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English grammar is the set of structural rules of the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and whole texts.
In language, a clause is a constituent or phrase that comprises a semantic predicand and a semantic predicate. A typical clause consists of a subject and a syntactic predicate, the latter typically a verb phrase composed of a verb with or without any objects and other modifiers. However, the subject is sometimes unexpressed if it is easily deductable from the context, especially in null-subject language but also in other languages, including instances of the imperative mood in English.
The pronoun who, in English, is an interrogative pronoun and a relative pronoun, used primarily to refer to persons.
A relative clause is a clause that modifies a noun or noun phrase and uses some grammatical device to indicate that one of the arguments in the relative clause refers to the noun or noun phrase. For example, in the sentence I met a man who wasn't too sure of himself, the subordinate clause who wasn't too sure of himself is a relative clause since it modifies the noun man and uses the pronoun who to indicate that the same "man" is referred to in the subordinate clause.
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Relative clauses in the English language are formed principally by means of relative words. The basic relative pronouns are who, which, and that; who also has the derived forms whom and whose. Various grammatical rules and style guides determine which relative pronouns may be suitable in various situations, especially for formal settings. In some cases the relative pronoun may be omitted and merely implied.
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In the traditional grammar of Modern English, a phrasal verb typically constitutes a single semantic unit consisting of a verb followed by a particle, sometimes collocated with a preposition.
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In linguistics, a relativizer is a type of conjunction that introduces a relative clause. For example, in English, the conjunction that may be considered a relativizer in a sentence such as "I have one that you can use." Relativizers do not appear, at least overtly, in all languages; even in languages that do have overt or pronounced relativizers, they do not necessarily appear all of the time. For these reasons it has been suggested that in some cases, a "zero relativizer" may be involved, meaning that a relativizer is implied in the grammar but is omitted in speech or writing. For example, the word that can be omitted in the above English example, producing "I have one you can use", using a zero relativizer.
References
- ↑ Michael Cysouw (2011). "Quantitative explorations of the worldwide distribution of rare characteristics, or: the exceptionality of northwestern European languages". In Horst J. Simon & Heike Wiese (ed.). Expecting the unexpected: Exceptions in grammar. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 411–431.
- ↑ Kordić 1999, pp. 36–37.
- ↑ Kordić 1999, pp. 16–19.
- ↑ Dayal, Veneeta (1996). "Locality in WH Quantification: Questions and Relative Clauses in Hindi". Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy. 62. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4808-5_5.
