The parish was predominately agricultural and sparsely populated and the village small until the 1960s when industrialisation of the south Humber bank took place throughout area north-west of Grimsby – within the parish of South Killingholme the Humber Oil Refinery was built in the late 1960s. At the same time the village greatly expanded reaching near its present (2006) scale by the early 1970s.
As of 2006 the land area of the parish consists of an approximately 50:50 split of heavy industry – petroleum storage, refining and power generation; and agricultural land. South Killingholme is the only village in the parish and is located roughly in the centre of area.
Geography
The parish of South Killingholme extends from the Humber Estuary foreshore roughly southwest through the village of South Killingholme to a boundary near Ulceby railway station; the parish is roughly 3.7 miles (6km) long (north-west to south-east) and 1.2 miles (2km) wide.[2][3] The parish had a population of 1,047 at the 2001 census,[4] and at the 2011 census a population of 1,108.[1] The parish is in the Ferry ward of North Lincolnshire.[5]
The southeastern and southern sides of the parish forms a boundary with the parishes of Immingham and Habrough and with the administrative county of North East Lincolnshire, following the line of the main drain leading to South Killingholme Haven. The southwestern edge of the parish extends as far as, and included Ulceby railway station,[map 1]1.2 miles (2km) east of the village of Ulceby, where the boundary is with the parishes of Brocklesby and Ulceby, much of the boundary following the line of the canalized Skitter Beck. The northwestern boundary is entirely with the parish of North Killingholme, running southeast–northwest; from the southern part along the West Mere Middle Road, then bisecting the Lindsey Oil Refinery, and exiting the bank of the Humber Estuary halfway between north and south Killingholme havens.[2][3]
The parish is low lying rising from less than 5 metres (16ft) above sea level near the Humber bank, to a peak of 17 metres (56ft) above sea level in the southwest part of the parish, south of the village. Half of the parish is in agricultural use, primarily farming but including some plantations, the land is drained by man made ditches. The only human habitation in the parish of any note is the village of South Killingholme,[map 2] near to the centre of the parish.[3]
The remainder of the parish is used for industrial and logistical purposes – northeast of the village is the Humber Oil Refinery,[map 3] with the Lindsey Oil Refinery to the north also partially in the parish. Near the banks of the Humber the development of the Port of Immingham estate extends into the parish, specifically the western part of the Immingham Bulk Terminal, known as the Humber International Terminal; and the Immingham Gas Terminal; the freight branch line to the docks (formerly the Humber Commercial Railway) runs through the parish from a junction near Ulceby station. To the northwest along the banks is the Killingholme gas jetty,[map 4] and an associated storage facility. Three lighthouses, all constructed in the 19thcentury, are located on the Humber bank near to the oil storage terminal.[3]
The A1077 / A160 passes through the parish from a junction with the A180 passing through the village, and connecting to Immingham Dock.[3]
Three lighthouses were built on the Humber bank during the 19thcentury: Killingholme High (1831, rebuilt 1876),[map 5] and Killingholme South Low lighthouses (1836),[map 6] were used together to guide ships on the Humber to the south; whilst Killingholme High and Killingholme North Low (1851),[map 7] were used together to guide ships on the Humber to the north.[7] The North Low Light has been inactive since 1920.[8]
Also in use on the Humber banks at the beginning of the 20thcentury were brick works northwest of South Killingholme Haven.[map 8][9]
History
There is archaeological (cropmark) evidence of human activity near to the present village to at least the Iron Age/Roman Britain period, with cropmark evidence of activity continuing into the medieval period.[10][11] It is thought there was once a moated manor at South Killingholme, north of the modern village, dating to the Norman period or earlier, no remnants of the site remain.[12][map 9] The name Killingholme is Swedish and translates into 'Goat kid islet'. There are numerous 'Killingholme' and 'Killingholmen' in Sweden, as well as in Finland (which for 700 years was part of Sweden). A remnant of the early village is "The Nook", a timber-framed house dating to the 17thcentury or earlier, close to the church.[13]
1792 Baptist chapel (2008)
A baptist chapel was built in 1747, and was reconstructed 1792 (now listed).[14][15]
The Grimsby and New Holland Railway (part of the Great Grimsby and Sheffield Junction Railway) opened in 1848; Ulceby railway station opened the same year,[map 1] around 1.9 miles (3km) west of the village.[16][17] By 1886 the village had a school, post office, Methodist chapels and consisted of around twenty dwellings scattered mostly along Greengate Road, Town Street and School Road.[18] By the turn of the 20thcentury the Cross Keys Inn had been built west of the traditional village centre, and by the 1930s a limited amount, less than 20dwellings, of additional housing had been built.[19]
By 1872 the population of South Killingholme was 574, approximately triple that of North Killingholme. In addition to a Baptist chapel, there were now Wesleyan and Primitive Methodist chapels in the village.[20]
By 1930 a fish meal and oil works had been built between the lights and brickworks,[map 11] with its own jetty onto the Humber. Both the fish and brick works were rail connected to the new light railway. Additionally some terraced housing was built, Marsh Row, near Marsh farm on Marsh Lane, southeast of the fish meal works.[23] No significant developments took place in the parish from the 1930s to the Second World War, and through the 1940s and 1950s.[26]
During the 1960s the area experienced large scale industrial development, primarily the Humber Refinery,[map 3] developed by Continental Oil (see Industry of the South Humber Bank.) The road network was greatly developed, with existing roads (A160) widened; sidings from the former Humber Commercial railway were built for the oil refineries.[27] On the banks of the Humber the fish meal and brick works became defunct – a jetty for hydrocarbon import was built, the Killingholme Gas Jetty,[28][map 4] with an associated storage facility, in the environs of the lighthouses.[29] Services on the Barton to Immingham Line ended in 1963.[21]
At the same time as the industrial expansion the village of South Killingholme grew greatly. By the mid-1960s the number of houses in the village had multiplied, with houses built along Greengate Lane, Town Street, Top Road and elsewhere. By the beginning of the 1970s the area bounded by Greengate Lane, Top Road and School Road, and Town Street had been filled with housing development, with new estates and roads to the north of Greengate Lane (St Deny's Road).[30] Housing development then stablished, excluding further houses built on Lancaster Road, with no further major development to 2006.[3]
Expansion of the Port of Immingham led to some storage facilities of the Immingham Bulk Terminal being built west of South Killingholme Haven (1970) within the parish.[27] Another gas jetty, Immingham Gas Jetty, was built between the existing jetty and bulk terminal.[map 12] In the first decade of the 21stcentury the bulk terminal was substantially expanded westwards into the parish; the new facility being known as the Humber International Terminal.[map 13]
The South Killingholme area was struck by an F1/T3 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day.[31]
In 2004 ConocoPhillips constructed a 730MW power station (Conoco Philips Power Station, also known as Immingham Power Station) adjacent to their Humber Refinery.[32][map 14] In 2005 the same company established a wood "Mayflower Wood" – a 120-acre (0.49km2) area was planted with over 60,000 trees and shrubs.[33] In 2009 the power station was expanded, increasing output to 1,180MW.[32]
In 2015 construction work on the "A160/A180 Port of Immingham Improvement" road improvement scheme was begun. The road improvement scheme was intended to convert the A160 from single to dual carriage way, with new junctions onto the A180 and A1173; as part of the scheme access from one side of South Killingholme to the other across the A160 was to be ended and replaced with a road bridge on Town Street over the dual carriageway.[34][35][36][37]
Killingholme High (red) and South Low (white) lighthouse (2008)
The M180 is a 25.5-mile (41 km) motorway in eastern England, starting at junction 5 on the M18 motorway in Hatfield, within the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster, South Yorkshire, and terminating at Barnetby, Lincolnshire, some 10 miles (16 km) from the port of Immingham and 14 miles (23 km) from the port of Grimsby. The A180 road continues to the east for Grimsby, Cleethorpes and Immingham. Scunthorpe, Lincoln, Hull, Brigg, Bawtry and the Isle of Axholme can be accessed using the motorway. Humberside Airport, the now-closed Doncaster Sheffield Airport, and the Killingholme, Humber and Lindsey oil refineries are close to the motorway. The road forms part of the unsigned Euroroute E22 and is the main route along the south bank of the Humber Estuary.
Immingham is a town and civil parish in North East Lincolnshire, in Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the south-west bank of the Humber Estuary, and is six miles northwest of Grimsby.
Healing is a village and civil parish in North East Lincolnshire, England. It is situated between Stallingborough and Great Coates, and 3 miles (5 km) west from Grimsby.
North Killingholme is a small village and civil parish in North Lincolnshire, England.
Paull is a village and civil parish in Holderness, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, lying on the north bank of the Humber Estuary, east of the watercourse known as Hedon Haven.
The Barton line is a railway line in North and North East Lincolnshire, England. It runs from Barton-upon-Humber south east to Cleethorpes and was designated by the Department for Transport as a community rail line in February 2007. Barton station is near to the Humber Bridge. It is situated on the south bank of the Humber Estuary.
Stallingborough is a village and civil parish in North East Lincolnshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 1,234.
The Humber Refinery is a British oil refinery in South Killingholme, North Lincolnshire. It is situated south of the railway line next to the A160; Total's Lindsey Oil Refinery is north of the railway line.
The A160 is a short road in North Lincolnshire, England. It connects the A180 to Immingham docks. It is a dual carriageway for part of its length through the village of South Killingholme. Plans have been approved to entirely dual the road, and work started in spring 2015.
The A1077 road runs through North Lincolnshire, England, between Scunthorpe and South Killingholme.
Prax Lindsey Oil Refinery is an oil refinery in North Killingholme, North Lincolnshire, England owned and operated by the Prax Group. It lies to the north of the Humber Refinery, owned by rival oil company Phillips 66, and the railway line to Immingham Docks. Immingham Power Station, owned by VPI Immingham, provides the electricity and heat for the fractionation processes.
The 2001 Humber Refinery explosion was a major incident at the then Conoco-owned Humber Refinery at South Killingholme in North Lincolnshire, England. A large explosion occurred on the Saturate Gas Plant area of the site on Easter Monday, 16 April 2001 at approximately 2:20 p.m. There were no fatalities, but two people were injured.
Immingham Combined Heat and Power Plant is a combined heat and power, gas-fired power plant adjacent to the Humber Oil Refinery near to South Killingholme North Lincolnshire, England.
The Port of Immingham, also known as Immingham Dock, is a major port on the east coast of England, located on the south bank of the Humber Estuary in the town of Immingham, Lincolnshire. In 2019, the Port of Grimsby & Immingham was the largest port in the United Kingdom by tonnage with 54.1 million tonnes of cargo passing through that year.
The Barton and Immingham Light Railway is a railway line in North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire, Lincolnshire, England. It ran from a junction at Goxhill to Immingham Dock. Another spur runs from Immingham Dock to Ulceby. It was later absorbed by the Great Central Railway and later, on grouping, it passed to the London and North Eastern Railway. The railway is used for freight traffic to the ports at Immingham. The section from Goxhill to North Killingholme was mothballed and lifted. The track is still in situ but now overgrown and out of use.
The South Humberside Main Line runs from Doncaster on the East Coast Main Line to Thorne where it diverges from the Sheffield to Hull Line. It then runs eastwards to Scunthorpe and the Humber ports of Immingham and Grimsby, with the coastal resort of Cleethorpes as terminus.
The south bank of the Humber Estuary in England is a relatively unpopulated area containing large scale industrial development built from the 1950s onward, including national scale petroleum and chemical plants as well as gigawatt scale gas fired power stations.
North Killingholme Haven is a water outlet on the south bank of the Humber Estuary in the civil parish of North Killingholme, to the north-west of the Port of Immingham.
Immingham Western Jetty railway station was the first railway station which served the dock in Immingham, Lincolnshire, England. It was replaced by Immingham Dock.
Ulceby Aerodrome Platform railway station was situated 74 chains (1.5 km) northeast of Ulceby North Junction between Ulceby and the village of South Killingholme, Lincolnshire, England. It was opened by LNER to serve the Second World War airfield RAF North Killingholme, whose southern perimeter lay a short distance to the north.
Killingholme Jetty Act. 1963. Cap.33., An Act to empower the Central Oil Refining Company Limited to construct works and to acquire lands; and for other purposes.
Pevsner, Nikolaus; Harris, John; Antram, Nicholas (2002) [1989]. Lincolnshire. Pevsner Architectural Guides (2nded.). Yale University Press. ISBN9780300096200.
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Killingholme High (red) and South Low (white) lighthouse (2008)
Killingholme North Low lighthouse (2006)
South Killingholme Oil Jetty (2008)
Conoco Philips power station (2006)
Humber oil refinery (2009)
