Shatt | |
---|---|
ìkkɨ̀ cánnìñ | |
Native to | Sudan |
Region | South Kordofan |
Ethnicity | Shatt |
Native speakers | 30,000 (2014) [1] |
Latin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | shj |
Glottolog | shat1244 |
ELP | Shatt |
Linguasphere | 05-PEA-aa |
Shatt is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |
The Shatt language is a Daju language of the Eastern Daju family spoken by the Shatt people in the Shatt Hills (part of the Nuba Mountains) southwest of Kaduqli in South Kordofan province in southern Sudan.
Villages are Shatt Daman, Shatt Safia, and Shatt Tebeldia (Ethnologue, 22nd edition).
The designation "Shatt" is an Arabic word meaning "dispersed" and is applied to several distinct groups in the Nuba Mountains. "Caning" is their own name for themselves, linguistically referred to as endonym, whereas "Shatt" is considered an exonym due to its external ascription. Speakers refer to their language as ìkkɨ̀ cánnìñ ('mouth, language'). [2]
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k | (ʔ) |
voiced | b | d | ɟ | g | ||
implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | |||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | x | h | |
voiced | z | |||||
Rhotic | r | |||||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e | ə | o |
Open | a |
The alphabet consists of 27 letters, [4] which are shown in the table below with the corresponding letter from the International Phonetic Alphabet chart.
IPA | [a] | [ə̝] | [ɓ] | [c] | [d] | [ɗ] | [ɛ] | [f] | [g] | [i] | [ʄ] | [k] | [l] | [m] | [n] | [ŋ] | [ɲ] | [ɔ] | [p] | [r] | [s] | [t] | [u] | [w] | [x] | [y] | [z] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper Case | A | Ä | B | C | D | ꞌD | E | F | G | I | J | K | L | M | N | Ng | Ny | O | P | R | S | T | U | W | X | Y | Z |
Lower Case | a | ä | b | c | d | ꞌd | e | f | g | i | j | k | l | m | n | ng | ny | o | p | r | s | t | u | w | x | y | z |
The grammar in this section is primarily based on the Caning Grammar Book (Second Edition 2017). [5]
Type | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|
Noun | Kig kasiy ya. | Person ate meat. |
Verb | Kig kasiy ya. | Person ate meat. |
Preposition | Kig kasiy ya tä pumpung. | Person ate meat in bush. |
Location | Kig kasiy ya tagä pa. | Person ate meat in front of house. |
Pronoun | Ma masiy ya. | He ate meat. |
Adjective | Kig kasiy yana apo. | Person ate good meat. |
Quantity | Kig kasiy ya käꞌday. | Person ate all the meat. |
Number | Kig kasiy aska kodos. | Person ate three fishes. |
Adverb | Kig kasiy ya tetex. | Person ate meat quickly. |
Question Word | Xänang kasiy ya? | Who ate meat? |
Connector | Ndä kig kasiy ya. | Then person ate meat. |
A noun in Caning "can be a person, animal, place, thing, or idea." [6]
Plurals in Caning are built in three different ways:
Suffix S/P | Root | Singular | Plural | Translation |
---|---|---|---|---|
-ic / - | ux | uxic | ux | worm(s) |
- / -iny | ax | ax | axiny | hut(s) |
-ic / -iny | win- | winic | wininy | vulture(s) |
When adding a singular suffix only as described in form one, the plural form remains unchanged.
Suffix | Singular | Plural | Translation |
---|---|---|---|
-c / | bebec | bebe | gourd |
-dic, -tic/ | gäldic | gäl | egg |
-wec / | ngaluwec | ngalu | bell |
-wic / | kadasuwic | kadasu | foundation |
For the second for, when adding the plural suffix only, the singular form remains unchanged.
Suffix | Singular | Plural | Translation |
---|---|---|---|
/ -u | ux | uxu | women |
/ -da, -ta | oxay | oxayda | animals |
/ -di, -ti | bul | buldi | drums |
/ -de, -te | jen | jende | years |
Certain patterns occur in pairs for the respective singular and plural forms, as described in form three.
Pair | Singular | Plural | Translation |
---|---|---|---|
-ic / -iny | winic | wininy | vulture(s) |
-ic / -u | banyic | banyu | light(s) |
-wan/-wan | penäwan | penggäwan | son(s) |
-x/-ny | osox | osony | lion(s) |
-d/ -nu | 'dawud | 'dawunu | type of fish |
There are exceptions to the rule, e.g. words that change form, having a shorter plural than singular form or no singular or plural form at all.
Some nouns only occur as plurals, e.g. noncountable nouns that refer to masses or liquids:
Singular | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
/ | / | mem/mmem | milk |
/ | / | Ma/mma | water |
/ | / | zäg/zik | earth, ground |
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st Person | agä | I | Was | We (not you) |
Kog | We (and you) | |||
2nd Person | gi | You | Anggo | You |
3rd Person | ma | He | Sa | They |
ce | She | |||
nya | It |
It is noteworthy that Caning has two forms of the pronoun "we" (1st person plural) that could be distinguished by calling them inclusive and exclusive versions. One being -was(we - not you) and the other one being -kog(we - and you).
This difference is also made with the possessor and possessive pronouns us/our(s).
Possessor pronouns can replace the possessor (apang = man) in the sentence below.
"Kig kasax axä apang. Person refused hut of man.
Kig kasax axang. Person refused my hut." [7] (ax = hut)
Possessor | Caning | Singular | Plural | Translation |
---|---|---|---|---|
my | -ang | axang | axinygang | my hut |
your (sg) | -ägi | axägi | axinygägi | your (sg) hut |
his | -äma | axäma | axinygäma | his hut |
her | -äce | axäce | axinygäce | her hut |
its | -änya | axgänya | axinygänya | its hut |
our (not your) | -äsko | axäsko | axinygäsko | our (not your) hut |
our (and your) | -og | axog | axinygog | our (and your) hut |
your (pl) | -ägo | axägo | axinygägo | your (pl) hut |
their | -äsa | axäsa | axinygäsa | their hut |
Possessive Pronouns can also replace nouns.
By using the same example, the difference between possessor and possessive pronouns become more clear.
"Kig kasax axä apang. Person refused hut of man.
Kig kasax nämanggo. Person refused his." [7] (ax = hut)
All of the possessive pronouns below can therefore take the place of nämanggo in the above sentence.
Caning | Pronoun |
---|---|
nanggä | mine |
nänggi | yours (sg) |
nämanggo | his |
näcengga | hers |
nänyanggo | its |
näskonga | ours (us, not you) |
nänokanga | ours (us and you) |
nänggonga | yours (pl) |
näsanga | theirs |
N | Text in Caning | N | Text in Caning | N | Text in Caning | N | Text in Caning |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | nuxu | 11 | asiny wang nuxu | 21 | ud wang nuxu | 110 | udiny mädäg wang asiny |
2 | pädax | 12 | asiny wang pädax | 30 | ud wang asiny | 200 | udiny mädäginy pädax |
3 | kodos | 13 | asiny wang kodos | 31 | ud wang asiny wang nuxu | 300 | udiny mädäginy kudos |
4 | tesped | 14 | asiny wang tesped | 40 | udiny pädax | 400 | udiny mädäginy tesped |
5 | mädäg | 15 | asiny wang mädäg | 50 | udiny pädax wang asiny | 500 | udiny mädäginy mädäg |
6 | aran | 16 | asiny wang aran | 60 | udiny kodos | 600 | udiny mädäginy aran |
7 | paxtänding | 17 | asiny wang paxtänding | 70 | udiny kudos wang asiny | 700 | udiny mädäginy paxtänding |
8 | tespetespe | 18 | asiny wang tespetespe | 80 | udiny tesped | 800 | udiny mädäginy tesped |
9 | paye nuxu | 19 | asiny wang paye nuxu | 90 | udiny tesped wang asiny | 900 | udiny mädäginy paye nuxu |
10 | asiny | 20 | ud | 100 | udiny mädäg | 1000 | päsic nuxu |
Intermediate numbers, e.g. 785 are built similar to English, from front to end: udiny mädäginy paxtänding (700) wang (and) udiny tesped (80) wang (and) mädäg (5). [8]
The following table shows how ordinal numbers are built.
Caning | Translation | Caning | Translation |
---|---|---|---|
xongi näs nuxuzeneng | first day | xongondi näs paxtändingzeneng | seventh day |
xongondi näs pätaxeneng | second day | xongondi näs tespetespedeneng | eighth day |
xongondi näs kodoseneng | third day | xongondi näs paye nuxuzeneng | ninth day |
xongondi näs tespedeneng | fourth day | xongondi näs asinygeneng | tenth day |
xongondi näs mädägkeneng | fifth day | xongondi näs asiny wang nuxuzeneng | eleventh day |
xongondi näs arandeneng | sixth day | xongondi näs asiny wang pätaxeneng | twelfth day |
Numbers usually come after the noun with a modifier suffix, in this case -eneng.
Caning | English |
---|---|
Edekeny sawuno sasog täsa mänang tä sänggakodos, na xongondi näskodoseneng cäläpede ta atänäce ka, | For the next threedays, they came and did the same, and on the thirdday she said to her grandchild, |
In grammar, the genitive case is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun. A genitive can also serve purposes indicating other relationships. For example, some verbs may feature arguments in the genitive case; and the genitive case may also have adverbial uses.
Oromo, historically also called Galla, is an Afroasiatic language that belongs to the Cushitic branch. It is native to the Ethiopian state of Oromia and Northern Kenya and is spoken predominantly by the Oromo people and neighboring ethnic groups in the Horn of Africa. It is used as a lingua franca particularly in the Oromia Region and northeastern Kenya.
Catalan grammar, the morphology and syntax of the Catalan language, is similar to the grammar of most other Romance languages. Catalan is a relatively synthetic, fusional language. Features include:
The Fur language is a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Fur of Darfur in Western Sudan and Chad. It is part of a broader family of languages known as the Fur languages.
A possessive or ktetic form is a word or grammatical construction indicating a relationship of possession in a broad sense. This can include strict ownership, or a number of other types of relation to a greater or lesser degree analogous to it.
In linguistics, a possessive affix is an affix attached to a noun to indicate its possessor, much in the manner of possessive adjectives.
The Daju languages are spoken in isolated pockets by the Daju people across a wide area of Sudan and Chad. In Sudan, they are spoken in parts of the regions of Kordofan and Darfur, in Chad they are spoken in Wadai. The Daju languages belong to the Eastern Sudanic subfamily of Nilo-Saharan.
Possessive determiners are determiners which express possession. Some traditional grammars of English refer to them as possessive adjectives, though they do not have the same syntactic distribution as bona fide adjectives.
Middle Welsh is the label attached to the Welsh language of the 12th to 15th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period. This form of Welsh developed directly from Old Welsh.
This article describes the grammar of Tigrinya, a South Semitic language which is spoken primarily in Eritrea and Ethiopia, and is written in Ge'ez script.
Nese is a moribund Oceanic language or dialect known by no more than twenty people in the Matanvat area of the northwest tip of the island of Malakula in Vanuatu. It is now rarely spoken, having been replaced as a primary mode of communication by Bislama.
Lau, also known as Mala, is an Oceanic language spoken on northeast Malaita, in the Solomon Islands. In 1999, Lau had about 16,937 first-language speakers, with many second-language speakers through Malaitan communities in the Solomon Islands, especially in Honiara.
Iraqw is a Cushitic language spoken in Tanzania in the Arusha and Manyara Regions. It is expanding in numbers as the Iraqw people absorb neighbouring ethnic groups. The language has many Datooga loanwords, especially in poetic language. The Gorowa language, to the south, shares numerous similarities and is sometimes considered a dialect.
Tangale (Tangle) is a West Chadic language spoken in Northern region of Nigeria. The vast majority of the native speakers are found across Akko, Billiri, Kaltungo and Shongom Local Government Area of Gombe State Nigeria.
Lele is an East Chadic language spoken in the Tandjilé Region, in the Tandjilé Ouest department, south of Kélo.
In English, possessive words or phrases exist for nouns and most pronouns, as well as some noun phrases. These can play the roles of determiners or of nouns.
Merei or Malmariv is an Oceanic language spoken in north central Espiritu Santo Island in Vanuatu.
North Ambrym is a language of Ambrym Island, Vanuatu.
Longgu (Logu) is a Southeast Solomonic language of Guadalcanal, but originally from Malaita.
Litzlitz, also known as Naman, is an endangered Oceanic language of central Malakula, Vanuatu. Many of the languages in Malakula can be referred to by different names, Litzlitz being an example of this. Naman was spoken in central Malakua in an area referred to as the "Dog's Neck" by the locals. The territory over which the Naman language was spoken is about 13 kilometers. This language once had many speakers, but now has been classified as a dying language with only fifteen to twenty native speakers. Native Naman speakers who one resided in the small villages of Metenesel in the Lambumbu area of Malakula had moved to what is now known as the Litzlitz village. They had moved because of diseases such as influenza and other epidemics, which contributed to the population decrease in the Naman speakers. Malakula has many languages, however Uripiv has become the dominant language of the Northeast Malakula area.