Norway–European Union relations

Last updated
Norway–European Union relations
European Union Norway Locator.svg
Flag of Europe.svg
European Union 		Flag of Norway.svg
Norway
The Norwegian mission to the EU is located in Norway House in Rue Archimede 17, Brussels. Norway House (Brussels).jpg
The Norwegian mission to the EU is located in Norway House in Rue Archimède 17, Brussels.

Norway is not a member state of the European Union (EU). However, it is associated with the Union through its membership in the European Economic Area (EEA), signed in 1992 and established in 1994. Norway was a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1960, which was originally set up as an alternative to the European Economic Community (EEC), the main predecessor of the EU. Norway had considered joining both the EEC and the European Union, but opted to decline following referendums in 1972 and 1994. According to the European Social Survey conducted in 2018, 73.6% of Norwegians would vote 'No' in a referendum to join the European Union. [1] Norway shares land borders with two EU member states, namely Finland and Sweden, and maritime borders with a third, Denmark.

Contents

Comparison

Flag of Europe.svg  European Union Flag of Norway.svg  Norway
Population447,206,135 [2] 5,367,580
Area4,324,782 km2 (1,669,808 sq mi) [3] 385,207 km2 (148,729 sq mi)
Population Density115/km2 (300/sq mi)13.9/km2 (36.0/sq mi)
Capital Brussels ( de facto ) Oslo
Government Supranational parliamentary democracy based on the European treaties [4] Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Current LeaderCouncil President Charles Michel
Commission President Ursula von der Leyen 		Monarch Harald V
Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre
Official languages 24 official languages, of which 3 considered "procedural" (English, French and German) [5] Norwegian, Sámi languages
Main Religions72% Christianity (48% Catholicism, 12% Protestantism,
8% Eastern Orthodoxy, 4% Other Christianity),
23% non-Religious, 3% Other, 2% Islam 		82% Christian,
13% Non-Religious,
5% Other
Ethnic groupsGermans (ca. 83 million), [6] French (ca. 67 million),
Italians (ca. 60 million), Spanish (ca. 47 million), Poles (ca. 46 million),
Romanians (ca. 16 million), Dutch (ca. 13 million), Greeks (ca. 11 million),
Portuguese (ca. 11 million), and others 		86.2% Norwegian, 13.8% non-Norwegian
GDP (nominal)$16.477 trillion, $31,801 per capita$443 billion, $82,711 per capita

Trade

The EU dominates Norway's trade and is Norway's most important import and export partner. On the other hand, Norway is the EU's fourth most important import partner and seventh most important export partner. In 2008, Norway's exports to the EU amounted to €91.85 billion, with most of this value coming from energy supplies and other primary products (only 14.1% were manufactured products). Meanwhile, Norwegian imports from the EU amounted to €43.58 billion, with most of this value coming from manufactured products. [7]

European Economic Area (EEA)

The EEA agreement grants Norway access to the EU's single market. From the 23,000 EU laws currently in force, [8] the EEA has incorporated around 5,000 (in force) [9] meaning that Norway is subject to roughly 21% of EU laws. According to Norway's Foreign Affairs (NOU 2012:2 p. 790, 795), from the legislative acts implemented from 1994 to 2010, 70% of EU directives and 17% of EU regulations in force in the EU in 2008 were in force in Norway in 2010. [10] [ need quotation to verify ] Overall, this means that about 28% of EU legislation in force of these two types in 2008 were in force in Norway in 2010. While the Norwegian parliament has to approve all new legislation that has "significant new obligations", this has been widely supported and usually uncontested; between 1992 and 2011, 92% of EU laws were approved unanimously, and most of the rest by a broad majority. [11]

This arrangement facilitates the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people between the EU and EFTA members, including Norway. [11] Free movement of goods means freedom from customs fees, where however, food and beverage are excluded (because those are subsidised by the EU). Due to customs fees, fishing and agriculture incur over €100 million of tariffs annually. Joining the European Union as a full member would eliminate these fees and lead to lower food prices in Norway. Farmers and the fishing industry oppose this as it would create additional competition for domestic producers. [12] Free movement of people means freedom of movement for workers between Norway and EU, and that Norway is a part of the Schengen Area. [11]

Norway has been granted participation rights (save voting rights) in several of the Union's programmes, bodies, and initiatives. [13] These include security and defence areas like the European Defence Agency, the Nordic Battle Group, Frontex, Europol and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Whether or not the country should apply for full membership has been one of the most dominant and divisive issues in modern Norwegian political debate.[ citation needed ]

Norway's total financial contribution linked to the EEA agreement consists of contributions related to the participation in these projects and partly made available to development projects for reducing social and economic disparities in the EU (EEA and Norway Grants). [13] [14] EEA EFTA states fund their participation in programmes and agencies by an amount corresponding to the relative size of their gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the GDP of the whole EEA. The EEA EFTA participation is hence on an equal footing with EU member states. The total EEA EFTA commitment is 2.4% of the overall EU programme budget. In 2008, Norway's contribution was €188 million. Throughout the programme period 2007–2013, the Norwegian contribution will increase substantially in parallel with the development of the EU programme budget, from €130 million in 2007 to €290 million in 2013. For the EEA and Norway Grants from 2004 to 2009, Norway provided almost €1.3 billion. [15] [16]

History

In 1962, Norway applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) with Ireland as well as fellow EFTA members Denmark and the United Kingdom having applied to join the previous year. When France rebuffed the United Kingdom's application the following year, accession negotiations with Norway and the other countries were also suspended because of their strong economic ties. This happened again in 1967. [17]

Norway completed its negotiations for the terms to govern a Norwegian membership in the EEC on 22 January 1972. Following an overwhelming parliamentary majority in favour of joining the EEC in early 1972, the government decided to put the question to a popular referendum, scheduled for 24 and 25 September. [18] The result was that 53.5% voted against membership and 46.5% for it. [17] The Norwegian Labour Party government led by Trygve Bratteli resigned over the outcome of the referendum, and a coalition government led by Lars Korvald took over. [19]

Norway entered a trade agreement with the Community following the referendum's outcome. That trade agreement continued until Norway joined the European Economic Area on 1 January 1994. [20]

On 28 November 1994, a second referendum was held, narrowing the margin but yielding the same result: 52.2% opposed membership and 47.8% in favour, with a turn-out of 88.6%. [21] There are currently no plans to resume their current application, which is currently frozen.

Norway was an associate member of the Western European Union until the organisation terminated in 2011.

European Union membership debate

Countries that could join the European Union .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Current members Candidate countries Applicant / potential candidate countries Membership possible Membership not possible European Union future possible members 2.0.svg
Countries that could join the European Union
  Current members
  Candidate countries
  Applicant / potential candidate countries
  Membership possible
  Membership not possible

Norway's application for EU membership has been frozen, but not withdrawn. It could be resumed at any time following renewed domestic political will.

A major issue for Norway is its fishing resources, which are a significant part of the national economy and which would come under the Common Fisheries Policy if Norway were to accede to the EU. Norway has high GNP per capita and would have to pay a high membership fee. The country has a limited amount of agriculture and few underdeveloped areas, which means that Norway would receive little economic support from the EU. However, as of 2009, Norway has chosen to opt into many EU projects, and since its total financial contribution linked to the EEA agreement consists of contributions related to the participation in these projects, and a part made available to development projects for reducing social and economic disparities in the EU (EEA and Norway Grants), [13] [22] its participation is on an equal footing with that of EU member states. The total EEA EFTA commitment is 2.4% of the overall EU programme budget.

Because these positions significantly cut across ideological boundaries, various political parties have dealt with the issue differently. The Centre Party has maintained the most principled stand against membership, and though parties such as the Norwegian Conservative Party and the Norwegian Labour Party support membership in their platform, they allow for a minority to oppose it. Most dramatically, the Norwegian Liberal Party split over the issue in 1972 at the famed party conference in Røros and did not reunite until 1989.

The EU membership issue crosses Norwegian politics's traditional left–right axis. Since the Labour Party lost its dominance in Norwegian politics, all governments have been a coalition of several political parties. Because the issue almost certainly would break up any conceivable government coalition (except perhaps a grand coalition of Labour and the Conservatives), no government has raised the subject, and no opposition party has stated any desire to do so either.

Disagreements on this issue have created divisiveness within families and local communities. Although there is a general pattern that urban communities favour membership and rural communities do not, there have been vocal minorities in every area of Norway.

Complicating the matter has been that a great variety of political and emotional factors have been raised in the debate. Radical socialists oppose membership because of opposition to conservative economic and political forces that concern them within Europe; opponents on the right are concerned about an infringement on Norwegian culture; and others are opposed in principle to compromising Norwegian sovereignty. On 9 April 2022, Governing Mayor of Oslo Raymond Johansen hoped that it was the time for EU membership debate, stating, "The EU is not only our best guarantor of peace and democracy. It is also the best answer we have to many of the challenges facing Norwegian society." [23]

Norwegian political parties' positions

Currently, parties supporting or opposing EU membership are to be found in both right-wing and left-wing coalitions: as a result, most governments contain pro- and anti-EU elements. To avoid further debates concerning EU membership, anti-EU parties usually require "suicide paragraphs" in government coalition agreements, meaning that if any party in the coalition officially begins a new debate on EU membership, the coalition government will be dissolved. This has been true for both the previous centre-right Bondevik government and the centre-left Stoltenberg government.

Norwegian parliamentary political parties' position [24]
PartyPosition on EU membershipPosition on EEA membership
Labour SupportSupport
Conservative SupportSupport
Progress OpposedSupport
Centre OpposedOpposed
Socialist Left OpposedOpposed
Liberal SupportSupport
Christian Democratic OpposedSupport
Green SupportSupport
Red OpposedOpposed
Patient Focus (Norway) Un­knownUn­known

Opinion polling

On average, Norwegian voters oppose Norwegian membership in the European Union. The average polling results over the past ten years indicate that around 70% of Norwegian voters oppose EU membership, though staunch opposition has fallen in recent years.

According to 2023 polling data, most voters remain opposed to EU membership. However, many Norwegians are changing their position on future membership due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. [25]

Polls on Norwegian membership of the European Union
Dates
conducted		PollsterSupportOpposedRef.
Nov 2023Opinion31%52% [26]
Aug 2023Opinion35%54% [27]
Apr 2023Sentio33%56% [28]
Feb 2023Opinion31%53% [29]
Nov 2022Sentio27.2%55.8% [30]
Jun 2022Sentio35.3%48.8% [31]
Mar 2022Norstat26%53% [32]
Nov 2019Sentio28%60% [33]
Jun 2018Sentio22%67% [34]
Aug 2016Ipsos MMI16%66% [35]
Jun 2016Sentio19.6%70.9% [36]
Dec 2015Sentio18.1%72.0% [37]
Aug 2014Sentio17.8%70.5% [38]
Jan 2013Sentio18.7%70.8% [39]
Jul 2012Sentio17.2%74.8% [40]
Oct 2011Sentio18.6%70.8% [41]
Oct 2011Synovate12%72% [42]
Jul 2011Sentio20.1%68.8% [43]
Jul 2011Sentio17.1%73.4% [43]
May 2011Response29%71% [44]
Jan 2011Sentio22.5%65.9% [45]
Sep 2010Sentio24.9%64.9% [46]
Aug 2010Sentio26%62% [47]
Jul 2010Sentio25.3%66.1% [48]
Jul 2010Norstat25%66% [49]
May 2010Sentio30.3%56.9% [50]
May 2010Response26%62% [51]
May 2010Norstat32.3%55% [52]
Apr 2010Sentio36.3%50.1% [53]
Feb 2010Sentio33%53.4% [54]
Nov 2009Sentio42%58% [55]
Oct 2009Sentio41.4%45.6% [56]
Sep 2009Sentio35%52.2% [57]
Jun 2009Norstat40.6%50.3% [58]
May 2009Response42%58% [59]
May 2009Norstat38.6%49% [58]
Apr 2009Sentio34.9%53.3% [60]
Mar 2009Sentio33%54.9% [61]
Feb 2009Sentio35.1%54.7% [62]
Jan 2009Sentio32.5%52.8% [63]
Dec 2008Sentio37.5%50.7% [63]
May 2008Response40%60% [64]
Nov 2007Response42%58% [64]
Apr 2007Response45%55% [64]
Nov 2006Response41%59% [64]
Sep 2006Response45%55% [64]
May 2006Response45%55% [64]
Jun 2005Sentio36%51% [65]
Sep 2003Sentio37%38% [66]

Norway's foreign relations with EU member states

Diplomatic relations between Norway and EU member states

CountryNorwegian embassyReciprocal embassyNotes
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria ViennaOsloNorwegian Permanent Mission to OSCE in Vienna
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium BrusselsOsloNorwegian Mission to the EU and Permanent Delegation to NATO in Brussels
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria SofiaOslo
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia ZagrebOslo
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus NicosiaOslo
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic PragueOslo
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark CopenhagenOslo
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia TallinnOslo
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland HelsinkiOslo
Flag of France.svg  France ParisOsloNorwegian Mission to OECD and UNESCO in Paris. and in Council of Europe in Strasbourg
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Berlin
Consulate General: Hamburg
Consulate: Düsseldorf		Oslo
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece AthensOslo
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary BudapestOslo
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland DublinOslo
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy RomeOslo
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia RigaOslo
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania VilniusOslo
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Luxembourg CityOslo
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta VallettaOslo
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands The Hague
Consulate General: Rotterdam		Oslo
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland WarsawOslo
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal LisbonOslo
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania BucharestOslo
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia BratislavaOslo
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia LjubljanaOslo
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain Madrid
Consulate General: Barcelona
Consulate: Alicante		Oslo
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden StockholmOslo

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European Free Trade Association</span> Regional trade organization and free trade area

The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a regional trade organization and free trade area consisting of four European states: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. The organization operates in parallel with the European Union (EU), and all four member states participate in the European single market and are part of the Schengen Area. They are not, however, party to the European Union Customs Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European Economic Area</span> European free trade zone established in 1994

The European Economic Area (EEA) was established via the Agreement on the European Economic Area, an international agreement which enables the extension of the European Union's single market to member states of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The EEA links the EU member states and three of the four EFTA states into an internal market governed by the same basic rules. These rules aim to enable free movement of persons, goods, services, and capital within the European single market, including the freedom to choose residence in any country within this area. The EEA was established on 1 January 1994 upon entry into force of the EEA Agreement. The contracting parties are the EU, its member states, and Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway. New members of EFTA would not automatically become party to the EEA Agreement, as each EFTA State decides on its own whether it applies to be party to the EEA Agreement or not. According to Article 128 of the EEA Agreement, "any European State becoming a member of the Community shall, and the Swiss Confederation or any European State becoming a member of EFTA may, apply to become a party to this Agreement. It shall address its application to the EEA Council." EFTA does not envisage political integration. It does not issue legislation, nor does it establish a customs union. Schengen is not a part of the EEA Agreement. However, all of the four EFTA States participate in Schengen and Dublin through bilateral agreements. They all apply the provisions of the relevant Acquis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1994 Norwegian European Union membership referendum</span>

A referendum on joining the European Union was held in Norway on 27 and 28 November 1994. After a long period of heated debate, the "no" side won with 52.2 per cent of the vote, on a turnout of 88.6 per cent. Membership of what was then the European Community had previously been rejected in a 1972 referendum, and by French veto in 1962.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green Party (Norway)</span> Norwegian green political party

The Green Party is a centre-left green political party in Norway. The party holds three seats in the Parliament of Norway and also has representation in municipal councils and county councils.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iceland–European Union relations</span> Bilateral relations

Iceland is heavily integrated into the European Union via the Agreement on the European Economic Area and the Schengen Agreement, despite its status as a non-EU member state. Iceland applied for membership in 2009. The Minister for Foreign Affairs sent a letter in 2015 that ended the application process.

Vidar Sveinung Kleppe is a Norwegian politician. He was a member of parliament and deputy leader of the Progress Party until he was suspended and left the party in 2001. He was the founder and leader of the Democrats party from 2002 to 2012, and has since 2003 held public office as a member of the Vest-Agder county council and the Kristiansand municipal council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andorra–European Union relations</span> Bilateral relations

A customs union is the principal area of robust formal agreement between the Principality of Andorra and the European Union (EU). Andorra borders two EU member states: France and Spain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anniken Huitfeldt</span> Norwegian historian and politician (born 1969)

Anniken Scharning Huitfeldt is a Norwegian historian and politician for the Labour Party. She has served as the Norwegian Ambassador to the United States since 2024. She previously held several ministerial roles under Jens Stoltenberg between 2008 and 2013 and then foreign minister under Jonas Gahr Støre between 2021 and 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microstates and the European Union</span> Relationship overview

Currently, all of the European microstates have some form of relations with the European Union (EU).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liechtenstein passport</span> Passport of the Principality of Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein passports are issued to nationals of Liechtenstein for the purpose of international travel. Beside serving as proof of Liechtenstein citizenship, they facilitate the process of securing assistance from Liechtenstein consular officials abroad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Icelandic passport</span> Passport for Icelands citizens

Icelandic passports are issued to citizens of Iceland for the purpose of international travel. Beside serving as proof of Icelandic citizenship, they facilitate the process of securing assistance from Icelandic consular officials abroad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">No to the EU (Norway)</span> Norwegian political organization opposing Norwegian accession to the European Union

No to the EU (NTEU) (Norwegian: Nei til EU) is a Norwegian bipartisan political organization opposed to Norwegian accession to the European Union. Formed in 1990, No to the EU successfully campaigned against EU membership in the 1994 referendum on the issue through a massive mobilization. At its peak in 1994, the organization had local chapters in every municipality and 140,000 members, though this has declined substantially to a claimed membership of over 18,000 as of 2024. Since the referendum, the organization has focused on opposing Norwegian membership in the European Economic Area and EU influence generally, and in particular the EU energy agency ACER.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1995 enlargement of the European Union</span> Accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden to the European Union

The 1995 enlargement of the European Union saw Austria, Finland, and Sweden accede to the European Union (EU). This was the EU's fourth enlargement and came into effect on 1 January of that year. It is also known as the EFTA Enlargement round. All these states were previous members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and had traditionally been less interested in joining the EU than other European countries. Norway had negotiated to join alongside the other three, but following the signing of the treaty, membership was turned down by the Norwegian electorate in the 1994 national referendum. Switzerland also applied for membership on 26 May 1992, but withdrew it after a negative referendum result on 6 December 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Marino–European Union relations</span> Bilateral relations

Relations between the Republic of San Marino and the European Union (EU) began in February 1983. San Marino is completely surrounded by one EU member state, Italy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monaco–European Union relations</span> Bilateral relations

Relations between the Principality of Monaco and the European Union (EU) are primarily conducted through France. Through that relationship Monaco directly participates in certain EU policies. Monaco is an integral part of the EU customs territory and VAT area, and therefore applies most measures on excise duties and VAT. Monaco borders one EU member state: France. However this relationship does not extend to external trade. Preferential trade agreements between the EU and third countries apply only to goods originating from the customs territory – Monaco may not claim EU origin in this respect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area</span>

The United Kingdom (UK) was a member of the European Economic Area (EEA) from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 2020, following the coming into force of the 1992 EEA Agreement. Membership of the EEA is a consequence of membership of the European Union (EU). The UK ceased to be a Contracting Party to the EEA Agreement after its withdrawal from the EU on 31 January 2020, as it was a member of the EEA by virtue of its EU membership, but retained EEA rights during the Brexit transition period, based on Article 126 of the withdrawal agreement between the EU and the UK. During the transition period, which ended on 31 December 2020, the UK and EU negotiated their future relationship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sigbjørn Gjelsvik</span> Norwegian politician

Sigbjørn Gjelsvik is a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party. He was elected to Parliament in 2017. He also served as minister of local government from 2022 to 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Passports of the EFTA member states</span>

Passports of the EFTA member states are passports issued by the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) member states Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. EFTA is in this article used as a common name for these countries.

In British politics, the "Norway-plus model" was a proposal for a post-Brexit settlement, which the British government did not pursue. Proposed in November 2018 as an alternative to the Chequers plan, it would have consisted of membership of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and of membership of the European Economic Area (EEA) as an EFTA member state, combined with a separate customs union with the EU to create a trade relationship similar to that between the EU and its member states today, with the exception of the political representation in the EU's bodies. Michel Barnier, the EU's Chief Negotiator, has always said that a model that combined EEA/EFTA and a customs union was one that he would be happy to consider.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Passports in Europe</span> Overview of passports issued in European countries

Passports in Europe are issued by each state individually, e.g. the Netherlands or United Kingdom. In general, passports issued in Europe either grant the holder the right of freedom of movement within the European Economic Area, to those that don't. The majority of European states are members of the European Union, and therefore issue EU passports.

References

  1. ↑ "Support for EU in Norway". CNN. European Social Survey. 25 June 2020. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  2. ↑ "Population on 1 January". Eurostat. European Commission. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  3. ↑ "Field Listing – Area". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  4. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved 2015-01-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ↑ "European Commission – Press release – Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe". europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2019-07-23. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
  6. ↑ "Population by sex and citizenship". Federal Statistical Office. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
  7. ↑ "Norway – Trade – European Commission". Ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2013-03-25. Retrieved 2016-06-03.
  8. ↑ "Directory of European Union legislation – EUR-Lex". Eur-lex.europa.eu. 2016-05-19. Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-06-03.
  9. ↑ "EEA-Lex | European Free Trade Association". Efta.int. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2016-06-03.
  10. ↑ http://oer2go.org:81/wikipedia_en_all_novid_2017-08/A/Norway_%E2%80%93_European_Union_relations.html [ dead link ]
  11. 1 2 3 Lang, Arabella (14 January 2013). "Norway's relationship with the EU". House Of Commons Library. parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  12. ↑ "How Norway's relationship with the EU has split views – BBC News". BBC News. 14 June 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  13. 1 2 3 "Vårt skjulte EU-medlemskap" (in Norwegian). Moss-avis. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
  14. ↑ "10 Basic facts about the European Economic Area". The Norwegian Mission to the EU. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
  15. ↑ "EEA EFTA Financial Contributions". EFTA Secretariat. Retrieved 2008-02-06.[ permanent dead link ]
  16. ↑ "Norway and the EU" (PDF). Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-27. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
  17. 1 2 "Norway and the EU – A Historical Overview". Norway mission to the EU. Archived from the original on 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
  18. ↑ "Description de "The referendum in Norway (25 September 1972)" – on cvce.eu". Oslo: Statistisk Sentralbyrå. 1972. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
  19. ↑ Miles, Lee. The European Union and the Nordic Countries.1996. Routledge, p. 133.
  20. ↑ "EAA Agreement". EFTA. Archived from the original on 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  21. ↑ "1994: Norway votes 'no' to Europe". BBC. 1994-11-28. Archived from the original on 2021-02-23. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  22. ↑ "10 Basic facts about the European Economic Area". The Norwegian Mission to the EU. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  23. ↑ Williamson, Jonathan (2022-04-09). "Is Norway set for a new debate on EU membership?". Norway Today. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  24. ↑ "NRK TV – Debatten". 28 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-05-28. Retrieved 2019-05-28– via tv.nrk.no.
  25. ↑ "Mange nordmenn har endret syn på EU etter Ukraina-krigen". 12 October 2023.
  26. ↑ "Uroes av unges EU-flørt". Klassekampen (in Norwegian). 2024-02-17. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  27. ↑ "Altingets EU-måling: ja-siden vokser i alle partier". Altinget (in Norwegian). 2023-08-14. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
  28. ↑ "Flere sier ja til EU-medlemskap". 26 Apr 2023.
  29. ↑ "Altingets EU-måling: 1 av 3 nordmenn vil inn i unionen – Venstre og MDGs velgere mest positive". Altinget (in Norwegian). 2023-02-13. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
  30. ↑ "Færre sier ja til EU - støtten til EØS faller". 28 Nov 2022.
  31. ↑ "Flere sier ja til EU". 7 June 2022.
  32. ↑ NTB (2022-04-04). "Måling: En av fem er usikker på norsk EU-medlemskap". Romerikes Blad (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2022-04-19.
  33. ↑ Michael Brøndbo. "Nordmenn mer positive til EU og EØS". Nationen. Archived from the original on 2020-12-14. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  34. ↑ Astrid Dypvik. "Sju av ti mot norsk EU-medlemskap". Nationen. Archived from the original on 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  35. ↑ Tore Bergsaker. "Brexit rokker ikke norsk EU-motstand". Dagbladet. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
  36. ↑ Frida Holsten Gullestad. "Norges nei står sterkt". klassekampen.no. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
  37. ↑ "Massiv norsk EU-motstand – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  38. ↑ "Massiv norsk EU-motstand – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 30 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
  39. ↑ "Sju av ti er imot norsk EU-medlemskap – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 25 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
  40. ↑ "Høyrevelgerne deler ikke partiets syn på EU – Aftenposten". Aftenposten.no. 2012-07-21. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
  41. ↑ "Sjokkmåling for eu-tilhengerne". DN.no. 2011-10-24. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
  42. ↑ "Dette er en monstermåling". DN.no. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
  43. 1 2 "Nationen – Sju av ti er mot EU". Nationen.no. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
  44. ↑ "Sju av ti sier nei til EU". Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
  45. ↑ "Ny bunnmåling for EU-tilhengerne – Aftenposten". Aftenposten.no. 2011-10-12. Archived from the original on 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
  46. ↑ "65 prosent vil ikke ha Norge inn i EU". Nettavisen.no. 2010-09-13. Archived from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
  47. ↑ Filip Roshauwredaks (2010-08-15). "Mer enn 60 prosent sier nei for tredje måned på rad". Nationen.no. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  48. ↑ "Overveldende EU-nei". DN.no. 2010-07-19. Archived from the original on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  49. ↑ "Nå er også Høyre-velgerne mot EU". DN.no. 2010-07-26. Archived from the original on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  50. ↑ "Historisk EU-motstand" (in Norwegian Bokmål). ta.no. 2010-05-15. Archived from the original on 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  51. ↑ "EU-motstanden øker og øker". DN.no. 2010-05-18. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  52. ↑ "Flere nordmenn sier nei til EU – EU – VG". Vg.no. 2010-05-11. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
  53. ↑ "Framgang for EU-tilhengerne – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 26 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
  54. ↑ Anders Schiøtz (2010-02-22). "Full kollaps for ja-sida". Nationen.no. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  55. ↑ "Fortsatt klart nei-flertall – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 2009-11-15. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  56. ↑ "Nesten jevnt løp mellom ja og nei til EU – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 2009-10-19. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  57. ↑ "Nei, nei, nei til EU – Makro og politikk – E24". E24.no. 2007-09-24. Archived from the original on 2022-02-20. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  58. 1 2 "Tekstarkiv". Dagbladet.no. Archived from the original on 2012-10-07. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  59. ↑ "Flere sier ja til EU – Makro og politikk – E24". E24.no. 2009-05-19. Archived from the original on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  60. ↑ "Nordmenn fortsatt negative til EU-medlemskap – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 2009-04-20. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  61. ↑ "Nei-flertall i fire år / Innenriks / Siste nytt - Riks24.no - nyheter i tre kanaler". Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  62. ↑ "EU-motstanden står fortsatt sterkt / Innenriks / Siste nytt – Riks24.no – nyheter i tre kanaler". July 24, 2011. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011.
  63. 1 2 "Norsk nej-flertal vokser · Folkebevægelsen mod EU". Folkebevaegelsen.dk. Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  64. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Nei-siden øker – Aftenposten". Aftenposten.no. Archived from the original on 2012-10-02. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  65. ↑ "Stort NEJ i norge - 27 juni 2005". Archived from the original on March 7, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  66. ↑ "Flere mot enn for EU ifølge meningsmåling – Norge og EU – VG Nett Debatt". Vgd.no. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

Further reading

Norwegian government

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.