Shatt language

Last updated
Shatt
ìkkɨ̀ cánnìñ
Native to Sudan
Region South Kordofan
Ethnicity Shatt
Native speakers
30,000 (2014) [1]
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3 shj
Glottolog shat1244
ELP Shatt
Linguasphere 05-PEA-aa
Lang Status 40-SE.svg
Shatt is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

The Shatt language is a Daju language of the Eastern Daju family spoken by the Shatt people in the Shatt Hills (part of the Nuba Mountains) southwest of Kaduqli in South Kordofan province in southern Sudan.

Contents

Villages are Shatt Daman, Shatt Safia, and Shatt Tebeldia (Ethnologue, 22nd edition).

Names

The designation "Shatt" is an Arabic word meaning "dispersed" and is applied to several distinct groups in the Nuba Mountains. "Caning" is their own name for themselves, linguistically referred to as endonym, whereas "Shatt" is considered an exonym due to its external ascription. Speakers refer to their language as ìkkɨ̀ cánnìñ ('mouth, language'). [2]

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal mnɲŋ
Plosive voicelessptck(ʔ)
voicedbdɟg
implosive ɓɗʄ
Fricative voicelessfsxh
voicedz
Rhotic r
Approximant wlj

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close iu
Mid eəo
Open a

Alphabet

The alphabet consists of 27 letters, [4] which are shown in the table below with the corresponding letter from the International Phonetic Alphabet chart.

IPA [a] [ə̝] [ɓ] [c][d] [ɗ] [ɛ] [f][g][i] [ʄ] [k][l][m][n] [ŋ] [ɲ] [ɔ] [p][r][s][t][u][w][x][y][z]
Upper Case A Ä B C D ꞌD E F G I J K L M N NgNy O P R S T U W X Y Z
Lower Caseaäbcdꞌdefgijklmnngnyoprstuwxyz

Grammar

The grammar in this section is primarily based on the Caning Grammar Book (Second Edition 2017). [5]

Morphology

Types of Words

Types of Caning Words [6]
TypeExampleTranslation
NounKig kasiy ya.Person ate meat.
VerbKig kasiy ya.Person ate meat.
PrepositionKig kasiy ya pumpung.Person ate meat in bush.
LocationKig kasiy ya tagä pa.Person ate meat in front of house.
PronounMa masiy ya.He ate meat.
AdjectiveKig kasiy yana apo.Person ate good meat.
QuantityKig kasiy ya käꞌday.Person ate all the meat.
NumberKig kasiy aska kodos.Person ate three fishes.
AdverbKig kasiy ya tetex.Person ate meat quickly.
Question WordXänang kasiy ya?Who ate meat?
ConnectorNdä kig kasiy ya.Then person ate meat.

Nouns

A noun in Caning "can be a person, animal, place, thing, or idea." [6]

Singular and Plural

Plurals in Caning are built in three different ways:

  1. By adding a suffix to the singular.
  2. By adding a suffix to the plural.
  3. By adding a suffix to both, the singular and the plural form.
Suffixes: Singular and Plural [6]
Suffix

S/P

RootSingularPluralTranslation
-ic / -uxuxicuxworm(s)
- / -inyaxaxaxinyhut(s)
-ic / -inywin-winicwininyvulture(s)

When adding a singular suffix only as described in form one, the plural form remains unchanged.

Most common Singular Suffixes
SuffixSingularPluralTranslation
-c /bebecbebegourd
-dic, -tic/gäldicgälegg
-wec /ngaluwecngalubell
-wic /kadasuwickadasufoundation

For the second for, when adding the plural suffix only, the singular form remains unchanged.

Some common Plural Suffxes
SuffixSingularPluralTranslation
/ -uuxuxuwomen
/ -da, -taoxayoxaydaanimals
/ -di, -tibulbuldidrums
/ -de, -tejenjendeyears

Certain patterns occur in pairs for the respective singular and plural forms, as described in form three.

Suffix pairs
PairSingularPluralTranslation
-ic / -inywinicwininyvulture(s)
-ic / -ubanyicbanyulight(s)
-wan/-wanpenäwanpenggäwanson(s)
-x/-nyosoxosonylion(s)
-d/ -nu'dawud'dawunutype of fish
Plural-only nouns

There are exceptions to the rule, e.g. words that change form, having a shorter plural than singular form or no singular or plural form at all.

Some nouns only occur as plurals, e.g. noncountable nouns that refer to masses or liquids:

Example: Plural-only nouns [2]
SingularPlural
//mem/mmemmilk
//Ma/mmawater
//zäg/zikearth, ground

Pronouns

Subject and Object Pronouns [7]
SingularPlural
1st PersonagäIWasWe (not you)
KogWe (and you)
2nd PersongiYouAnggoYou
3rd PersonmaHeSaThey
ceShe
nyaIt

It is noteworthy that Caning has two forms of the pronoun "we" (1st person plural) that could be distinguished by calling them inclusive and exclusive versions. One being -was(we - not you) and the other one being -kog(we - and you).

This difference is also made with the possessor and possessive pronouns us/our(s).

Possessor Pronouns

Possessor pronouns can replace the possessor (apang = man) in the sentence below.

"Kig kasax axä apang. Person refused hut of man.

Kig kasax axang. Person refused my hut." [7] (ax = hut)

Possessor Pronouns [7]
PossessorCaningSingularPluralTranslation
my-angaxangaxinygangmy hut
your (sg)-ägiaxägiaxinygägiyour (sg) hut
his-ämaaxämaaxinygämahis hut
her-äceaxäceaxinygäceher hut
its-änyaaxgänyaaxinygänyaits hut
our (not your)-äskoaxäskoaxinygäskoour (not your) hut
our (and your)-ogaxogaxinygogour (and your) hut
your (pl)-ägoaxägoaxinygägoyour (pl) hut
their-äsaaxäsaaxinygäsatheir hut

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns can also replace nouns.

By using the same example, the difference between possessor and possessive pronouns become more clear.

"Kig kasax axä apang. Person refused hut of man.

Kig kasax nämanggo. Person refused his." [7] (ax = hut)

All of the possessive pronouns below can therefore take the place of nämanggo in the above sentence.

Possessive Pronouns [7]
CaningPronoun
nanggämine
nänggiyours (sg)
nämanggohis
näcenggahers
nänyanggoits
näskongaours (us, not you)
nänokangaours (us and you)
nänggongayours (pl)
näsangatheirs

Numbers

Cardinal numbers

Cardinal numbers in Caning [8]
NText in CaningNText in CaningNText in CaningNText in Caning
1nuxu11asiny wang nuxu21ud wang nuxu110udiny mädäg wang asiny
2pädax12asiny wang pädax30ud wang asiny200udiny mädäginy pädax
3kodos13asiny wang kodos31ud wang asiny wang nuxu300udiny mädäginy kudos
4tesped14asiny wang tesped40udiny pädax400udiny mädäginy tesped
5mädäg15asiny wang mädäg50udiny pädax wang asiny500udiny mädäginy mädäg
6aran16asiny wang aran60udiny kodos600udiny mädäginy aran
7paxtänding17asiny wang paxtänding70udiny kudos wang asiny700udiny mädäginy paxtänding
8tespetespe18asiny wang tespetespe80udiny tesped800udiny mädäginy tesped
9paye nuxu19asiny wang paye nuxu90udiny tesped wang asiny900udiny mädäginy paye nuxu
10asiny20ud100udiny mädäg1000päsic nuxu

Intermediate numbers, e.g. 785 are built similar to English, from front to end: udiny mädäginy paxtänding (700) wang (and) udiny tesped (80) wang (and) mädäg (5). [8]

Ordinal numbers

The following table shows how ordinal numbers are built.

Ordinal numbers in Caning - Days [8]
CaningTranslationCaningTranslation
xongi näs nuxuzenengfirst dayxongondi näs paxtändingzenengseventh day
xongondi näs pätaxenengsecond dayxongondi näs tespetespedenengeighth day
xongondi näs kodosenengthird dayxongondi näs paye nuxuzenengninth day
xongondi näs tespedenengfourth dayxongondi näs asinygenengtenth day
xongondi näs mädägkenengfifth dayxongondi näs asiny wang nuxuzenengeleventh day
xongondi näs arandenengsixth dayxongondi näs asiny wang pätaxenengtwelfth day

Numbers usually come after the noun with a modifier suffix, in this case -eneng.

Example of cardinal and ordinal numbers in the same sentence [8]
CaningEnglish
Edekeny sawuno sasog täsa mänang tä sänggakodos, na xongondi näskodoseneng cäläpede ta atänäce ka,For the next threedays, they came and did the same, and on the thirdday she said to her grandchild,

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References

  1. Shatt at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. 1 2 Boyeldieu, Pascal. 2011. The modified form of Shatt Damam nouns and its Daju cognates. Afrika und Übersee 91. 9-84. Available at: https://llacan.cnrs.fr/publications/Shatt_nouns.pdf
  3. Thelwall, Robin E.W. (1981). The Daju Language Group. School of Humanities of the New University of Ulster. pp. 41–50.
  4. 1 2 Alfira, David Abbi; Kafi, Timothy Kuku; Kaki, Hassan Kuwa; Hasan, Ali Alaliim; Anjo, Anjo Kuku; Jas, Dayan Kuku; Sarukh, Sadik Kafi (2017). Written at South Sudan. "Caning Consonant and Vowel Book" (PDF). Webonary Caning Dictionary. Yida: Sudan Workshop Programme, Development and Literacy Partners International.
  5. Alfira, David Abbi; Kafi, Timothy Kuku; Kaki, Hassan Kuwa; Hasan, Ali Alaliim; Anjo, Anjo Kuku; Jas, Dayan Kuku; Sarukh, Sadik Kafi (2017). Written at South Sudan. "Caning Grammar Book" (PDF). Webonary Caning Dictionary. Yida: Sudan Workshop Program, Development and Literacy Partners International.
  6. 1 2 3 Alfira, David Abbi; Kafi, Timothy Kuku; Kaki, Hassan Kuwa; Hasan, Ali Alaliim; Anjo, Anjo Kuku; Jas, Dayan Kuku; Sarukh, Sadik Kafi (2017). Written at South Sudan. "Caning Grammar Book" (PDF). Webonary Caning Dictionary. Yida: Sudan Workshop Program, Development and Literacy Partners International. pp. 12–13.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Alfira, David Abbi; Kafi, Timothy Kuku; Kaki, Hassan Kuwa; Hasan, Ali Alaliim; Anjo, Anjo Kuku; Jas, Dayan Kuku; Sarukh, Sadik Kafi (2017). Written at South Sudan. "Caning Grammar Book" (PDF). Caning Grammar Book. Yida: Sudan Workshop Program, Development and Literacy Partners International. pp. 36–40.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Alfira, David Abbi; Kafi, Timothy Kuku; Kaki, Hassan Kuwa; Hasan, Ali Alaliim; Anjo, Anjo Kuku; Jas, Dayan Kuku; Sarukh, Sadik Kafi (2017). Written at South Sudan. "Caning Grammar Book" (PDF). Webonary Caning Dictionary. Yida: Sudan Workshop Program, Development and Literacy Partners International. pp. 122–123.