers. She entered the cattle-fold, a forbidden area for women, and stood exposed among the soldiers, who were shocked and awed by her bold move. They saw it as an omen, a sign that an ancestral spirit was warning them against going to war. Fearing the consequences, they disbanded, and Zwide's plans for revenge were foiled.[9]
Zwangedaba
As Zwide's power waned, Zwangendaba and other petty chiefs led sections of the tribe in search of new lands, adopting Chaka's methods and seeking to emulate his fame. They attacked the Swazi people, impressing some to join them and capturing many cattle. They then entered Tongaland, settled for a time, and later moved on to attack the Kalanga tribe, instructing them in their warfare methods and gaining power through their additions. Eventually, they arrived at the Zambezi River in June 1825, between Zumbo and Tete.[12]
The Ngoni people's journey, marked by conquest and violence, was shaped by their desire for power and their adoption of Chaka's methods, which had a lasting impact on the region.[12]
There were also two kingdoms south of the Zambezi, founded by chiefs who fled from Chaka's tyranny around the same time the Ngoni began their wanderings. The first is Gazaland, established by Sotshangane, who fought alongside Zwangendaba against Chaka and later fled. It's likely that his journey northward was marked by violence and bloodshed, as he and his successor Umzila expanded their kingdom, subjugating many small tribes in the process. However, the extent of the suffering and death that resulted is unknown. Umzila's son Gungunhana later succeeded him and became a thorn in the side of the Portuguese, much like the Matabele were to the British.
The second powerful kingdom that emerged during this time was that of Mzilikazi, who fled from Chaka's tyranny and settled in the northern Transvaal. His name struck fear into the hearts of many, as he subjugated or destroyed every tribe that dared oppose him. Dr. Robert Moffat, a missionary, visited Mzilikazi in 1829 and formed a strong bond with him, which lasted for thirty-nine years until Mzilikazi's death in 1868. Dr. Moffat's accounts of his visits with Mzilikazi offer a fascinating glimpse into the life of this powerful chief, who was both a ruthless warrior and a complex individual. As Dr. Moffat bid farewell to Mzilikazi in 1860, he reflected on their unlikely friendship and the contrast between the Matabele tyrant and the messenger of peace.[9]
Encounter with the Sengas
The Ngoni, who had by now crossed the Zambezi, encountered the Senga tribe and easily subjugated them, incorporating them into their own ranks. The Senga were an easy prey, and the Ngoni initiated them into their weapons and ways of war, resting in the district and depleting its resources.[13]
Encounter with the Tumbukas
Matshulu district
The Ngoni, now bolstered by the addition of the Senga people, continued their northward journey, likely following the Luangwa river watershed. They arrived in the Matshulu district, inhabited by the Tumbuka tribe, who were known for their agricultural prowess. The Tumbuka submitted to the Ngoni, providing for their needs. However, a rift developed within the Ngoni ranks, as Zwangendaba's original followers grew jealous of his favoritism towards the Tonga advisors. The Tumbuka, skilled in witchcraft, fueled these tensions, leading to accusations of witchcraft against the Tonga. Zwangendaba, incited by the Tumbuka, ordered the destruction of entire villages, massacring nearly all the Tonga. This period, known as the "killing time," left a lasting impact on the people.[13]
Maphupho district
As the Ngoni continued northward, they arrived in the Maphupho district, inhabited by the Sukuma. It was here that Zwangendaba died, leading to disruptions within the tribe. The Ngoni then splintered into sections, with some heading northward on the west side of Tanganyika, while others, led by Ntutu, went eastward, carrying war and bloodshed across a vast region. The Watuta section, described by Stanley as a fierce and warlike race, separated from the main body and continued their campaign of conquest. Their exploits, marked by violence and plunder, left a lasting impact on the region. The wave of bloodshed unleashed by Chaka's initial conquests continued to spread, a testament to the enduring legacy of his brutal reign.
Urundi and Uhha
The Ngoni, still unsatisfied with their conquests, launched attacks on Urundi and Uhha, but faced formidable foes in the Wahha and other intra-lake region tribes. Despite their setbacks, they continued their destructive path through Uvinza, Unyamwezi, Uzumbwa, Utambara, Urangwa, Uyofu, and Uzinja, eventually reaching the Victoria Nyanza, where they rested for several years. They later returned and settled in Ugomba, between Uhha and Unyamwezi, and became known as the Ngoni of Nyamwezi.
Mmbelwa
The third section of the Ngoni, led by Mmbelwa, included his brothers Mthwalo, Mpherembe, Mpezeni, and Mabilabo.[14] They moved eastward to Tshidhlodhlo, where they engaged in a fierce battle with the Gwangwara, who emerged victorious and drove them southward. The Gwangwara eventually settled on the east side of Lake Nyasa and extended their reach into Yaoland and Masasi. Mmbelwa's division suffered a disruption, with Mpherembe and Mpezeni breaking away. Mpherembe attacked the Bemba south of Tanganyika, while Mpezeni settled west of Lake Nyasa's southern extremity. Chiwere, a headman, established his own following west of Nkhotakota. Mmbelwa's division eventually settled in Henga, subjugated the Henga section of the Tumbuka tribe, and entered the Tumbuka country proper. They continued to occupy the valleys of the Lunyangwa, Kasitu, and Rukuru rivers, governing the Tumbuka and Tonga tribes and only recently abandoning their predatory ways.[12]
The Ngoni and Zulu languages
When the Ngoni people migrated from present-day Zululand, the region was home to various dialects, including the one spoken by the Zulu clan, which was then a small clan. The Ngoni and their cousins, the Shangaan, spoke a dialect prevalent in the Ndwandwe area, which was under Zwide's control, a fierce opponent of Shaka Zulu. After the Ndwandwe's defeat, the Zulu clan's dialect gained prominence, and the region eventually became known as Zululand. By the time missionaries arrived, the dialects and land were closely associated with the Zulu clan. As a result, when they encountered the Ngoni language, they referred to it as a variant of isiZulu or a dialect of isiZulu. However, this was not the case when the Ngoni left, as both languages could have been accurately described as dialects of isiNguni.[12]
The relative clauses
When reading the Ngoni translation of the Gospel of Mark, a striking feature stands out in Mark 1:2. The Ngoni version reads: "bona, ngithuma ithenga lami phambili kwobuso bakho, lona lelo liyakulungisa indlela yakho." In comparison, the Zulu translation says: "Bheka, ngiyasithuma isithunywa sami phambi kwakho esiyakulungisa indlela yakho." Both translations convey the same message, "Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee" (KJV). However, the Ngoni version uses distinct language and terminology, showcasing the unique characteristics of the Ngoni dialect.[12][15]
Bona and bheka
The languages of Ngoni and Zulu share similarities in their vocabulary, with both using the words 'bona' and 'bheka'. However, they differ in their usage patterns, with Ngoni favoring 'bona' in certain contexts where Zulu prefers 'bheka'. Interestingly, the Mzimba Tumbuka language, which blends elements of Ngoni and Tumbuka, still uses the word 'bheka' to mean 'see', highlighting the language's mixed heritage.[15]
Ngoni politics
During this time, six different Ngoni leaders held power at various times, with varying levels of success, in both the northern and southern regions. After 1875, they faced external pressures from three key sources: neighboring tribes, Scottish missionaries, and the British colonial administration. The missionaries, particularly those from Livingstonia and Blantyre, had a significant impact. In 1878, Dr. Laws and Mr. Stewart visited Chikusi, but were made to wait for four days before being granted an audience. This experience was repeated by Dr. Stewart the following year when he visited Mbelwa. However, British Consul Hawes had a more pleasant experience when he met with Chikusi in 1886. The Ngoni leaders maintained strict protocol in their dealings with Europeans, and any disrespect could have serious consequences, as seen in the case of the Chiwere Ndlovu Ngoni. Interestingly, Jumbe, another Ngoni leader, broke protocol by meeting Dr. Laws halfway in 1879, likely due to internal conflicts and external threats from the Yao. The Ngoni were cautious about forming alliances with Europeans, preferring to maintain their independence.[16][17]
During the waiting period, Chikusi's advisors sought assurances from Dr. Laws regarding the intentions of the visiting party, ensuring no harm or ill will towards their leader. When the meeting finally took place, the counselors positioned themselves protectively between Chikusi and the visitors. The missionaries aimed to establish a mission station in Chikusi's territory, but he initially resisted their presence, like his counterpart Lobengula. However, Chikusi eventually recognized the benefits of engaging with the Europeans, who brought valuable goods and technologies.[16]
Before the missionaries could establish a presence in his kingdom, Chikusi's people launched a series of raids in 1882, plundering the lands of the Yao, Chewa, and Kololo in the Shire Highlands and Lowlands. In response, the Kololo chief, Kasisi, strategically placed defensive posts and settlements along the Shire River, forging alliances with Chewa chiefs like Gwaza and Mpimbi. Despite these efforts, Chikusi's people continued their expansion, with one of his headmen, Nyamuka, forming a pact with Gwaza to spare Chewa settlements along the riverbanks in exchange for safe passage to the Shire Highlands, where they targeted Yao settlements. This diplomatic maneuvering highlights the complex dynamics at play in the region.[16]
Missionary efforts helped mitigate the destruction in the region. In August 1884, David Clement Scott, head of the Blantyre Mission, met with Chikusi to discuss establishing a mission in the area. Although the meeting was tense, Scott reported that it was successful, and he witnessed preparations for war. The visit had a positive impact, as the Ngoni were instructed to avoid entering the territory of the white men. Later that month, the Ngoni raided various areas, but spared the region between Blantyre and Bangwe, thanks to the intervention of John Moir and Henry Henderson. Moir offered the leader, Nyamuka, a gift of calico and secured a promise to leave the area untouched. The invading party, estimated at around 1,000 men, kept their word, and even professed friendliness towards the missionaries. The missionaries' efforts had averted further destruction, leading to a peaceful outcome.[18]
Chikusi, the Ngoni leader, was initially hesitant to allow a mission station in his territory, but eventually consented in 1887 after persistent efforts by Dr. Laws. The first missionaries, Dr. G. Henry and Mr. McIntyre, established a station at Livlezi, followed by a mission village at Mpondera's. However, significant mission work only began during the reign of Gomani I, with various missionary groups establishing presence in the region. Chikusi was more interested in the material benefits of missionary presence, viewing them as a source of wealth and technology, rather than spiritual guidance. Missionaries and traders maintained a distance from Ngoni politics in the south, unlike in the north, where they played a more active role. Instead, they operated as indirect influencers, shaping events from afar.[19]
Chikusi then was drawn to the material benefits of missionary presence, viewing them as a source of wealth and technology, similar to traders. He even seized equipment from the abandoned Lake Nyasa ship, symbolizing his interest in the white man's riches. Unlike in the north, missionaries and traders in the south maintained a distance from Ngoni politics, exerting influence from afar. The Ngoni had subjugated various tribes in the north through conquest or fear, incorporating younger members into their society while allowing village elders to maintain their traditional way of life. In the Henga and Kasitu valleys, the Ngoni settled and introduced their martial organization and expanded cattle herds, imposing their patrilineal customs on the matrilineal Tumbuka and Tonga societies. The Ngoni leader, Chikulamayembe llwati, prioritized trade over military resistance, allowing the Ngoni to dominate the region without significant opposition.[20]
Kings
M'mbelwa I
Mbelwa I was the son of Zwangendaba who married a Swazi woman called Munene. He was born at Mabili in Malawi around 1840.[4]
The History of Malawi covers the area of present-day Malawi. The region was once part of the Maravi Empire. In colonial times, the territory was ruled by the British, under whose control it was known first as British Central Africa and later Nyasaland. It becomes part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The country achieved full independence, as Malawi, in 1964. After independence, Malawi was ruled as a one-party state under Hastings Banda until 1994.
The Mfecane, also known by the Sesotho names Difaqane or Lifaqane, was a historical period of heightened military conflict and migration associated with state formation and expansion in Southern Africa. The exact range of dates that comprise the Mfecane varies between sources. At its broadest, the period lasted from the late eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century, but scholars often focus on an intensive period from the 1810s to the 1840s. The concept first emerged in the 1830s and blamed the disruption on the actions of King Shaka, who was alleged to have waged near-genocidal wars that depopulated the land and sparked a chain reaction of violence as fleeing groups sought to conquer new lands. Since the latter half of the 20th century, this interpretation has fallen out of favor among scholars due to a lack of historical evidence.
The Tumbuka is a Bantu ethnic group found in Malawi, Zambia and Tanzania. Tumbuka is classified as a part of the Bantu language family, and with origins in a geographic region between the Dwangwa River to the south, the North Rukuru River to the north, Lake Malawi to the east, and the Luangwa River. They are found in the valleys near the rivers, lake as well as the highlands of Nyika Plateau, where they are frequently referred to as Henga although this is strictly speaking the name of a subdivision.
The Ndwandwe are a Bantu Nguni-speaking people who populate sections of southern Africa. They are also known as the Nxumalo's
Tumbuka is a Bantu language which is spoken in Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania. It is also known as Chitumbuka or Citumbuka — the chi- prefix in front of Tumbuka means "in the manner of", and is understood in this case to mean "the language of the Tumbuka people". Tumbuka belongs to the same language group as Chewa and Sena.
Mzimba is a district in the Northern Region of Malawi. The capital is Mzimba and the biggest town is Mzuzu, which is also the administrative headquarters of the Northern Region. The district covers an area of 10,473 km2 and has a population of 1,017,701 (2023). It is the largest district in Malawi. The district is inhabited by descendants of Tumbuka and few Ngoni people. Chitumbuka is the predominat language spoken in the district.
The Ngoni people are an ethnic group living in the present-day Southern African countries of Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and Zambia. The Ngoni trace their origins to the Nguni and Zulu people of kwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. The displacement of the Nguni people in the great scattering following the Zulu wars had repercussions in social reorganization as far north as Malawi and Zambia.
Soshangana Ka Gasa Zikode, born Soshangana Nxumalo, was the Founder and the Monarch of the Gaza Empire, which at the height of its power stretched from the Limpopo river in southern Mozambique up to the Zambezi river in the north. Soshangana ruled over the Gaza state from 1825 until his death in 1858. Soshangana was also known by the name of Manukosi.
The Tonga are an ethnic group living in northern Malawi on the shores of Lake Malawi in Nkhata Bay and northern part of Nkhotakota. Their language and Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe belong to different branches of the Bantu family.
The Nguni people are a linguistic cultural group native to and formed in South Africa, made up of ethnic groups formed indigenously in South Africa from hunter-gatherer pygmy and proto-agrarians, with offshoots in neighboring colonially-created countries in Southern Africa. Swazi people live in both South Africa and Eswatini, while Ndebele people live in both South Africa and Zimbabwe.
Inyandezulu Inkosi Yamakhosi Mphezeni KaZwangendaba is the King of the Ngoni people of Zambia's Eastern Province, East Africa and Malawi's Mchinji district. He is from the lineage of Prince Jele KaMfeka of the Ncwangeni Nguni family. His mother was Queen Soseya Nxumalo of the Ndwandwe royal house. Both his mother and her elder sister, Queen Loziwawa, were nieces of King Zwide.
The Chikulamayembe are a dynasty of kings established among the Tumbuka people in the Nkhamanga-Henga area of Northern Malawi. The Chikulamayembe originally ruled from around 1805, becoming weaker from the 1830s and losing power by the 1870s and their dynasty was re-established in 1907.
The name Karonga War is given to a number of armed clashes that took place between mid-1887 and mid-1889 near Karonga at the northern end of Lake Malawi in what is now Malawi between a Scottish trading concern called the African Lakes Company Limited and elements of the Ngonde people on one side and Swahili traders and their Henga allies on the other. In the 19th century, it was referred to as the “Arab War”, despite few actual Arabs being involved. Although these conflicts predate formal endorsement of a British Central Africa Protectorate west of Lake Malawi in 1891, European involvement, both by the African Lakes Company and by Germans attempting to prevent Swahili slave trading around Lake Tanganyika in German East Africa, had upset the previous balance between the Ngonde and their neighbours and created the conditions for this conflict. It was between the Tumbuka and Nyakyusa-Ngonde ethnic groups.
Inkosi Ya Makhosi M'mbelwa V is the reigning King of the Ngoni and Tumbuka people in Malawi, Zambia and Tanzania. M'mbelwa V is the fifth surviving son of the great-grandfather King Zwangendaba Jele and Queen Munene of the Nzima clan of present-day Eswatini. M'mbelwa V inherited his father's kingdom when he passed away in February 2013 at Mwaiwathu Private Hospital in Malawi's commercial city, Blantyre, where he was diagnosed with diabetes attack and hypertension. During his death, he was 56 years old. M'mbelwa V's headquarters is in Edingeni, Mzimba. He is married to Inkosikazi M'mbelwa V. During COVID-19 in 2020, he instructed the government to avoid mass gatherings of people.
Zongendawa Jere or Inkosi Ya Makhosi M'mbelwa IV was the King of the Ngoni and Tumbuka people in Malawi, Zambia and Tanzania. He passed away in February 2013 at Mwaiwathu Private Hospital in Malawi's commercial city, Blantyre, where he was diagnosed with diabetes attack and hypertension. At his death, he was 60 years old. His son, M'Mbelwa V, inherited the crown in 2013.
Inkosi Ya Makhosi M'mbelwa I (1841–1891) was the king of the Ngoni and Tumbuka people of Malawi, Zambia and Tanzania of the Jere Ngoni Clan from 1857 to 1891. He was the first born son of King Zwangendaba Jele. His mother was Queen Munene of present-day Eswatini. He passed away in May 1983. The current king of the Ngoni is his grandson, M'Mbelwa V.
Prince Gwaza Jele was a Jele Prince and young brother of King Zwangendaba of the Ngoni and Tumbuka of the Jere Ngoni Clan. He was the first born son of King Zwangendaba Hlatshwayo Jele. He passed away in July 1857 and his son, M'Mbelwa I, inherited his position the same year. The current king of the Ngoni is his great-grandson, M'Mbelwa V.
Zwangendaba Gwaza kaZiguda Jele Gumbi, commonly known as Zwangendaba (1785–1848) was the first king of the Ngoni and Tumbuka people of Malawi, Zambia and Tanzania of the Jere Ngoni Clan from 1815 to 1857. He passed away in July 1848 and his son, Gwaza Jele, inherited his position soon after his death. He was the older brother of Somkhanda kaZiguda Jele who was also known as Gumbi and founded the Gumbi clan in Kwazulu-Natal in areas of Pongola.
Mzalangwe is a residential town in Mzimba District, Malawi. The town is home to Mzalangwe Health Care and is located West of Mzimba in the Northern Region. Chitumbuka is the predominant language spoken in the area which is also the official regional language of the Northern Region of Malawi. Nearby towns include Euthini and Mbalachanda.
Edingeni is a residential town in Mzimba, Malawi, southeast Africa. It is located North of Mzimba in the Northern Region. It is a home to Edingeni FC. Chitumbuka is the predominant language spoken in the area which is also the official regional language of the Northern Region of Malawi. The town has a rich history dating back to the pre-colonial era, when it was a small village inhabited by the Tumbuka people.
↑ Laws, R., Reminiscences of Livingstonia (Edinburgh and London 1934), 67-70. Diary of Robert Laws. E. 62/15. Gen. 561-563, Drummond Room, University of Edinburgh, entry of 19 August 1878. He described Chikusi as having a bulk which surpassed any that Laws had seen in Africa. About two miles from Chikusi’s village was the village of `Gaomozi’, otherwise known as Chifisi. He notes that the brothers were at war because Chikusi refused to give help to Chifisi in his losing battle with the Yao chief Pemba. As to relative size, Laws felt that Chifisi’s village was larger and more compact.
↑ For the revolts, Mphande, C. Z., ‘Some Aspects of the History of the Tonga up to 1934’, History Seminar Paper, University of Malawi, Chancellor College, 1968-69; Saulos Nyirenda, ‘History of the TumbukaHenga People’, Bantu Stud., 5, 1931, 1-75; T. Cullen Young, 118-36, Chibambo, 43-9, and C. C. Chinula, `Baza’s rebellion’, The Livingstonia News, 15, 1928.
↑ Blantyre District Notebook, Vol. I, 1907. National Archives, Zomba.
↑ Harkess, African Lakes Corporation to Dr Laws, 28 March, 1885, Missionary Letters, U.E.L.
Further reading
Bryant, Alfred T. (1964). A History of the Zulu and Neighbouring Tribes. Cape Town: C. Struik. p.157.
24. Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the Antarctic Treaty.
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