Timeline of HIV/AIDS

This is a timeline of HIV/AIDS , including cases before 1980.

Pre-1980s

See also: Timeline of early HIV/AIDS cases

Researchers estimate that some time in the early 20th century, a form of Simian immunodeficiency virus found in chimpanzees (SIVcpz) first entered humans in Central Africa and began circulating in Léopoldville (modern-day Kinshasa) by the 1920s. ^{[1] [2] [3]} This gave rise to the pandemic form of HIV (HIV-1 group M); other zoonotic transmissions led to the other, less prevalent, subtypes of HIV. ^{[3] [4]}

1930s to 1950s

• A range of small scale Pneumocystis pneumonia epidemics occurred in northern and central European countries between the 1930s and 1950s, ^[5] affecting children who were prematurely born. The epidemics spread likely due to infected glass syringes and needles. Malnutrition was not considered a cause, especially because the epidemics were at their height in the 1950s. At that time war torn Europe had already recovered from devastation. Researchers state that the most likely cause was a retrovirus closely related to HIV (or a mild version of HIV) brought to Europe and originating from Cameroon, a former German colony. The epidemic started in the Free City of Danzig in 1939 and then spread to nearby countries in the 1940s and 1950s, like Switzerland and The Netherlands.

1959

X-ray showing infection with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

• The first known case of HIV in a human occurs in a man who died in the Congo, later confirmed as having HIV infection (from his preserved blood samples). ^{[6] [2]}
• June 28, in New York City, Ardouin Antonio, ^[7] a 49-year-old Haitian shipping clerk dies of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a disease closely associated with AIDS. Gordon Hennigar, who performed the postmortem examination of the man's body, found "the first reported instance of unassociated Pneumocystis carinii disease in an adult" to be so unusual that he preserved Ardouin's lungs for later study. The case was published in two medical journals at the time, ^{[8] [9]} and Hennigar has been quoted in numerous publications saying that he believes Ardouin probably had AIDS. ^{[10] [11] [12]}

1960s

• HIV-2, a viral variant found in West Africa, is thought to have transferred to people from sooty mangabey ^[13] monkeys in Guinea-Bissau.
• Genetic studies of the virus indicate that HIV-1 (M) first arrived in the Americas in the late 1960s likely in Haiti or another Caribbean island. ^[14] At this time, many Haitians were working in Congo, providing the opportunity for infection. ^[15]

1964

• Jerome Horwitz of Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Wayne State University School of Medicine synthesizes AZT under a grant from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). AZT was originally intended as an anticancer drug. ^[16]

1966

• Williams and Williams note that an unusually high incidence of simultaneous Kaposi's sarcoma, River Blindness, and Femoral hernia in patients within the West Nile sub-region of Uganda. They went on to speculate that the Black fly which transmits River Blindness may also transmit the causative agent for Kaposi's sarcoma. ^[17]
• Slavin, Cameron, and Singh note first that research indicates that, quote "Kaposi's sarcoma occurs with great frequency in indigenous African Negroes", and then goes on to describe 117 cases of Kaposi's Sarcoma (including cases in children indicative of vertical transmission), typical of HIV/AIDS infection. Finally, they note that, at the time of publication, 4% of malignancies diagnosed in Tanzania by biopsy indicated Kaposi's sarcoma as the causative agent. ^[18]

1968

• A 2003 analysis of HIV types found in the United States, compared to known mutation rates, suggests that the virus may have first arrived in the United States in this year. ^{[19] [ medical citation needed ]} The disease spread from the 1966 American strain, but remained unrecognized for another 12 years. ^{[15] [ medical citation needed ]} This is, however, contradicted by the estimated area of time of initial infection of Robert Rayford who was most likely infected around 1959.^{[ original research? ]}

1969

• A St. Louis teenager, identified as Robert Rayford, dies of an illness that baffles his doctors. Eighteen years later, molecular biologists at Tulane University in New Orleans test samples of his remains and find evidence of HIV. ^[20]

1976

• The 9-year-old daughter of Arvid Noe dies in January.^{[ citation needed ]} Noe, a Norwegian sailor, dies in April; his wife dies in December. Later it is determined that Noe contracted HIV-1 type O, in Africa during the early 1960s.^{[ citation needed ]}

1977

• Danish physician Grethe Rask dies of AIDS contracted in Africa.
• A San Francisco woman, believed to be a sex-worker, gives birth to the first of three children who are later diagnosed with AIDS. The children's blood was tested after their deaths and revealed an HIV infection. The mother died of AIDS in May 1987. Test results show she was infected no later than 1977. ^{[21] [ medical citation needed ]}
• French-Canadian flight attendant Gaëtan Dugas, a relatively early HIV patient, gets legally married in Los Angeles to get U.S. citizenship. He stays in Silver Lake whenever he is in town.
• In 1977 a Zairian woman in her 30s seeks treatment in Belgium for symptoms indicating a suppressed immune system and AIDS-like disease (rapid weight loss, swollen lymph nodes and severe CMV). She initially came to Belgium for care of the oral fungus infection of her baby daughter. Her two other children, who were recently born as well, had earlier died from respiratory infections; both also had an oral fungus infection since birth. The woman contracts even more opportunistic infections, dying in Kinshasha in early 1978. Tissue and blood samples are not preserved, but researchers state this might be an early AIDS case. ^[22]

1978

• A Portuguese man known as Senhor José (English: Mr. Joseph) dies; he will later be confirmed as the first known infection of HIV-2. It is believed that he was exposed to the disease in Guinea-Bissau in 1966.^{[ citation needed ]}

1979

• An early case of AIDS in the United States was in a female baby born in New Jersey in 1973 or 1974. She was born to a sixteen-year-old girl, an identified drug-injector, who had previously had multiple male sexual partners. The child died in 1979 at the age of five. Subsequent testing on her stored tissues confirmed that she had contracted HIV-1. ^[23]
• A thirty-year-old woman from the Dominican Republic dies at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City from CMV infection.
• A Greek man who worked for years as a fisherman at Congo's Lake Tanganyika shows up in a Belgian hospital with a range of untreatable opportunistic infections, including a very rare fungal meningitis. After he dies, the hospital keeps his blood and tissue samples for future analysis. After HIV testing becomes available, his samples are tested for HIV and give a positive result. ^{[24] [25] [26]}

1980s

1980

• April 24, San Francisco resident (and supposed gay sex worker) Ken Horne is reported to the Center for Disease Control with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Later in 1981, the CDC would retroactively identify him as the first patient of the AIDS epidemic in the US. He also had Cryptococcus . ^{[27] [ medical citation needed ]}
• A 36-year-old Danish homosexual male dies in the Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen from Pneumocystis pneumonia. ^{[28] [ medical citation needed ]}
• October 31, Gaëtan Dugas pays his first known visit to New York City bathhouses. He would later be incorrectly^{[ medical citation needed ]} deemed "Patient Zero" for his supposed connection to many early cases of AIDS in the United States. ^{[29] [ medical citation needed ]}
• December 23, Rick Wellikoff, a Brooklyn schoolteacher, dies of AIDS in New York City. He is the fourth US citizen known to die from the illness. ^{[30] [ medical citation needed ]}
• A Zairian woman and a French woman die in late 1980 of Pneumocystis pneumonia in the Claude Bernard Hospital in Paris. ^{[31] [ medical citation needed ]}

1981

Kaposi's sarcoma on the skin of an AIDS patient

• April 28, Sandy Ford, a drug technician at the Centers for Disease Control, writes her superiors a memo on an unusual cluster of pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma cases she has identified. Ford was in charge of CDC distribution of pentamidine, a medicine used to treat pneumocystis pneumonia, and she had noticed a surge in young homosexual men with the disease, which only appears in individuals with suppressed immune systems. Her memo begins the CDC's investigation into the disease. ^{[32] [33]}
• May 18, Lawrence Mass becomes the first journalist in the world to write about the epidemic, in the New York Native , a gay newspaper. A gay tipster overheard his physician mention that some gay men were being treated in intensive-care units in New York City for a strange pneumonia. "Disease Rumors Largely Unfounded" was the headline of Mass' article, which ran on page 7. ^[34] Mass repeated a New York City public health official's claims that there was no wave of disease sweeping through the gay community. At this point, however, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) had been investigating the outbreak that Mass' source dismissed for about a month.
• June 5, In an issue of the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , the CDC reports a cluster of five Pneumocystis pneumonia cases in five "young...practicing homosexuals" in Los Angeles. Each of these cases included simultaneous Cytomegalovirus infection, and several included other AIDS-defining clinical conditions, including Candidiasis, Hodgkin lymphoma, and Cytomegalovirus retinitis. The CDC goes on to suggest that there is a possibility of a "cellular-immune dysfunction related to common exposure that predisposes individuals to Opportunistic infections" ^[35]
• July 3, An article in The New York Times carries the headline: "Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals". The article describes cases of Kaposi's sarcoma found in forty-one gay men, mostly in New York City and San Francisco. ^[36]
• July 3, A new article appears in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report headlined "Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis Pneumonia Among Homosexual Men — New York City and California." One cluster, in New York City included 20 patients, 7 of whom had died at the time of publication. The other cluster, in California, had just six with an additional death. Of the 26 cases reported, 12 had tests for Cytomegalovirus, all of which were positive. The report describes frequent hepatitis and amoebiasis infections among those described. It also details the apparent connection between Kaposi's sarcoma and immune suppression, noting the abnormality of the disease among young adults. The report notes that, aside from those receiving immunosuppressants, the only group previously known to be at elevated risk for Kaposi's sarcoma was children and young adults in Equatorial Africa — no doubt because of the already endemic HIV in the area. ^[37]
• August 28, A third article in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report increases the number of known cases to 108. While the vast majority remain in New York and California, it reports new cases in Georgia, Florida, and Oklahoma. ^[38]
• October, self-proclaimed "AIDS poster boy" Bobbi Campbell is diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma in San Francisco. That same month he creates and displays San Francisco's first AIDS poster. ^[39]
• October, first reported case in Spain, a 35-year-old gay man. ^{[40] [ medical citation needed ]} Died shortly after.
• October 29, John Eaddie, 49, dies of pneumocystis pneumonia in London. Later identified as HIV. ^[41]
• December 10, Bobbi Campbell is the first to come out publicly as a person with what came to be known as AIDS. ^{[42] [43] [44]}
• December 12, First known case reported in the United Kingdom. ^[45]
• One of the first reported patients to have died of AIDS (presumptive diagnosis) in the US is reported in the journal Gastroentereology. Louis Weinstein, the treating physician, wrote that "Immunologic incompetence, related to either disease or therapy, or both ... although suspected, could not be proved..." ^[46]
• By the end of the year December 31, 337 people are known to have had the disease, 321 adults, and 16 children under the age of 13 and of those 130 had died from the disease. ^{[19] [ medical citation needed ]}

1982

• January, the service organization Gay Men's Health Crisis is founded by Larry Kramer and others in New York City.
• June 18, "Exposure to some substance (rather than an infectious agent) may eventually lead to immunodeficiency among a subset of the homosexual male population that shares a particular style of life." ^[47] For example, Marmor et al. recently reported that exposure to amyl nitrite was associated with an increased risk of KS in New York City. ^[48] Exposure to inhalant sexual stimulants, central-nervous-system stimulants, and a variety of other "street" drugs was common among males belonging to the cluster of cases of KS and PCP in Los Angeles and Orange counties." ^[47]
• July 4, Terry Higgins becomes one of the first people to die of AIDS-related illnesses in the United Kingdom, prompting the foundation in November of what was to become the Terrence Higgins Trust. ^[49]
• July 9, The CDC reports a cluster of opportunistic infections (OI) and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians recently entering the United States. ^[50] Their risk factor for acquiring the syndrome was uncertain. Ten (29.4%) of these 34 patients with the syndrome of unexplained OI and Kaposi's Sarcoma (termed AIDS weeks later by CDC) also had disseminated tuberculosis. ^{[50] [51]} This was the first reported association of tuberculosis with AIDS in a cluster of patients. ^{[52] [53]} The uncertain risk factor for AIDS among Haitians was ultimately explained mostly by heterosexual transmission. ^{[50] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58]}
• July 27, The term AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is proposed at a meeting in Washington, D.C. of gay-community leaders, federal bureaucrats and the CDC to replace GRID (gay-related immune deficiency) as evidence showed it was not gay specific. ^[59]
• Summer, First known case in Italy. ^[60]
• September 24, The CDC defines a case of AIDS as a disease, at least moderately predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity, occurring in a person with no known cause for diminished resistance to that disease. Such diseases include KS, PCP, and serious OI. Diagnoses are considered to fit the case definition only if based on sufficiently reliable methods (generally histology or culture). Some patients who are considered AIDS cases on the basis of diseases only moderately predictive of cellular immunodeficiency may not actually be immunodeficient and may not be part of the current epidemic. ^[61]
• December 10, a baby in California becomes ill in the first known case of contracting AIDS from a blood transfusion. ^{[29] [ medical citation needed ]}
• First known case in Brazil. ^{[62] [ medical citation needed ]}
• First known case in Canada. ^[63]
• First known case in Australia, diagnosed at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney. ^[64]

1983

• January, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, isolates a retrovirus that kills T-cells from the lymph system of a gay AIDS patient. In the following months, she would find additional cases in gay men and people with hemophilia. This retrovirus would be called by several names, including LAV and HTLV-III before being named HIV in 1986. ^{[65] [ medical citation needed ]}
• CDC National AIDS Hotline is established.
• March, United States Public Health Service (PHS or USPHS) issues donor screening guidelines. AIDS high-risk groups should not donate blood/plasma products.
• In March, AIDS Project Los Angeles is founded by Nancy Cole Sawaya, Matt Redman, Ervin Munro, and Max Drew
• First known case in Colombia, A female sexual worker from Cali was diagnosed with HIV in the Hospital Universitario de Cartagena ^[66]
• First AIDS-related death occurs in Australia, in the city of Melbourne. The Hawke Labor government invests in a significant campaign that has been credited with ensuring Australia has one of the lowest HIV infection rates in the world.
• AIDS is diagnosed in Mexico for the first time. HIV can be traced in the country to 1981. ^{[67] [ medical citation needed ]}
• The PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technique is developed by Kary Mullis; it is widely used in AIDS research.
• Within a few days of each other, the musicians Jobriath and Klaus Nomi become the first internationally known recording artists to die from AIDS-related illnesses.
• First known case in Portugal. ^[68]

1984

• Around January, the first case of HIV infection in the Philippines was reported. ^{[69] [ medical citation needed ]}
• Gaëtan Dugas passes away due to AIDS-related illnesses. He was a French-Canadian flight attendant who was falsely identified as patient 0 due to his central location and labeling as "patient O," as in the letter O, in a scientific study of 40 infected Americans from multiple U.S. cities. ^[70]
• Roy Cohn is diagnosed with AIDS, but attempts to keep his condition secret while receiving experimental drug treatment. ^[71]
• April 23, U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Margaret Heckler announces at a press conference that an American scientist, Robert Gallo, has discovered the probable cause of AIDS: the retrovirus is subsequently named human immunodeficiency virus or HIV in 1986. She also declares that a vaccine will be available within two years.
• June 25, French philosopher Michel Foucault dies of AIDS in Paris. Following his death, AIDES was founded.
• September 6, First performance at Theatre Rhinoceros in San Francisco of The AIDS Show which runs for two years and is the subject of a 1986 documentary film of the same name.
• December 17, Ryan White was diagnosed with AIDS by a doctor performing a partial lung removal. White became infected with HIV from blood products that were administered to him on a regular basis as part of his treatment for hemophilia. When the public school that he attended, Western Middle School in Russiaville, Indiana, learned of his disease in 1985 there was enormous pressure from parents and faculty to bar him from school premises. Due to the widespread fear of AIDS and lack of medical knowledge, principal Ron Colby and the school board assented. His family filed a lawsuit, seeking to overturn the ban.
• First known cases in Ecuador. ^[72]

1985

• March 2, the FDA approves an ELISA test as the first commercially available test for detecting HIV in blood. ^{[73] [74]} It detects antibodies which the body makes in response to exposure to HIV and is first intended for use on all donated blood and plasma intended for transfusion and product manufacture. ^[73]
• April 21, the play The Normal Heart by Larry Kramer premieres in New York City.
• July 28, AIDS Project Los Angeles hosts the world's first AIDS Walk at Paramount Studios in Hollywood. More than 4,500 people helped the Walk surpass its $100,000 goal, raising $673,000. ^[75]
• September 17, during his second term in office, US President Ronald Reagan publicly mentions AIDS for the first time when asked about the lack of medical research funding by an AP reporter during a press conference. ^{[76] [77]}
• September 19, The first Commitment to Life is held in Los Angeles. Elizabeth Taylor hosted the event and honored former First Lady Betty Ford. Taylor said at the event "Tonight is the start of my personal war on this disease, AIDS." ^[78] The event raised more than $1 million for AIDS Project Los Angeles.
• October 2, Rock Hudson dies of AIDS. On July 25, 1985, he was the first American celebrity to publicly admit having AIDS; he had been diagnosed with it on June 5, 1984.
• October 12, Ricky Wilson, guitarist of American rock band The B-52's dies from an AIDS related illness. The album Bouncing Off The Satellites , which he was working on when he died, is dedicated to him when it is released the next year. The band is devastated by the loss and do not tour or promote the album. Wilson is eventually replaced on guitar by his former writing partner Keith Strickland, the B-52's former drummer.
• October, a conference of public health officials including representatives of the Centers for Disease Control and World Health Organization meet in Bangui and define AIDS in Africa as "prolonged fevers for a month or more, weight loss of over 10% and prolonged diarrhea".
• First officially reported cases in China. ^{[79] [80]}
• November 11, An Early Frost , the first film to cover the topic of HIV/AIDS is broadcast in the U.S. on prime time TV by NBC.
• First known case in Cuba.

1986

This image revealed the presence of both HTLV-1, and HIV.

• HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is adopted as name of the retrovirus that was first proposed as the cause of AIDS by Luc Montagnier of France, who named it LAV (lymphadenopathy associated virus) and Robert Gallo of the United States, who named it HTLV-III (human T-lymphotropic virus type III)
• January 14, "one million Americans have already been infected with the virus and that this number will jump to at least 2 million or 3 million within 5 to 10 years..." – NIAID Director Anthony Fauci, The New York Times. ^[81]
• February, US President Reagan instructs his Surgeon General C. Everett Koop to prepare a report on AIDS. (Koop was excluded from the Executive Task Force on AIDS established in 1983 by his immediate superior, Assistant Secretary of Health Edward Brandt.) Without allowing Reagan's domestic policy advisers to review the report, Koop released the report at a press conference on October 22, 1986. ^{[82] [83]}
• May 30, fashion designer Perry Ellis dies of AIDS-related illness.
• Attorney Geoffrey Bowers is fired from the firm of Baker & McKenzie after AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma lesions appeared on his face. The firm maintained that he was fired purely for his performance. ^[84] He sued the firm, in one of the first AIDS discrimination cases to go to a public hearing. These events were the inspiration for the 1993 film Philadelphia . ^[85]
• August: Jerry Smith publicly announces he has AIDS in August 1986, becoming the first former professional athlete to do so. He dies two months later, becoming the first known former professional athlete to die of the disease. ^[86]
• August 2, Roy Cohn dies of complications from AIDS at the age of 59. ^[87] He insists to the end that his disease was liver cancer. ^[88]
• November 18, model Gia Carangi dies of AIDS-related illness.
• First officially known cases in the Soviet Union. ^{[89] [90]} and India. ^{[91] [92]}

1987

• AZT (zidovudine), the first antiretroviral drug, becomes available to treat HIV. ^{[19] [93]}
• On February 4, popular performing musician Liberace dies from AIDS related illness.
• March 1, 1987, Dr. Peter Duesberg of the University of California, Berkeley publishes a 22-page peer-reviewed article "Retroviruses as Carcinogens and Pathogens: Expectations and Reality". ^[94] The article challenges the hypothesis that HIV causes AIDS, launching the "AIDS denialist movement"
• In April the FDA approves a Western blot test as a more precise test for the presence of HIV antibodies than the ELISA test. ^[73] '
• In March, the direct action advocacy group ACT UP is founded by Larry Kramer in New York City.
• On May 28, playwright and performer Charles Ludlam dies of AIDS-related PCP pneumonia.
• On July 2, musical theatre director, writer, choreographer, and dancer Michael Bennett dies of AIDS-related lymphoma at the age of 44. ^[95]
• On July 11, Tom Waddell, founder of the Gay Games, dies of AIDS.
• Randy Shilts' investigative journalism book And the Band Played On published chronicling the 1980–1985 discovery and spreading of HIV/AIDS, government indifference, and political infighting in the United States to what was initially perceived as a gay disease. (Shilts died of the disease on February 17, 1994.)
• On August 18 the FDA sanctioned the first clinical trial to test an HIV vaccine candidate in a research participant. ^[73]
• First known case in Nicaragua.

1988

• May, C. Everett Koop sends an eight-page, condensed version of his Surgeon General's Report on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome report named Understanding AIDS to all 107,000,000 households in the United States, becoming the first federal authority to provide explicit advice to US citizens on how to protect themselves from AIDS. ^{[82] [96]}
• March 3, John Holmes dies from AIDS-related complications.
• August 5, screenwriter, actor, director, and producer Colin Higgins dies of an AIDS-related illness at his home at the age of 47. ^[97]
• November 11, The fact-based AIDS-themed film Go Toward the Light is broadcast on CBS.
• December 1, The first World AIDS Day takes place.
• In Buenos Aires, Argentina, the rock musicians Miguel Abuelo (March 26) and Federico Moura (December 21), die from AIDS-related complications.
• American disco singer Sylvester dies of AIDS in San Francisco.

1989

• The television movie The Ryan White Story airs. It stars Judith Light as Jeanne, Lukas Haas as Ryan and Nikki Cox as sister Andrea. Ryan White had a small cameo appearance as Chad, a young patient with AIDS. Another AIDS-themed film, The Littlest Victims , debuted in 1989, biographically chronicling James Oleske, the first U.S. physician to discover AIDS in newborns during AIDS' early years, when many thought it was only spreading through male-to-male sexual activity.
• "Covering the Plague" by James Kinsella is published, providing a scathing look into how the media fumbled the AIDS story. ^[98]
• British travel writer Bruce Chatwin dies from AIDS-related complications.
• NASCAR driver Tim Richmond dies from AIDS-related complications.
• Amanda Blake, best known for her portrayal of saloon owner Miss Kitty on the television show Gunsmoke , becomes the first actress of note in the United States to die of AIDS-related illness on August 16. The cause of death was cardiac arrest stemming from CMV hepatitis, an AIDS-related hepatitis.
• Longtime Companion is a 1989 film directed by Norman René and starring Bruce Davison, Campbell Scott, Patrick Cassidy, and Mary-Louise Parker. The first wide-release theatrical film to deal with the subject of AIDS, the film takes its title from the euphemism The New York Times used during the 1980s to describe the surviving same-sex partner of someone who had died of AIDS. ^[99]
• New York's highest court ruled in Braschi vs. Stahl Associates that Miguel Braschi, a surviving gay partner of Leslie Blanchard who died of AIDS in 1986, had the right to continue living in their rent controlled apartment. The landlord's losing argument was that Miguel Braschi was not family because he was not related to Blanchard by "blood, marriage or adoption." ^[100] The decision marked the first time any top state court in the nation recognized a gay couple to be the legal equivalent of a family, American Civil Liberties Union lawyer William Rubenstein said. The decision was a ground-breaking victory for lesbians and gay men; it marked an important step forward in American law toward legal recognition of lesbian and gay relationships. ^[101]
• Judge Elizabeth A. Kovachevich of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ruled that Eliana Martínez, who had AIDS, could sit at a desk in a classroom without isolation partitions; Martínez attended her first day of school on April 27, 1989. ^{[102] [103]}

1990s

Ryan White

1990

• January 6, British actor Ian Charleson dies from AIDS at the age of 40—the first show-business death in the United Kingdom openly attributed to complications from AIDS.
• February 16, New York artist and social activist Keith Haring dies from AIDS-related illness.
• April 8, Ryan White dies at the age of 18 from pneumonia caused by complications associated with AIDS.
• Congress enacted The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act or Ryan White Care Act, the United States' largest federally funded health related program (excluding Medicaid and Medicare).
• July 7, Brazilian singer Cazuza dies in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 32 from an AIDS-related illness.
• November 9, American singer-songwriter Tom Fogerty, rhythm guitarist of Creedence Clearwater Revival and older brother of John Fogerty, dies in Berkeley, California of AIDS-related tuberculosis.

1991

• Playwright, lyricist and stage director Howard Ashman dies from HIV/AIDS on March 14, 1991, at the age of 40 years old. ^[104]
• April, the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) of the US NIAID and the National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) and the National Agency of Research on AIDS (ANRS), France start the famous clinical trial of zidovudine (AZT) in HIV-infected pregnant women named "ACTG protocol 076". The trial shows such a big reduction in the risk for HIV transmission to the infant that it was halted prematurely in 1993 ^[105] and later became the standard of care.
• May, the play Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes by Tony Kushner premieres in San Francisco.
• On May 26, playwright, lyricist, television writer and theatre director Tom Eyen dies of complications from AIDS at the age of fifty.
• June 5, actor, singer, and dancer Larry Kert dies, at 60, in his Manhattan home of AIDS. ^[106]
• September 28, jazz legend Miles Davis dies at the age of 65. The official cause of death is bronchial pneumonia. He was taking Zidovudine (AZT) when hospitalized; at the time, Zidovudine was a treatment for HIV and AIDS.
• November 7, NBA star Magic Johnson publicly announces that he is HIV-positive.
• November 15, French disco and dance music record producer and songwriter Jacques Morali, known for creating acts like The Ritchie Family and Village People, dies of AIDS-related causes at a hospital in Paris at the age of 44. ^[107]
• November 24, A little over 24 hours after issuing a statement confirming that he had been tested HIV positive and had AIDS, Freddie Mercury (singer of the British band Queen) dies at the age of 45. The official cause of death is bronchial pneumonia resulting from AIDS.

1992

• The first combination drug therapies for HIV are introduced. ^{[19] [ medical citation needed ]}
• On January 7, puppeteer Richard Hunt, best known as a Muppet performer on Sesame Street , The Muppet Show , Fraggle Rock , and other projects for The Jim Henson Company, dies of HIV/AIDS-related complications at Cabrini Hospice in Manhattan, aged 40. ^{[108] [109]}
• April 6, popular science fiction writer Isaac Asimov dies. Ten years later, his wife revealed that his death was due to AIDS-related complications. The writer was infected during a blood transfusion in 1983. ^[110]
• May 1, dance music singer Sharon Redd dies of AIDS-related pneumonia. ^[111]
• Robert Reed, best known as Mike Brady on the sitcom The Brady Bunch dies of AIDS on May 12.
• June 18, Australian singer Peter Allen dies from complications due to AIDS.
• September 12, American actor Anthony Perkins, known for his role as Norman Bates in the Psycho movies, dies from AIDS.
• Actor, singer, and songwriter Paul Jabara dies from complications from AIDS in Los Angeles, California at the age of 44 on September 29. ^[112]
• Denholm Elliott, best known as Marcus Brody on the Indiana Jones film series. dies of AIDS related tuberculosis on October 22, 1992.
• At the Royal Free Hospital in London, an out-patients' centre for HIV and AIDS is opened by Ian McKellen. It is named the Ian Charleson Day Centre after actor Ian Charleson.
• Leanza Cornett becomes the first Miss America to adopt AIDS awareness as her platform for her year of service. ^[113]

1993

• Rudolf Nureyev, one of the world's greatest ballet dancers, dies from AIDS on January 6.
• February 6 - Tennis star Arthur Ashe dies from AIDS-related complications. ^[114]
• Stage, film and television actor Ray Sharkey dies of complications from AIDS in Brooklyn, New York, on June 11, 1993, at age 40. ^[115]
• On August 29, drag performer and fashion designer Dorian Corey dies of AIDS-related complications in Manhattan at the age of 56. ^[116]
• Television and film director and producer Emile Ardolino, best known for his work on the films Dirty Dancing (1987) and Sister Act (1992), dies on November 20, 1993 of complications from AIDS. ^[117]

1994

• Randy Shilts, author of And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic , dies at his home of AIDS related complications on February 17.
• Sarah Jane Salazar, a 19-year-old Filipino AIDS activist and educator, publicly admits she contracted HIV from a foreign customer while working as a club entertainer in the early 1990s. She was the second Filipino to do so. ^[118] The first was Dolzura Cortez.
• March 21, actor Dack Rambo dies of AIDS related complications. He was one of the first actors in Hollywood to publicly acknowledge being HIV positive. He retired from acting and spent the remainder of his life raising awareness about AIDS.
• Television personality Pedro Zamora, who brought international attention to HIV/AIDS and LGBTQ issues and prejudices through his appearance on MTV's reality television series, The Real World: San Francisco , dies from AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy on November 11, 1994 at the age of 22. ^[119]
• Elizabeth Glaser, wife of Starsky & Hutch 's Paul Michael Glaser, dies from AIDS-related complications on December 3, almost 10 years after receiving an infected blood transfusion while giving birth. She unknowingly passes HIV on to her daughter Ariel and son Jake. Ariel died in 1988, Jake is living with HIV, while Paul Michael remains negative.
• Australian performance artist, club promoter, and fashion designer Leigh Bowery dies on New Year's Eve 1994 from an AIDS-related illness. ^[120]

1995

• Saquinavir, a new type of protease inhibitor drug, becomes available to treat HIV. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) becomes possible. ^{[19] [ medical citation needed ]} Within two years, death rates due to AIDS will have plummeted in the developed world.
• March 26, rapper Eazy-E dies from AIDS-related pneumonia.
• April 4, British DJ and entertainer Kenny Everett dies from AIDS.
• Actor and operatic baritone Ron Richardson dies of complications of AIDS at the age of 43. ^[121]
• Character actor Tony Azito dies of HIV/AIDS on May 26, 1995, in Manhattan, New York City, at age 46. ^[122]
• Singer and musician Bobby DeBarge dies of AIDS complications on August 16, 1995, at age 39.
• Oakland, California resident Jeff Getty becomes the first person to receive a bone marrow transplant from a Baboon as an experimental procedure to treat his HIV infection. The graft did not take, but Getty experienced some reduction in symptoms before dying of heart failure after cancer treatment in 2006. ^[123]

1996

• Robert Gallo's discovery that some natural compounds known as chemokines can block HIV and halt the progression of AIDS is hailed by Science as one of that year's most important scientific breakthroughs.
• HIV resistance due to the CCR5-Δ32 discovered. CCR5-Δ32 (or CCR5-D32 or CCR5 delta 32) is an allele of CCR5. ^{[124] [125]}
• Brazilian Law No. 9313, enacted on November 13, 1996, provided every Brazilian with the HIV virus the right to free medication. ^[126]
• Cynthia Culpeper became the first pulpit rabbi to announce being diagnosed with AIDS, which she did while she was rabbi of Agudath Israel in Montgomery, Alabama. ^[127]

1997

• R&B singer Jermaine Stewart dies of AIDS-related liver cancer on March 17, 1997, at age 39. ^[128]
• September 2, The Washington Post carries an article stating, "The most recent estimate of the number of Americans infected (with HIV), 750,000, is only half the total that government officials used to cite over a decade ago, at a time when experts believed that as many as 1.5 million people carried the virus."^{[ citation needed ]}
• Based on the Bangui definition the WHO's cumulative number of reported AIDS cases from 1980 through 1997 for all of Africa is 620,000. ^[129] For comparison, the cumulative total of AIDS cases in the USA through 1997 is 641,087.
• December 7, "French President Jacques Chirac addressed Africa's top AIDS conference on Sunday and called on the world's richest nations to create an AIDS therapy support fund to help Africa. According to Chirac, Africa struggles to care for two-thirds of the world's persons with AIDS without the benefit of expensive AIDS therapies. Chirac invited other countries, especially European nations, to create a fund that would help increase the number of AIDS studies and experiments. AIDS workers welcomed Chirac's speech and said they hoped France would promote the idea to the Group of Eight summit of the world's richest nations." ^[130]

1998

• December 10, International Human Rights Day, Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) is launched to campaign for greater access to HIV treatment for all South Africans, by raising public awareness and understanding about issues surrounding the availability, affordability and use of HIV treatments. TAC campaigns against the view that AIDS is a death sentence.

1999

• January 31, Studies suggest that a retrovirus, SIVcpz (simian immunodeficiency virus) from the common chimpanzee Pan troglodytes, may have passed to human populations in west equatorial Africa during the twentieth century and developed into various types of HIV. ^{[131] [132]}
• Edward Hooper releases a book titled The River, which accuses doctors who developed and administered the oral polio vaccine in 1950s Africa of unintentionally starting the AIDS epidemic. The OPV AIDS hypothesis receives a great deal of publicity. ^[19] It was later refuted by studies demonstrating the origins of HIV as a mutated variant of a simian immunodeficiency virus that is lethal to humans. ^{[133] [134] [135] [136] [137]} Hooper's hypothesis should not be confused with the Heart of Darkness origin theory.

2000s

2000

• World Health Organization estimates between 15% and 20% of new HIV infections worldwide are the result of blood transfusions, where the donors were not screened or inadequately screened for HIV.^{[ citation needed ]}
• February 23, Israeli singer Ofra Haza died in Tel Aviv of AIDS-related complications.
• June 11, Sarah Jane Salazar died at the age of 25 from AIDS complications. Before her death, Salazar was confined at the National Center for Mental Health after being diagnosed with manic depression which doctors said may have been related to anti-AIDS drugs she was taking. ^{[138] [ failed verification ]}

2001

• September 21, FDA licenses the first nucleic acid test (NAT) systems intended for screening of blood and plasma donations.^{[ citation needed ]}

2002

• The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the first rapid diagnostic HIV test kit for use in the United States. The kit has a 99.6% accuracy and can provide results in as little as twenty minutes. The test kit can be used at room temperature, did not require specialized equipment, and can be used outside of clinics and doctor's offices. The mobility and speed of the test allowed a wider spread use of HIV testing. ^[139]

2003

• US President George W. Bush initiates the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. By the time he leaves office it provides medicine for two million Africans. ^[140]

2004

• January 5, "Individual risk of acquiring HIV and experiencing rapid disease progression is not uniform within populations," says Anthony S. Fauci, the director of NIAID. ^[141]

2005

• January 21, The CDC recommends anti-retroviral post-exposure prophylaxis for people exposed to HIV from rapes, accidents or occasional unsafe sex or drug use. This treatment should start no more than 72 hours after a person has been exposed to the virus, and the drugs should be used by patients for 28 days. This emergency drug treatment had been recommended since 1996 for health-care workers accidentally stuck with a needle, splashed in their eyes with blood, or exposed in some other work-related way. ^[142]
• A highly resistant strain of HIV linked to rapid progression to AIDS is identified in New York City. ^{[19] [ medical citation needed ]}

2006

• November 9, SIV found in gorillas. ^[143]

2007

• The first case of someone being cured of HIV is reported. Timothy Ray Brown is a San Francisco man, with leukemia and HIV. He is cured of HIV through a bone marrow transplant in Germany from a homozygous CCR5-Δ32 donor. Other similar cases are being studied to confirm similar results. ^{[144] [145]}
• Maraviroc, the first available CCR5 receptor antagonist, is approved by the FDA as an antiviral drug for the treatment of AIDS.

2010s

2010

• Confirmation is published that the first patient cured of HIV, Timothy Ray Brown, still has a negative HIV status, four years after treatment. ^{[144] [145]}

2012

• The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves Truvada for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The drug can be taken by adults who do not have HIV, but are at risk for the disease. People can now take this medication to reduce their risk for contracting the virus through sexual activity. ^[146]

2013

• Confirmation is published that a toddler has been "functionally cured" of HIV infection. ^[147] However, in 2014, it was announced that the child had relapsed and that the virus had re-appeared. ^{[148] [149]}
• A New York Times article says that 12 people of 75 who began combination antiretroviral therapy soon after becoming infected may have been "functionally cured" of HIV according to a French study. A functionally cured person will not experience an increase of the virus in the bloodstream despite stopping antiretroviral therapy, and therefore not progress to AIDS. ^{[150] [151] [152]}

2014

• Former International AIDS Society president Joep Lange and other HIV/AIDS researchers were killed in the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 in July. ^[153]

2015

• A new, aggressive strain of HIV discovered in Cuba ^{[154] [155]} Researchers at the University of Leuven in Belgium say the HIV strain CRF19 can progress to AIDS within two to three years of exposure to virus. Typically, HIV takes approximately 10 years to develop into AIDS. The researchers found that patients with the CRF19 variant had more virus in their blood than patients who had more common strains. Patients with CRF19 may start getting sick before they even know they have been infected, which ultimately means there is a significantly shorter time span to stop the disease's progression. The researchers suspect that fragments of other subsets of the virus fasten to each other through an enzyme which makes the virus more powerful and more easily replicated in the body, thus the faster progression. ^[155]

2016

• Researchers have found that an international study found that almost 2,000 patients with HIV failed to respond to the antiviral drug known as Tenofovir disoproxil. Tenofovir is the main HIV drug treatment. The failure to respond to treatment indicates that the virus' resistance to the medication is becoming increasingly common. ^{[156] [157]}
• The United Nations holds its 2016 High-Level Meeting on Ending AIDS. The countries involved, the member states of the United Nations, pledge to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. There was significant controversy surrounding the event as over 50 countries blocked the access of LGBTQ+ groups from participating in the meeting. At the conclusion of the meetings, which ran from June 8 to 10, 2016, the final resolution barely mentioned several groups that are most affected by HIV/AIDS: men who have sex with men, transgender people, people who inject drugs, and sex workers. ^[139]

2019

• A second patient is reported to be cured of HIV/AIDS using the same cell therapy approach that cured the first patient of HIV/AIDS, removing doubts that the first instance of the cure was a fluke and providing clinical proof that a cure for HIV/AIDS is both possible and repeatable. ^[158]
• Research Foundation to Cure AIDS (RFTCA) becomes the first 501(c)3 public charity in the United States with a grant to its own biotechnology to research, develop and commercialize a cure for HIV/AIDS on a pro bono basis. ^[159]
• NIH, in collaboration with Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, launches a $200 million commitment to fund efforts focused on curing HIV infection and sickle cell disease. ^[160]

2020s

2021

• The United Nations held the 2021 high-level meeting on HIV/AIDS.

2022

• City of Hope doctors announced that a fourth person in history has been cured of HIV through a stem cell transplant. The patient had cancer, of which he has also been cured. But the doctors warned the procedure cannot be made available on a large scale. ^{[161] [162]}

2023

• PrEP implants in Rhesus macaque monkeys are reported as an additional possible future treatment to prevent HIV in humans. The implant's goal is to make PrEP easier to use for patients who have trouble adhering to a pill or injection timetable, and further avoid adverse drug reactions (in injections). Animals researches with positive results, however, not always fit into human conditions. ^[163]
• Researchers confirmed that a fifth person, called the Düsseldorf patient, was cured from HIV. The fact was first announced at a conference in 2019, from which it had since been pending time verification. ^[164]
• A male HIV patient based in Geneva was reported as having entered the virus' remission for 20 months, without taking antiretrovirals since November 2021. French and Swiss researchers treating him, however, said the treatment did not include receiving stem cells from a donor with the CCR5 mutation, which helped cure all the five previous patients, but through only a bone marrow transplant, citing that as the reason why they still cannot rule out a viral rebound on him. ^{[165] [166]}

See also

• History of HIV/AIDS
• Timeline of early HIV/AIDS cases

References

1. Faria NR, Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Baele G, Bedford T, Ward MJ, et al. (October 2014). "HIV epidemiology. The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations". Science. 346 (6205): 56–61. doi:10.1126/science.1256739. PMC   4254776 . PMID   25278604.
2. Worobey M, Gemmel M, Teuwen DE, Haselkorn T, Kunstman K, Bunce M, et al. (October 2008). "Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960". Nature. 455 (7213): 661–664. Bibcode:2008Natur.455..661W. doi:10.1038/nature07390. PMC   3682493 . PMID   18833279.
3. Keele BF, Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Bailes E, Takehisa J, Santiago ML, et al. (July 2006). "Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1". Science. 313 (5786): 523–526. Bibcode:2006Sci...313..523K. doi:10.1126/science.1126531. PMC   2442710 . PMID   16728595.
4. Sharp PM, Hahn BH (September 2011). "Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 1 (1): a006841. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841. PMC   3234451 . PMID   22229120.
5. Goldman AS, Goldman LR, Goldman DA (June 2005). "What caused the epidemic of Pneumocystis pneumonia in European premature infants in the mid-20th century?". Pediatrics. 115 (6): e725–e736. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-2157 . PMID   15867015.
6. Pence GE (2008). "Preventing the Global Spread of AIDS". Medical Ethics Accounts of the Cases That Shaped and Define Medical Ethics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 330.
7. "Did AIDS Come to Bushwick in the 1950s?". Bushwick Daily. October 15, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
8. Hennigar GR, Vinijchaikul K, Roque AL, Lyons HA (April 1961). "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an adult. Report of a case". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 35 (4): 353–364. doi:10.1093/ajcp/35.4.353. PMID   13713376.
9. Lyons HA, Vinijchaikul K, Hennigar GR (December 1961). "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia unassociated with other disease. Clinical and pathological studies". Archives of Internal Medicine. 108 (6): 929–936. doi:10.1001/archinte.1961.03620120113015. PMID   14467647.
10. "Strange Trip Back to the Future – The case of Robert R. spurs new questions about AIDS", Time, November 9, 1987
11. "A History of HIV/AIDS in North America and the World" (PDF). Regional HIV/AIDS Connection. 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
12. Garner, Katy, ed. (December 2, 2011). "HIV Positive not so Negative Anymore". Sacramento Press. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
13. Wall JD (2013). "Great ape genomics". ILAR Journal. 54 (2): 82–90. doi:10.1093/ilar/ilt048. PMC   3814392 . PMID   24174434.
14. Worobey M, Watts TD, McKay RA, Suchard MA, Granade T, Teuwen DE, et al. (November 2016). "1970s and 'Patient 0' HIV-1 genomes illuminate early HIV/AIDS history in North America". Nature. 539 (7627): 98–101. Bibcode:2016Natur.539...98W. doi:10.1038/nature19827. PMC   5257289 . PMID   27783600.
15. "Solved: the mystery of how AIDS left Africa," New Scientist, November 3, 2007, p.20
16. Vitello P (September 20, 2012). "Jerome Horwitz, AZT Creator, Dies at 93". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
17. Williams EH, Williams PH (1966). "A note on an apparent similarity in distribution of onchocerciasis, femoral hernia and Kaposi's sarcoma in the West Nile District of Uganda". East African Medicine Journal. 43 (6): 208–209. PMID   5943489.
18. Slavin G, Cameron HM, Singh H (June 1969). "Kaposi's sarcoma in mainland Tanzania: a report of 117 cases". British Journal of Cancer. 23 (2): 349–357. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.280.210 . doi:10.1038/bjc.1969.45. PMC   2008268 . PMID   5788043.
19. "Timeline: HIV & AIDS," John Pickrell, New Scientist, September 4, 2006
20. Kolata G (October 28, 1987). "Boy's 1969 Death Suggests AIDS Invaded U.S. Several Times". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
21. "And the Band Played On", Randy Shilts, pp. 512–513, St. Martin's Press, 2007 ISBN   0-312-37463-1
22. Crawford DH (June 27, 2013). Virus Hunt: The search for the origin of HIV/AIDs. ISBN   978-0191654121.
23. Oleske J, Minnefor A, Cooper R, Thomas K, dela Cruz A, Ahdieh H, et al. (May 1983). "Immune deficiency syndrome in children". JAMA. 249 (17): 2345–2349. doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03330410031024. PMID   6834633.
24. Posner G (March 10, 2020). Pharma: Greed, Lies, and the Poisoning of America. ISBN   9781501151897.
25. "At Least There Is Hope". New African Magazine. October 2, 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
26. https://www.acon.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/History_of_HIV_5th-Edition.pdf ^{[ bare URL PDF ]}
27. KQED LGBT Timeline. Kqed.org. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
28. And the Band Played On, p.35
29. AIDS in New York, a Biography. New York. (May 28, 2006). Retrieved December 3, 2011.
30. And the band played on, Randy Shilts, 1987
31. And the Band Played On, p. 37
32. Schultz, Myron G.; Bloch, Alan B. (2016). "In Memoriam: Sandy Ford (1950–2015) - Volume 22, Number 4—April 2016 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 22 (4): 764–765. doi:10.3201/eid2204.151336. PMC   4806958 . PMID   27358969 . Retrieved May 24, 2023.
33. Shilts, Randy (November 27, 2007). And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic, 20th-Anniversary Edition. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN   978-1-4299-3039-0 . Retrieved May 24, 2023.
34. Kinsella J (1989). Covering the Plague: AIDS and the American Media . Rutgers University Press. p.  28. ISBN   9780813514826.
35. Centers for Disease Control (June 1981). "Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles" (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 30 (21): 250–252. PMID   6265753.
36. Lawrence K. Altman (July 3, 1981). "Rare cancer seen in 41 homosexuals". The New York Times . Retrieved February 20, 2012.
37. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (July 3, 1981). "Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis Pneumonia Among Homosexual Men — New York City and California". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 30 (25): 305–308. PMID   6789108.
38. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (August 28, 1981). "Follow-Up on Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis Pneumonia". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 30 (33): 409–410. PMID   6792480 . Retrieved May 25, 2023.
39. John-Manuel Andriote (June 1, 1999). Victory Deferred: How AIDS Changed Gay Life in America . University of Chicago Press. pp.  170–72. ISBN   978-0-226-02049-5.
40. "L'Armari Obert: Historia del Vih/sida en Imágenes. I Parte 1981–1983". 2013.
41. Brand P (November 9, 2021). "Solved: The 40-year mystery of the first man to die of AIDS in Britain".
42. Callen M, Turner D (1988). "A History of the PWA Self-Empowerment Movement". In Callen M (ed.). Surviving and Thriving with AIDS: Collected Wisdom, Volume 2. New York City: People With AIDS Coalition. pp. 288–293. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
43. Richard B (February 1997). "The Way We War". POZ . Archived from the original on June 16, 2002. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
44. https://www.acon.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/History_of_HIV_5th-Edition.pdf ^{[ bare URL PDF ]}
45. du Bois RM, Branthwaite MA, Mikhail JR, Batten JC (December 1981). "Primary Pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus infections". Lancet. 2 (8259): 1339. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(81)91353-2. PMID   6118728. S2CID   38202095.
46. du Bois RM, Branthwaite MA, Mikhail JR, Batten JC (December 1981). "Primary Pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus infections". Lancet. 2 (8259): 1339. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91353-2. PMID   6118728. S2CID   38202095.
47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (June 1982). "A cluster of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among homosexual male residents of Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 31 (23): 305–307. PMID   6811844.
48. Marmor M, Friedman-Kien AE, Laubenstein L, Byrum RD, William DC, D'onofrio S, Dubin N (May 1982). "Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men". Lancet. 1 (8281): 1083–1087. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92275-9. PMID   6122889. S2CID   29667704.
49. Martin Hoskins. "From fear to hope: The story of the Terrence Higgins Trust". Archived from the original on July 9, 2001. Retrieved September 27, 2012. "How it all began" . Retrieved July 19, 2015.
50. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (July 9, 1982). "Opportunistic Infections and Kaposi's Sarcoma among Haitians in the United States". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 31 (26): 353–4, 360–1. PMID   6811853 – via JSTOR.
51. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (September 1982). "Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)--United States". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 31 (37): 507–508, 513–514. PMID   6815471.
52. Nunn PP, McAdam KP (July 1988). "Mycobacterial infections and AIDS". British Medical Bulletin. 44 (3): 801–813. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072284. PMID   3076822.
53. Blaser MJ, Cohn DL (January 1, 1986). "Opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS: clues to the epidemiology of AIDS and the relative virulence of pathogens". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 8 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1093/clinids/8.1.21. PMID   3006206.
54. "Risk factors for AIDS among Haitians residing in the United States. Evidence of heterosexual transmission. The Collaborative Study Group of AIDS in Haitian-Americans". JAMA. 257 (5): 635–639. February 1987. doi:10.1001/jama.1987.03390050061019. PMID   3795445.
55. Johnson AM, Laga M (1988). "Heterosexual transmission of HIV". AIDS. 2 (Suppl 1): S49–S56. doi:10.1097/00002030-198800001-00008. PMID   3147680.
56. Lamoureux G, Davignon L, Turcotte R, Laverdière M, Mankiewicz E, Walker MC (January 1, 1987). "Is prior mycobacterial infection a common predisposing factor to AIDS in Haitians and Africans?". Annales de l'Institut Pasteur. Immunology. 138 (4): 521–529. doi:10.1016/S0769-2625(87)80123-X. PMID   3499911.
57. "AIDS : the early years and CDC's response". Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
58. Pape JW (February–March 2011). "HIV Disease in the Caribbean". Topics in Antiviral Medicine (published February–March 2011). 19 (1): e1–e5. PMC   6148857 .
59. 80 Days That Changed the World. TIME (November 29, 2011). Retrieved December 3, 2011.
60. from: Bruno de Michelis, Remo Modica, Giorgio Re et al.:Trattato di Clinica Odontostomatologica, Turin 1992, 3rd edition; "[the patient was] a homosexual man who had been many times in United States; ... in 1983 were reported other 4 cases about homosexuals who traveled to USA, when in 1984 AIDS cases [in Italy] were 18; among these, was described in Milan the first case about a drug addicted subject who never had been abroad".
61. Current Trends Update on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – United States. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
62. HIV & AIDS in Brazil. Avert.org. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
63. "AIDS: The global epidemic". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 2, 2008. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
64. "AIDS Cases in NSW and Victoria" . Retrieved November 6, 2013.
65. And The Band Played On, Randy Shilts, p. 227, St. Martin's Press, 2007, ISBN   0-312-37463-1
66. "Inicio". Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
67. AIDS in Mexico Archived February 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , November 1998
68. "Casos de sida diagnosticados aumentam em duas décadas – Portugal – DN". DN. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
69. Mayol AV (December 2, 2015). "Central Visayas is top 4 in reported HIV cases". Cebu Daily News.
70. Howard J. "The truth about 'patient zero' and HIV's origins". CNN. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
71. "Roy Cohn". American Heritage. May 1988. Archived from the original on November 15, 2007.
72. A 30 años del primer caso de VIH, crece el número de afectados
73. aids.gov staff. "A Timeline of AIDS". aids.gov. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
74. Note – reference for March 2 date needed
75. "Marsha Rybin Aids walk with Tevis in stroller 1985". Los Angeles Times. July 29, 1985. p. 19. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
76. "The President's News Conference, September 17, 1985". Archived from the original on September 24, 2016.
77. Boffey P (September 18, 1985). "Reagan Defends Financing for AIDS". The New York Times.
78. "Clipped From The Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. September 20, 1985. p. 91. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
79. HIV & AIDS in China. Avert.org. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
80. Xu P, Han L, Zeng G, Ma F, Liu K, Lü F (2013). "我国预防控制经性途径传播艾滋病的政策变迁及趋势分析" [Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted HIV/AIDS in China: Policy Evolution and Trends]. Chinese Journal of Health Policy (in Chinese). 6 (7): 64–67. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
81. Boffey P (January 14, 1986). "AIDS IN THE FUTURE: EXPERTS SAY DEATHS WILL CLIMB SHARPLY". The New York Times. Retrieved May 4, 2008.
82. The C. Everett Koop Papers – AIDS, the Surgeon General, and the Politics of Public Health. nlm.nih.gov
83. Koop CE (1987). "Surgeon General's report on acquired immune deficiency syndrome". Public Health Reports. 102 (1): 1–3. PMC   1477712 . PMID   3101112.
84. Lawyer With AIDS Charges Job Discrimination. The New York Times. (July 15, 1987). Retrieved December 3, 2011.
85. Philadelphia' Screenplay Suit To Reach Court. The New York Times. (March 11, 1996). Retrieved December 3, 2011.
86. "NFL Documentary Profiles Closeted Gay Player". Bilerico Report / LGBTQ Nation. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
87. "Roy Cohn, the flamboyant New York lawyer who catapulted to public prominence in the 1950s as the grand inquisitor of Sen. Joseph McCarthy's communist-hunting congressional panel, died yesterday at the age of 59". Boston Globe . August 3, 1986. Irene Haske, a spokeswoman at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, where Mr. Cohn died, said the primary cause of his death was cardio-pulmonary arrest, with "dementia" and "underlying HTLV III
88. Paul Colichman Chief Executive Officer (October 23, 2013). "Who is Roy Cohn?". PlanetOut. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
89. AIDS in Russia. Spiral.com (December 9, 1997). Retrieved December 3, 2011. Archived October 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
90. Williams C (January 1994). "Sex education and the AIDS epidemic in the Former Soviet Union". Sociology of Health and Illness. 16 (1): 81–102. doi: 10.1111/1467-9566.ep11347015 . ISSN   0141-9889.
91. Overview of HIV and AIDS in India. Avert.org. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
92. Solomon S, Solomon SS, Ganesh AK (September 2006). "AIDS in India". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 82 (971): 545–547. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.044966. PMC   2585722 . PMID   16954447.
93. Broder S (January 2010). "The development of antiretroviral therapy and its impact on the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic". Antiviral Research. 85 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.002. PMC   2815149 . PMID   20018391.
94. Duesberg PH (March 1987). "Retroviruses as carcinogens and pathogens: expectations and reality" (PDF). Cancer Research. 47 (5): 1199–1220. PMID   3028606.
95. "Broadway Director and Choreographer Dead at 44". The New York Times. July 2, 1987. Retrieved March 12, 2023.
96. Understanding AIDS – A Message from the Surgeon General. Profiles.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
97. Lyall, Sarah (August 5, 1988). "Colin Higgins, 47, Director and Writer of Hollywood Films". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2009.
98. Kinsella J (1989). Covering the plague : AIDS and the American media . New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN   0813514819. OCLC   20016426.
99. Hart KR (September 25, 2019). "AIDS in Film and television". Cinema and Media Studies. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199791286-0322. ISBN   978-0-19-979128-6.
100. "N.Y. Court Gives Family Status to Gay Couples". Los Angeles Times. July 7, 1989. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
101. "The Braschi Breakthrough: 30 Years Later, Looking Back on the Relationship Recognition Landmark". Historical Society of the New York Courts. September 12, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
102. "No Glass Cage for AIDS Pupil". The New York Times. Associated Press. April 27, 1989.
103. "AIDS-Infected Child Has First Day at School". Miami Herald. April 28, 1989. p. 15A.
104. Blau, Eleanor (March 15, 1991). "Howard Ashman Is Dead at 40; Writer of 'Little Shop of Horrors'" . The New York Times . p. A23. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
105. Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (April 1994). "Zidovudine for the prevention of HIV transmission from mother to infant". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 43 (16): 285–287. PMID   8159153.
106. "Larry Kert, 60, a Romantic Lead In the Original 'West Side Story', Dies". The New York Times. June 7, 1991.
107. "The Estate Project". Artistswithaids.org. November 15, 1991. Archived from the original on July 26, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
108. "Richard Hunt; Puppeteer for "Sesame Street," "Muppet Show" - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times . January 11, 1992. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
109. "Richard Hunt; Puppeteer, 40". The New York Times . January 9, 1992. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
110. Isaac Asimov FAQ. Asimovonline.com. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
111. Andyboy (May 22, 1992). "The First Cut". DMR . 15 (9): 3. The impact of AIDS on the dance music industry has been felt by many on an excruciatingly personal level. News this week of Prelude artist Sharon Redd's recent death due to AIDS once again brought reality into chillingly clear focus.
112. "The Estate Project". Artistswithaids.org. Archived from the original on May 16, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
113. Tauber M, Neill M, Russell L, Fowler J, Dam J, Tresniowski A, Miller S, Dougherty S, Yu T (October 16, 2000). "American Beauties: 80 Years". People.
114. "Arthur Ashe, Tennis Star, is Dead at 49". AIDS Education Global Information System. February 8, 1993. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
115. Lueck, Thomas J. (June 12, 1993). "Ray Sharkey, 40; Actor Often Played Role of Tough Guy". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
116. "Dorian Corey Is Dead; A Drag Film Star, 56". The New York Times . August 31, 1993.
117. "Emile Ardolino, Director, Is Dead; Specialist in Dance Films Was 50". The New York Times . November 22, 1993. p. B12.
118. Parker R, Aggleton P, Barbosa R (2000). Framing the sexual subject: the politics of gender, sexuality, and power. California, USA: University of California Press. p. 147. ISBN   978-0-520-21838-3.
119. Israel, Betsy (November 28, 1994). "HIV, And Positive, Pedro Zamora of MTV's Real World Lived His Too-Brief Life To Its Limit". People . Vol. 42, no. 22. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
120. Ian Parker (February 26, 1995). "A Bizarre Body of Work | The night-clubs of Eighties London were full of posers; none could pose like Leigh Bowery, who died on New Year's Eve. Outrageous, absurd, tormented, he wanted to turn himself into an art-form. Did he eventually succeed? line standfirst". The Independent . Retrieved August 13, 2018.
121. "Ron Richardson". Variety. variety.com. April 10, 1995. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
122. Grimes, William (May 27, 1995). "Tony Azito, 46, Stage Actor". The New York Times . Retrieved February 4, 2015.
123. "Jeff Getty, 49, AIDS Activist Who Received Baboon Cells, Is Dead". The New York Times. October 16, 2006.
124. Galvani AP, Slatkin M (December 2003). "Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures for the CCR5-Delta 32 HIV-resistance allele". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (25): 15276–15279. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10015276G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2435085100 . PMC   299980 . PMID   14645720.
125. Stephens JC, Reich DE, Goldstein DB, Shin HD, Smith MW, Carrington M, et al. (June 1998). "Dating the origin of the CCR5-Delta32 AIDS-resistance allele by the coalescence of haplotypes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (6): 1507–1515. doi:10.1086/301867. PMC   1377146 . PMID   9585595.
126. de Castilho SR, de Brito MA, Piccoli NJ (2017). "Assessment of pharmaceutical services in HIV/AIDS health units in the city of Niterói, Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 53 (2). doi: 10.1590/s2175-97902017000216113 . ISSN   1984-8250.
127. "Cynthia Culpeper Dies, Rabbi Who Battled AIDS". The Jewish Exponent. September 15, 2005. Retrieved October 14, 2012.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
128. Easley, Terri (August 2008). Seasons of Destiny. Xulon Press. p. 123. ISBN   978-1-60647-152-4.
129. Shisana O (2003). The impact of HIV/AIDS on the health sector : national survey of health personnel, ambulatory and hospitalised patients and health facilities, 2002. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council. p. 146. ISBN   978-1-875017-85-0. OCLC   54406814. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
130. Bunce M (December 7, 1997). "France's Chirac Calls for AIDS Therapy Fund". Reuters. Archived from the original on August 4, 2007.
131. Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, Chen Y, Rodenburg CM, Michael SF, et al. (February 1999). "Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes". Nature. 397 (6718): 436–441. Bibcode:1999Natur.397..436G. doi: 10.1038/17130 . PMID   9989410. S2CID   4432185.
132. Weiss RA, Wrangham RW (February 1999). "From Pan to pandemic". Nature. 397 (6718): 385–386. Bibcode:1999Natur.397..385W. doi:10.1038/17008. PMID   9989400. S2CID   4312012.
133. Hillis DM (June 2000). "AIDS. Origins of HIV". Science. 288 (5472): 1757–1759. doi:10.1126/science.288.5472.1757. PMID   10877695. S2CID   83935412.
134. Birmingham K (October 2000). "Results make a monkey of OPV-AIDS theory". Nature Medicine. 6 (10): 1067. doi: 10.1038/80356 . PMID   11017114. S2CID   10860468.
135. Cohen J (April 2001). "AIDS origins. Disputed AIDS theory dies its final death". Science. 292 (5517): 615. doi:10.1126/science.292.5517.615a. PMID   11330303. S2CID   70625478.
136. Origin of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Retrieved January 30, 2007
137. Worobey M, Santiago ML, Keele BF, Ndjango JB, Joy JB, Labama BL, et al. (April 2004). "Origin of AIDS: contaminated polio vaccine theory refuted". Nature. 428 (6985): 820. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..820W. doi: 10.1038/428820a . PMID   15103367. S2CID   4418410.
138. Atencio J (June 12, 2000). "AIDS Victim Sarah Jane Passes Away". Manila Bulletin . Archived from the original on November 4, 2012 – via HighBeam Research.
139. "A Timeline of HIV and AIDS". HIV.gov. May 11, 2016. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
140. Robinson E (July 26, 2012). "Eugene Robinson: George W. Bush's greatest legacy—his battle against AIDS". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
141. "Scientists Discover Key Genetic Factor in Determining HIV/AIDS Risk". US National Institutes of Health. January 6, 2005. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
142. Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection-Drug Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV in the United States Recommendations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
143. Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Neel C, Bailes E, Keele BF, Liu W, et al. (November 2006). "Human immunodeficiency viruses: SIV infection in wild gorillas". Nature. 444 (7116): 164. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..164V. doi: 10.1038/444164a . PMID   17093443. S2CID   27475571.
144. "The Boy Who Survived". Los Angeles Times .
145. Cohen J (May 2011). "The emerging race to cure HIV infections". Science. 332 (6031): 784–5, 787–9. Bibcode:2011Sci...332..784C. doi:10.1126/science.332.6031.784. PMID   21566173.
146. "Drug Approval Package". accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
147. "Toddler 'Functionally Cured' of HIV Infection, NIH-Supported Investigators Report". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
148. Rayman N (July 10, 2014). "Girl 'Cured' of HIV Relapses in Mississippi". Time. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
149. Luzuriaga K, Gay H, Ziemniak C, Sanborn KB, Somasundaran M, Rainwater-Lovett K, et al. (February 2015). "Viremic relapse after HIV-1 remission in a perinatally infected child". The New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (8): 786–788. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1413931. PMC   4440331 . PMID   25693029.
150. Pollack A, McNeil DG (March 15, 2013). "French Study Indicates Some Patients Can Control H.I.V. After Stopping Treatment". The New York Times.
151. Highleyman L. "hivandhepatitis.com" . Retrieved March 15, 2015.
152. Sáez-Cirión A, Bacchus C, Hocqueloux L, Avettand-Fenoel V, Girault I, Lecuroux C, et al. (March 2013). "Post-treatment HIV-1 controllers with a long-term virological remission after the interruption of early initiated antiretroviral therapy ANRS VISCONTI Study". PLOS Pathogens. 9 (3): e1003211. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003211. PMC   3597518 . PMID   23516360.
153. "Remembering the HIV/Aids researchers and activists lost on MH17". The Guardian .
154. "New, aggressive strain of HIV discovered in Cuba". CBS News. February 16, 2015.
155. Kouri V, Khouri R, Alemán Y, Abrahantes Y, Vercauteren J, Pineda-Peña AC, et al. (March 2015). "CRF19_cpx is an Evolutionary fit HIV-1 Variant Strongly Associated With Rapid Progression to AIDS in Cuba". eBioMedicine. 2 (3): 244–254. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.01.015. PMC   4484819 . PMID   26137563.
156. "A Timeline of HIV and AIDS". HIV.gov. May 11, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
157. Gregson, John; et al. (May 2016). "Global epidemiology of drug resistance after failure of WHO recommended first-line regimens for adult HIV-1 infection: a multicentre retrospective cohort study". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 16 (5): 565–575. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00536-8. PMC   4835583 . PMID   26831472.
158. Mandavilli A (March 4, 2019). "H.I.V. Is Reported Cured in a Second Patient, a Milestone in the Global AIDS Epidemic". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 7, 2021.
159. "RFTCA Purchases Cell-Based Technology to Develop Cure for HIV/AIDS". healio.com. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
160. "NIH launches new collaboration to develop gene-based cures for sickle cell disease and HIV on global scale". National Institutes of Health (NIH). October 23, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
161. "Fourth patient in history seemingly cured of HIV after stem cell transplant".
162. "Man cured of HIV, cancer following breakthrough stem cell transplant: Doctors". ABC News .
163. "PrEP Implant That Protects Against HIV Could Be Near". June 29, 2023. Archived from the original on June 29, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
164. "5th person confirmed to be cured of HIV". ABC News. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
165. https://www.facebook.com/FRANCE24.English (July 19, 2023). "'Geneva patient' the latest in long-term remission from HIV". France 24. Retrieved July 20, 2023.{{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help); External link in |last= (help)
166. "In remission from HIV, a sixth person could join the club of those possibly cured". NBC News. July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 20, 2023.

Further reading

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (December 1992). "1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 41 (RR-17): 1–19. PMID   1361652.
• Garzino-Demo A, Moss RB, Margolick JB, Cleghorn F, Sill A, Blattner WA, et al. (October 1999). "Spontaneous and antigen-induced production of HIV-inhibitory beta-chemokines are associated with AIDS-free status". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (21): 11986–11991. Bibcode:1999PNAS...9611986G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.21.11986 . PMC   18399 . PMID   10518563.
• Opravil M, Ledergerber B, Furrer H, Hirschel B, Imhof A, Gallant S, et al. (July 2002). "Clinical efficacy of early initiation of HAART in patients with asymptomatic HIV infection and CD4 cell count > 350 x 10(6) /l". AIDS. 16 (10): 1371–1381. doi: 10.1097/00002030-200207050-00009 . PMID   12131214. S2CID   378969.
• Dybul M, Fauci AS, Bartlett JG, Kaplan JE, Pau AK (September 2002). "Guidelines for using antiretroviral agents among HIV-infected adults and adolescents". Annals of Internal Medicine. 137 (5 Pt 2): 381–433. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-137-5_part_2-200209031-00001 . PMID   12617573.
• Scaling Up Antiretroviral Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2002. Archived from the original on January 20, 2003.

External links

• Interactive zoomable timeline focusing on the last 30 years and the AIDS Memorial Quilt
• Important milestones in the U.S. HIV/AIDS epidemic
• Flash Global HIV/AIDS Timeline from the Kaiser Family Foundation