The Story of Troy

The Story of Troy is a set of seven embroidered tapestries illustrating stories about the Trojan War made by Ming Chinese artisans of Macau in the 1620s. ^{[1] [2]} All of the tapestries are connected by a common border design containing Portuguese patterns a pair of phoenixes at the top, a lion and griffin at the bottom, and a triton and serpent on each side. The four corners of each tapestry are adourned by the same coat of arms, identified as an erroneous depiction of the family crest of Francisco Mascarenhas  [ pt ], the first governor of Macau. It is believed, if the identification proves correct, that Mascarenhas commissioned the tapestries to emphasize the legitimacy of the Portuguese presence in Asia represented by Macau after an unsuccessful Dutch attempt to take the city. ^[1] There are doubts about this identification, however, since it is not known if Mascarenhas would have accepted a product with the wrong family crests, ^[3] though there are Jingdezhen porcelain bearing inaccurate crests positively attributed to Francisco Mascarenhas. ^[4]

Despite the classic Western theme, the series of tapestries are laden with Chinese motifs—such as the clouds and waves depicted in the Chinese style, and the presence of lychee, a fruit not native to Europe—reflecting the significant involvement and degree of freedom the Chinese embroiderers had in the work. ^[3] The hangings make use of cotton, wool, silk, and gold thread, but at some point the gold threads were stripped away for the flesh parts of the figures and replaced with silk satin pieces painted in the Western style. ^[5] An analysis of the paint revealed that the blue-green pigments were of the type that was often used in European contexts, but not in Asia; conversely, the white pigments from the work were often found in Asian contexts (specifically Japanese) but not European ones. This suggests that the painted portions may have been the work of Chinese artists who had studied Western painting under the Jesuits in Japan, such as Ni Yicheng (倪一誠; christened as Jacobe Niva) and You Wenhui (游文輝; christened as Emmanuel Pereira), students of Giovanni Niccolò. ^[3]

Four tapestries of the set had belonged to the American art collector Henry G. Marquand until his death, upon which the tapestries were auctioned off. ^[2] Of the original seven tapestries, three are now in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, two are in the Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon, ^[1] while one was considered to be in private hands until it reemerged in 2024 as an exhibit of the Poly MGM Museum in the MGM Macau casino resort. ^[6] One remains unaccounted for, being last seen in a 1934 auction in Florence. ^{[1] [7]}

The tapestries

Illustration and title	Dimensions	Collection	Notes
The Abduction of Helen	362.6 × 487.7 cm	Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York [5]	Based on a woodcut by Bernard Salomon, [5] the piece shows Helen being carried off her feet in the midst of battle away from her husband Menelaus, reflecting a post-classical depiction of the story such as those followed by the school of Marcantonio Raimondi. [3]
The Prophecy of Calchas	374.7 × 497.8 cm	Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York [8]	A scene from the beginning of the Trojan War, where Greek troops gather in Aulis and the seer Calchas offers his prophecy for smooth winds for the voyage to Troy. [9]
Ajax and Ulysses Disputing	—	Unknown	Believed to be depicting the feud between Ajax and Odysseus for the right to claim the armour of Achilles for themselves, this tapestry has not been located since it was sold in the Florentine art market in 1934. [1]
Aeneas and Anchises	370 × 405 cm	Poly MGM Museum, Macau [10]	Also known as Aeneas Escaping from Troy, [7] the work shows a scene from the Aeneid where Aeneas carries his father Anchises away from the burning city of Troy. [6]
The Sacrifice of Polyxena	381 × 523.2 cm	Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York [11]	Polyxena kneels as she is about to be sacrificed to her dead lover Achilles, a scene that does not feature in the Homeric epics but later myths of the Trojan War. Behind her is a seemingly Chinese tree. [12]
The Death of Polydorus	369.5 × 489 cm	Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon, Lyon [13]	Illustrates the scene from the aftermath of the Trojan War, where Hecuba finds her son Polydorus's body washing onto shore. The cities of Macau and Lisbon feature in the background, with the latter represented by Belém Tower and the Jerónimos Monastery. [1]
The Vengeance of Hecuba	369.5 × 489 cm	Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon, Lyon [13]	Hecuba, accompanied by her handmaidens, takes revenge on her son's killer Polymestor by gorging out his eyes. [1]

See also

• The Great History of Troy tapestries (Painted Chamber, Westminster Palace)

Notes and references

1. "From Lyon to Macao, the scattered hanging of the Trojan War". Musée des Beaux Arts . Retrieved 14 January 2025.
2. Bogansky, Amy Elizabeth (2013). Interwoven Globe: The Worldwide Textile Trade, 1500-1800. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 9, 308. ISBN   978-1-58839-496-5.
3. Denney, Joyce (2012). "The Abduction of Helen: A Western Theme in a Chinese Embroidery of the First Half of the Seventeenth Century". Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings.
4. Canepa, Teresa (2016). Silk, porcelain and lacquer: China and Japan and their trade to Western Europe and the New World, 1500-1644. London: Paul Holberton Publishing. p. 111. hdl:1887/36487. ISBN   978-1-911300-01-4.
5. "The Abduction of Helen from a set of The Story of Troy". New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 14 January 2025.
6. Basu, Chitralekha (30 December 2024). "Tale of three cities". China Daily . Retrieved 17 January 2025.
7. Standen, Edith Appleton (1985). European post-medieval tapestries and related hangings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.). New York: The Museum. p. 796. ISBN   978-0-87099-406-7.
8. "The Prophecy of Calchas from a set of The Story of Troy". New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 16 January 2025.
9. Standen (1985), p. 800.
10. MGM Macau (13 November 2024). "MGM 美高梅 - 4尊圓明園獸首、15組國家一級文物、228件精品文物大集合，一站式免費觀賞！..." Facebook . Archived from the original on 15 January 2025. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
11. The Sacrifice of Polyxena from a set of The Story of Troy, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art , retrieved 16 January 2025
12. Standen (1985), pp. 800-2.
13. "Polymestor's murder of Polydorus and the revenge of Hecuba". Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon . Retrieved 16 January 2025.