Passenger service was discontinued in 1958, and the restoration proposal surfaced in the 1980s. A full planning process was held starting in 1990 but was suspended in 2002 due to increasing costs.[2] Planning restarted in 2007 and in March 2017, the project was split into two phases. Phase 1 provides interim service to Fall River and New Bedford while the northern section of the line is built in Phase 2.[3] Several separately-funded projects were constructed between 2013 and 2019 in preparation for the project. Phase 1 construction began in 2019 with a projected cost of $1.047 billion. It is expected to open in mid-2024. Total cost of the program is estimated at $3.42billion with completion in 2030.
Geographic map of current Phase 2 plan, with service to both Fall River and New Bedford via StoughtonJunction between proposed New Bedford (left) and Fall River branches in MyricksTracks at Forge Road in Assonet proposed for restoration on the Fall River branch
In the 1980s— during the first expansion of commuter service in Massachusetts in decades— the restoration of the lines to New Bedford and Fall River was proposed. Since the Mansfield Branch was permanently severed by a grade separation project in the 1950s, three possible routes to the South Coast were placed under consideration: an extension of the Stoughton Branch of the Providence/Stoughton Line past Stoughton, a route following the Providence Line to Attleboro and then branching onto the Attleboro Secondary, and a route following the Old Colony mainline to Middleborough then the Middleboro Secondary westwards. (All three routes used the same lines from Taunton south to Fall River and New Bedford). By 1988, the MBTA was tentatively planning to extend service to Taunton via Stoughton.[5]
The first serious study, completed in January 1990, concluded that the Stoughton Branch was the most viable route. The study was criticized for not considering other alternatives, including express buses.[6] In March 1991, newly elected governor William Weld asked the state legislature to authorize the sale of bonds to finance further studies.[7]
In the early 1990s, the Old Colony Lines Middleborough/Lakeville Line and Plymouth/Kingston Line, plus the delayedGreenbush Line) were chosen as Big Dig environmental mitigation instead of routes to Fall River and New Bedford; the first two routes opened in September 1997 and Greenbush in 2007.[8] The Old Colony mainline was rebuilt with restricted single-track sections through parts of Dorchester and Quincy, limiting the capacity required for reaching the South Coast via Middleborough— such that service could be operated to one of Fall River and New Bedford, but not both.[6]
However, planning for service to the South Coast continued. The March 1995 Expanded Feasibility Study analyzed routes absent from the 1990 report, concluding that both the Stoughton and Attleboro routes would be viable and that a partial Stoughton Branch extension to North Easton would be most cost-effective.[6] In September 1995, the MBTA filed an Environmental Notification Form with the EPA for service via the Attleboro route, with a curved 3-mile (4.8km) 'Attleboro Bypass' connecting the Northeast Corridor to the Attleboro Secondary just north of Attleboro proper. The then-$156million project was to be completed in 2000.[9]
In August 1996, Weld signed a bill giving $136million to commuter rail expansion, while the state legislature directed the MBTA to further study alternatives.[2] However, in 1997 the Expanded Alternatives Analysis showed vastly increased costs— $407million via Attleboro, $410million via Stoughton, or $436million via Middleborough. Service via Middleborough would also require double-tracking on the Old Colony mainline at additional cost. The report recommended the Stoughton route as the most cost-effective due to its high ridership.[7][10]
A groundbreaking ceremony was held in October 1998, but since planning was not complete no real construction began. Based on an April 1999 analysis of South Station operations, the July 1999 Draft Environmental Impact Report concluded that the Stoughton route was the only viable route, with projected service of 20 trains per day to each of Fall River and New Bedford for an estimated total of 4,325 daily riders.[11][12] In January 2000, following then-governor Paul Cellucci's reapproval, the state reported that construction would begin in late 2002 and last until 2004.[7] The Draft Environmental Statement certificate was received in November 2000; the EPA confirmed that Stoughton was the only practical route but required a Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS).[2] The FEIS was released in April 2002 and approved in August; however, in July 2002 the MBTA revised the project cost to $600 million with an opening date of 2007.[7][2]
Due to ballooning costs, Governor Romney's administration suspended the Growth Task Force and stopped project planning in November 2002; the environmental approval process was stopped in May 2003.[2]
Planning restart
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Projected cost of South Coast Rail at the time of release of various planning documents and funding bills
In October 2004, the Southeastern Regional Planning and Economic Development District restarted the Growth Task Force, even while the MBTA was conducting its review of the project.[2] In March 2005, Romney allowed the project to proceed and allocated $670million for the project, then projected to open between 2011 and 2013. In June 2005, the Chief of Commonwealth Development stated that the cost could be as high as $1billion.[7]
In April 2007, the Massachusetts Executive Office of Transportation released South Coast Rail: A Plan For Action, which restarted the planning process from the beginning. The plan estimated project costs at $1.435billion (including $163million for procuring additional rolling stock and $31.6million for expanding South Station) with opening in December 2016.[13] A Strategic Environmental Permitting Plan was released in August 2007, followed by a Phase 1 Alternatives Analysis Report in April 2008 which narrowed 65 options (including unlikely modes like heavy rail metro and monorail) to five plausible alternatives including Attleboro, Stoughton, and Middleboro routes plus express bus service or a mixture of Attleboro and Middleboro service.[14][15]MassDOT released 18 potential station sites for the project in September 2008.[16][17]
In May 2008, MassDOT issued a formal request to the US Army Corps of Engineers to allow discharge of fill materials into wetlands— effectively starting the formal environmental review process.[18] A federal Notice of Intent and state Environmental Notification Form were filed in November 2008.[2]
In a May 2009 interview, Commonwealth Treasurer Tim Cahill stated that "it is virtually going to be impossible" for the state to open the lines in 2016 as planned due to the recession, adding that federal funding was unlikely to be obtained because "[t]he federal government doesn't trust us anymore because of the Big Dig."[19] However, the state continued to publish studies, releasing the South Coast Rail Economic Development and Land Use Corridor Plan in June 2009 and the Phase 2 Alternatives Analysis Report (which indicated electric or diesel service through Stoughton as the best choice) in September 2009.[20][21] The corridor plan called for substantial mixed-usetransit-oriented development around stations.[20]
On October2, 2008, the state government announced an agreement with CSX Transportation for the purchase and upgrade of several of CSX's freight lines in the state. CSX agreed to sell its lines from Taunton to Fall River and New Bedford for use by the South Coast Rail project, as well as the Grand Junction Branch, the Framingham-to-Worcester section of the Worcester Line, and the South Boston Running Track. Other parts of the agreement included plans for double-stack freights west of Worcester and the abandonment of Beacon Park Yard.[22] The agreement was signed on September 23, 2009.[23] On June11, 2010, the state and CSX completed the first phase of the agreement, including the transfer of the South Coast Rail lines to MassDOT.[24]
The Army Corps of Engineers released a Draft Environmental Impact Statement in March 2011.[25] Concurring with previous documents it recommended that South Coast Rail be routed through Stoughton, citing in particular the need to add a billion-dollar fourth track from Back Bay to Forest Hills to accommodate service through Attleboro. However, the DEIS differed from the previous reports by strongly recommending that service be electric, stating that the higher ridership (9,580 projected daily riders versus 8,140), decreased travel time due to the higher acceleration of electric locomotives and their 100mph top speed versus 79mph for diesels, and reduced pollution outweighed the increased cost of electrification.[25] The electric alternative was projected to cost $1.88billion versus $1.48billion for diesel service, with the increased cost from the overhead wire infrastructure as well as the cost of buying electric locomotives plus new coaches capable of 100mph speeds.[25] (Current coaches are limited to 80mph even on sections of the Northeast Corridor rated for 150mph.[26])
Funding
In July 2013, after substantial discussion the Massachusetts Legislature overrode Governor Deval Patrick's veto and passed a major transportation funding bill providing an average of $600million per year in additional funding. The bill mentioned South Coast Rail as deserving funding but did not specifically allocate monies to the project.[27][28] In September 2013, the Army Corps of Engineers released the Final Environmental Impact statement, with few changes from the Draft statement and cost revised slightly downwards to $1.817billion.[18]
On November13, 2013, the Massachusetts Joint Committee on Transportation approved a $12billion spending authorization that includes $2.2billion for South Coast Rail.[29] The spending bill, which also included $1.3billion for the Green Line Extension and $300million for South Station expansion, was then sent to the Massachusetts House and Senate for debate.[30] On April18, 2014, a modified version of the bill was signed into law, allocating $2.3billion for South Coast Rail, $1.33billion for the Green Line Extension, and $325million for South Station.[31]
On April22, 2019, Massachusetts Department of Transportation Secretary Stephanie Pollack announced that funding and Army Corps of Engineers permits for the Phase 1 plan were in place and that the project would proceed "full speed ahead," with a late-2023 target date.[32] In July 2019, the Baker-Polito Administration filled an $18billion transportation bond bill that included $825million for Phase 1 South Coast Rail.[33] The total cost of Phase 1 is $1.047billion and will be paid entirely by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts through bonds under the Rail Enhancement Program.[34]
Project changes
The existing Middleborough/Lakeville station would be closed or reduced to shuttle service under the revised plan released in 2017.
In June 2016, the MBTA announced that the project cost had been revised to $3.42billion, with completion not expected until 2030. The substantial delay and increase in cost caused officials to consider alternate plans, including an earlier, interim service to New Bedford via Middleborough with 7 round trip trains to New Bedford and 6 round trip trains to Fall River on weekdays.[35][36] However, that plan would decrease service to Middleborough/Lakeville.[37] In March 2017, the state announced a revised plan intended to provide service sooner for a total cost of $3.42billion. The $1.1billion Phase 1 would follow the Middleborough route and open in 2024; Phase 2 would follow the original route through Stoughton (including electrification) and open in 2029.[3]
By June 2017, the planned completion dates were changed to Phase 1 in 2022 and Phase 2 in 2030, with stations at Freetown and Battleship Cove in Phase 1 rather than Phase 2 as proposed in March.[38] The revised plan has attracted criticism from several directions, including some of those who had previously advocated for the project as well as previous opponents.[39] Middleborough and Lakeville officials were critical of the possibility of abandoning the current Middleborough/Lakeville station— which has attracted transit-oriented development— or requiring its riders to take a shuttle train, as well as possible traffic issues from a downtown Middleborough station. The New Bedford mayor was critical of the longer travel times of the Middleborough routing, and the Taunton mayor was critical of Phase 1 lacking the downtown Taunton station of the previous plan. Stoughton, Easton, and Raynham officials continued their previous opposition to South Coast Rail.[39]
Construction
Early work
Several elements of the project were constructed prior to the main construction phases. In February 2010, MassDOT received a $20million TIGER grant to replace three bridges in New Bedford built around 1907, for immediate freight use and future South Coast Rail service.[40] The grant represented part of the $71.4million the state had applied for to fund the Fast Track New Bedford project, which would have included a fourth bridge, construction of New Bedford station with bus and ferry facilities, and pedestrian and bicycle access improvements.[41] The MBTA opened bidding in July 2010 and issued a Notice To Proceed in October 2010; the replacement bridges opened for Massachusetts Coastal Railroad freights in November 2011.[42]
In mid-November 2013, MassDOT replaced 42,000 ties along 33 miles (53km) of the Fall River and New Bedford branches, funded as a freight improvement project that also serves as a prerequisite for South Coast Rail.[43] A $18.4million project was issued on October22, 2014 and reconstructed six grade crossings in Taunton, Freetown, and New Bedford. [44] The Dean Street (US-44) crossing in Taunton was replaced in August 2015 with work projected to last until late 2016.[45][46] On November25, 2014, a $42million contract was awarded for the replacement of three bridges (President Avenue, Brownell Avenue, and Golf Club Road) in Fall River plus the Wamsutta Street bridge in New Bedford. The bridges were completed in early 2017.[47]
Phase 1
On June18, 2014, the MassDOT board awarded a $12million one-year contract (with to $210million possible over 10 years) to a joint venture between Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. and HNTB Corp. for "program management, early design development, and environmental permitting".[48] While MassDOT managed the early action culverts and bridges contracts, oversight of the program was transferred to the MBTA in preparation for the start of Phase 1 construction in 2019.[34] To provide additional technical assistance, the MBTA also awarded a $62million contract to AECOM for program and construction management.[49] A groundbreaking ceremony was held on July2, 2019.[34]
Phase 1 was divided into eight major construction contracts.[50] Contract #1 for 57 turnouts was awarded to Progress Rail on December14, 2018.[49] Completion of the $9.8million contract was scheduled for February 2021.[50] Contract #2 included the reconstruction of 46 culverts, cleaning 16 additional culverts and removal of one more, reconstruction of one grade crossing, and construction of six wetland impact mitigation areas.[51] The $18.3million contract was awarded to J.F. White on March6, 2019, with completion expected in June 2020.[49][50][52] Contract #3 included replacement of four railroad bridges and one culvert, plus 2.5 miles (4.0km) of track replacement.[53] The $26.1million contract was awarded to J.F. White, with completion planned for November 2020.[52]
On May11, 2020, a $159million contract (#7) was awarded to Skanska DW White JV for the Fall River Secondary portion of phase 1. The work included construction of Freetown station and Fall River station, 12.1 miles (19.5km) of track work, rehabilitation of 10 grade crossings and 8 bridges, and construction of Weaver's Cove layover yard in northern Fall River. Construction was estimated to take 30 months.[54][55] The main construction contract (#6) for the New Bedford branch includes 24.1 miles (38.8km) of track work on the Middleboro Secondary and New Bedford Secondary, four stations (Middleborough, East Taunton, Church Street, and New Bedford), the Wamsutta layover yard in New Bedford, seven bridges, and associated infrastructure. It also includes signal and communication systems for the whole project area.[52] The $403.5million contract was awarded to SCR Constructors (a joint venture of The Middlesex Corporation and Tutor Perini) on August24, 2020; construction began later in 2020 and was estimated to take 37 months.[56]
Two additional major contracts are part of the project. Contract #10 is for construction of a footbridge over Route 18 at New Bedford station.[52] The $21.3million contract was awarded in December 2022.[57] Contract #12 is for traffic mitigation during construction, including intersection and traffic signal modifications. The $8.5million contract was awarded in early 2022.[52][58] Replacement of a bridge carrying Route 24 over the New Bedford Secondary in East Taunton was originally planned to be part of South Coast Rail as Contract #5.[52] It was combined with a larger MassDOT bridge replacement project on Route 24, which includes replacement of the Route 24 bridge over the Middleborough Secondary. The contract was awarded in January 2021, with work expected to last until 2027.[59][60]
By May 2021, Fall River Secondary work was 20% complete, while Middleborough Secondary/New Bedford Main Line work was 5% complete.[61] Progress was at 35% and 18% by November 2021.[62] In 2022, granite blocks from culverts and bridge abutments replaced during the project were dumped into Nantucket Sound off Yarmouth and Harwich.[63] Overall project completion reached the halfway point in mid-2022. By August 2022, Fall River Secondary work was 81% complete, while Middleborough Secondary/New Bedford Main Line work was 53% complete.[64] Substantial completion of the Fall River Secondary work was announced in December 2022, with revenue service still planned for late 2023.[65] In September 2023, the MBTA indicated that revenue service would not begin until mid-2024. New Bedford Secondary work was 85% complete by that time.[66] Test trains began operating in early 2024.[67]
Phase 2
Phase 2 work includes reconstructing track from the existing Stoughton station to Cotley Junction to meet the Phase 1 work.[68] Four stations will be constructed along this alignment: North Easton, Easton Village, Raynham Place, and Taunton along with reconstruction of Canton Center and Stoughton Stations.[68] The Fall River branch will also be extended to a new terminus at Battleship Cove, and the entire line will be electrified. The Middleboro Secondary would return to exclusive freight use, though its upgrades are to be maintained to provide redundancy during service disruptions. The design for the Northern Corridor is being advanced to 30%, which includes several bridges over the Taunton River.[49]
Several town government officials along the planned Phase 2 route have expressed concerns about the plans.[39] In 2009, Stoughton officials indicated that they would seek for a tunnel to be built through the downtown area— as was done in Hingham on the Greenbush Line— with Stoughton station moved underground.[69] The Easton town government opposes the construction of Phase II, claiming visual and environmental impacts.[70] In 2014, Raynham officials expressed interest in lowering tracks under Route 138 to prevent traffic impacts.[71]
Between Easton and Raynham, the proposed route passes along an embankment that is currently used for off-road vehicles through the Hockomock Swamp.[72] Due to the sensitive environmental area, an 8,500-foot (2,600m) elevated trestle is proposed at a cost of $50million to allow animals to pass under the tracks and limit the disturbance to the existing ground.[73] The trestle would use concrete box girders on piles spaced at 50 feet (15m), with a maintenance siding in the middle for rescue operations on disabled trains.[73]
Middleborough is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 24,245 at the 2020 census. The census-designated place of Middleborough Center corresponds to the main village and commercial center of the town. It is the second largest municipality by land area in Massachusetts and nineteenth largest in New England. Middleborough proclaims itself to be the "Cranberry Capital of the World". Cranberry production remains a significant part of the local economy. In 2015, approximately 1,400 acres of the town were used to grow the crop, accounting for 3% of all land used to harvest cranberry bogs in the United States.
The MBTA Commuter Rail system serves as the commuter rail arm of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority's (MBTA's) transportation coverage of Greater Boston in the United States. Trains run over 394 mi (634 km) of track to 134 stations. It is operated under contract by Keolis, which took over operations on July 1, 2014, from the Massachusetts Bay Commuter Railroad Company (MBCR).
South Attleboro station is a temporarily closed MBTA Commuter Rail Providence/Stoughton Line station in Attleboro, Massachusetts. It is located under Newport Avenue in the South Attleboro neighborhood, just north of the Rhode Island border. The station had two side platforms serving the two tracks of the Northeast Corridor, connected by a footbridge to a park-and-ride lot.
The Old Colony Lines are a pair of branches of the MBTA Commuter Rail system, connecting downtown Boston, Massachusetts with the South Shore and cranberry-farming country to the south and southeast. The two branches operate concurrently for 10 miles (16 km) via the Old Colony Mainline from South Station to Braintree station. The Middleborough/Lakeville Line then winds south through Holbrook, Brockton, Bridgewater, Middleborough, and Lakeville via the Middleborough Main Line and Cape Main Line. The Kingston Line heads southeast to serve Weymouth, Abington, Whitman, Hanson, Halifax, and Kingston by way of the Plymouth branch. Limited service to Plymouth was provided prior to April 2021 but was cut due to low ridership and budget constraints. The Greenbush Line, which was also part of the Old Colony Division, was reactivated in 2007 as a separate project.
The Providence/Stoughton Line is an MBTA Commuter Rail service in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, primarily serving the southwestern suburbs of Boston. Most service runs entirely on the Northeast Corridor between South Station in Boston and Providence station or Wickford Junction station in Rhode Island, while the Stoughton Branch splits at Canton Junction and terminates at Stoughton. It is the longest MBTA Commuter Rail line, and the only one that operates outside Massachusetts. The line is the busiest on the MBTA Commuter Rail system, with 17,648 daily boardings in an October 2022 count.
The Middleboro Secondary is a railroad line owned by MassDOT in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The line runs from Attleboro to Middleborough via Taunton.
The Providence metropolitan area is a region extending into eight counties in two states. Its core is in the states of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, and it is the 38th largest metropolitan area in the United States. The largest city in the Providence MSA is Providence, Rhode Island, with an estimated population of 1,622,520, exceeding that of Rhode Island by slightly over 60%. The MSA covers all of Rhode Island and Bristol County, Massachusetts, with an average population density of 2300 per mi2.
Mansfield station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station in Mansfield, Massachusetts. Located in downtown Mansfield, it serves the Providence/Stoughton Line. With 1,966 weekday boardings in a 2018 count, Mansfield is the third-busiest station on the system outside Boston.
Middleborough/Lakeville station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station in Lakeville, Massachusetts, just south of the Middleborough border. It is the southern terminus of the Middleborough/Lakeville Line; it is also an intermediate stop for seasonal CapeFlyer service to Cape Cod. Middleborough/Lakeville has a single full-length high-level side platform serving the line's single track.
East Taunton station is an under-construction MBTA Commuter Rail station in East Taunton, Massachusetts adjacent to the interchange between the Route 24 expressway and County Street. It is planned to open in mid-2024 as part of the first phase of the South Coast Rail project.
Freetown station is a future MBTA Commuter Rail station located in the Assonet village of Freetown, Massachusetts. It is planned to open in mid-2024 as part of the first phase of the South Coast Rail project. The station will have a single side platform on the west side of the Fall River Secondary, along with a park and ride lot.
Fall River station is an under-construction MBTA Commuter Rail station in Fall River, Massachusetts. The station is being constructed as part of the South Coast Rail project and is expected to open in mid-2024.
Battleship Cove is a proposed MBTA Commuter Rail station in Fall River, Massachusetts. It is planned to be the southern terminus of the Fall River branch of the South Coast Rail project, and will open in 2030 as part of the project's Phase II. The station will have no parking—it is intended for tourists visiting Battleship Cove and the Fall River waterfront, with Fall River station to the north serving commuters—and will be open seasonally. Previous passenger service to Fall River included stations at Fall River Wharf (1847–1937) and Ferry Street (1864–1958). The Wharf station was the terminus of the Fall River Line steamship service.
Church Street station is an under-construction MBTA Commuter Rail station located in northern New Bedford, Massachusetts, United States. It is planned to open in mid-2024 as part of the first phase of the South Coast Rail project. The station will have a single side platform on the east side of the New Bedford Subdivision, along with a park and ride lot.
New Bedford station is an under-construction MBTA Commuter Rail station in New Bedford, Massachusetts. The station is being constructed as part of the South Coast Rail project and is expected to open in mid-2024.
The Dighton and Somerset Railroad, currently referred to as the Dean Street Industrial Track, is a railroad that ran between Fall River and Braintree, Massachusetts. It opened in 1866; from the 1890s to the 1930s and again in the late 1950s, it was the primary rail route from Boston to the South Coast. Passenger service ended in stages with the final regular service in 1958, though freight service on two short segments continues into the 21st century. MBTA Commuter Rail service is proposed to be extended onto the northern part of the line around 2030 as part of the South Coast Rail project.
The CapeFlyer is a passenger rail service in Massachusetts between Boston and Cape Cod that began in 2013. It is operated by the Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority (CCRTA) in collaboration with the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT). The service runs on the weekends, beginning Friday evenings and including holidays, between Memorial Day weekend and Labor Day weekend.
Taunton station was a passenger rail station located south of Oak Street in downtown Taunton, Massachusetts. As Taunton Central station, it served local and Boston-focused routes from 1836 to 1964. A later station at the same site served Amtrak's Cape Codder from 1986 to 1996, and Cape Cod and Hyannis Railroad commuter trains in 1988.
Middleborough station is an under-construction MBTA Commuter Rail station in Middleborough, Massachusetts. It is expected to open in mid-2024 as part of the South Coast Rail project, replacing Middleborough/Lakeville station for regular service. The station will have a single side platform located inside the wye between the Middleborough Main Line and the Middleboro Secondary.
The Whittenton Branch was a short railroad branch in the state of Massachusetts that formerly connected the city of Taunton and Raynham. The 3-mile (4.8 km) branch initially opened in 1881 and was later extended to connect the New Bedford and Taunton Railroad and the Dighton and Somerset Railroad.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Southeastern Massachusetts Metropolitan Planning Organization and Southeastern Regional Planning and Economic Development District (2012). "Commuter Rail"(PDF). 2012 Regional Transportation Plan. Archived from the original(PDF) on November 12, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
↑ Patrick, Deval; etal. (April 4, 2007). "South Coast Rail: A Plan For Action"(PDF). Massachusetts Executive Office of Transportation. Archived from the original(PDF) on July 19, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
↑ TRC Environmental Corporation; etal. (August 2007). "South Coast Rail Strategic Environmental Permitting Plan"(PDF). Massachusetts Executive Office of Transportation and Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
↑ "South Coast Rail Corridor Map"(PDF). South Coast Rail - Summer 2017 Fact Sheet. Massachusetts Department of Transportation. Summer 2017. p.3. Archived from the original(PDF) on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
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