Transport in Greater Tokyo

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Transport in Greater Tokyo
Tokyo Subway Linemap ja.svg
Map of Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway rail lines in Tokyo
Overview
Owner Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation, Kanagawa Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture, other municipal governments
Locale Greater Tokyo Metropolitan Area
Transit type Rapid transit, commuter rail, bus and bus rapid transit, light rail, people mover, aerial tramway, bicycle sharing system, taxicab
Operation
Operator(s) Tokyo Metro, Toei Subway, Keikyu Corporation, Odakyu Electric Railway, Keisei Electric Railway, JR East, Seibu Railway, Tobu Railway, Tokyu Railway, Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company, Sagami Railway
Technical
Track gauge 1,067 mm (most common)
Tokyo streets at night Tokyo by night 2011.jpg
Tokyo streets at night

The transport network in Greater Tokyo includes public and private rail and highway networks; airports for international, domestic, and general aviation; buses; motorcycle delivery services, walking, bicycling, and commercial shipping. While the nexus is in the central part of Tokyo, every part of the Greater Tokyo Area has rail or road transport services. There are also a number of ports offering sea and air transport to the general public.

Contents

Public transport within Greater Tokyo is dominated by the world's most extensive urban rail network (as of May 2014, the article Tokyo rail list lists 158 lines, 48 operators, 4,714.5 km of operational track and 2,210 stations [although stations are recounted for each operator]) of suburban trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, trams, monorails, and other modes supporting the railway lines. The above figures do not include any Shinkansen services. However, because each operator manages only its own network, the system is managed as a collection of rail networks rather than a single unit. 40 million passengers (counted twice if transferring between operators) use the rail system daily (14.6 billion annually) with the subway representing 22% of that figure with 8.66 million using it daily. [1] There are 0.24 commuter rail stations per square kilometer (0.61/sq mi) in the Tokyo area, or one for each 4.1 square kilometers (1.6 sq mi) of developed land area. Commuter rail ridership is very dense, at 6 million people per line mile annually, with the highest among automotive urban areas.[ clarification needed ] [2] Walking and cycling are much more common than in many cities around the globe. Private automobiles and motorcycles play a secondary role in urban transport.

Air

Since the Tokyo region is densely populated and relies mainly on rail travel, air traffic infrastructure is comparatively underdeveloped. The situation has improved recently with expansions at both Tokyo airports, as well as Haneda Airport starting to accept international flights again.

Primary airports

Tokyo Haneda Airport JAL B747-400D JA8083 HND.jpg
Tokyo Haneda Airport

Commercial flights in the region are served predominantly by Haneda Airport in Ōta, Tokyo (domestic hub for Japan's major airlines) and Narita International Airport in Narita, Chiba (main international gateway airport to the region but has also recently become a new hub for some domestic flights).

Secondary airports

Chofu Airport in the city of Chōfu in western Tokyo handles commuter flights to the Izu Islands, which are administratively part of Tokyo. Tokyo Heliport in Kōtō serves public-safety and news traffic. In the Izu Islands, Ōshima Airport on Ōshima, Hachijōjima Airport on Hachijō, and Miyakejima Airport on Miyake provide air services.

Ibaraki Airport, located 85 km north of Tokyo, acts as a hub for low-cost carriers, with flights to Sapporo being the most popular. Shizuoka Airport, 175 km southwest of Tokyo, aims to be a more convenient alternative for Shizuoka residents than airports in Tokyo or Nagoya, however none of the above airports have shown to take away any significant traffic from Narita or Haneda and continue to play minor roles.

Military

In addition, the Greater Tokyo area has military bases with airfields:

Helipads

There is also a limited number of helicopter transport services in Tokyo, with one service linking Narita airport with central Tokyo. [3]

Rail

Overview

Statistical profile

Rail is the primary mode of transport in Tokyo. Greater Tokyo has the most extensive urban railway network and the most used in the world with 40 million passengers (transfers between networks tallied twice) in the metro area daily, out of a metro population of 36 million. [1] There are 882 interconnected rail stations in the Tokyo Metropolis, 282 of which are Subway stations, [4] with several hundred more in each of the 3 surrounding densely populated suburban prefectures. There are 30 operators running 121 passenger rail lines (102 serving Tokyo and 19 more serving Greater Tokyo but not Tokyo's city center itself), excluding about 12 cable cars.

Features

Uniquely to most major cities in the world, Tokyo's railway system is not a single, unified and centrally operated network, but rather, it consists of many separately owned and operated systems with varying degrees of interconnectivity. Most lines in Tokyo are privately owned, funded, and operated, though some, like the Toei Subway and the Tokyo Metro, are supported by the Government either directly or indirectly. Each of the region's rail companies tends to display only its own maps, with key transfer points highlighted, ignoring the rest of the metro area's network.

Extensive through and express services for seamless interconnections between certain lines are a major feature of the network; the Narita-Haneda service run integrates track of 6 separate and independent operators. Suburban rail operations and subway lines are also very integrated. Frequent and high-capacity suburban trains from the suburbs commonly continue directly into the subway network to serve central Tokyo, often emerging on the other side of the city to serve another company's surface suburban lines, behaving like an S-bahn network. Shinjuku Station is the busiest train station in the world by passenger throughput. [5] Tokyo's railways tend to shut down at around midnight, with stations themselves closed up around 1 a.m.

Trains had historically been extremely crowded at peak travel times, with people being pushed into trains by so-called oshiya ("pushers"), which was common in the boom eras of the 1960s-1980s. Upgrades on Greater Tokyo's railways are chiefly focused on improving services and grade separating lines.

Corporate networks

Since corporations own, fund, promote, and operate their own networks, this tends to result in high fragmentation and company stations. The end user may need to pass through multiple company gates to get to their destination, racking up extra costs in the process (generally the longer the trip, the less charge per kilometer). This is in contrast to other nations where fares are calculated in a more integrated way. For tourists, transferring between multiple operators and paying several times to get to a single destination within the metro area can be quite confusing and expensive. Locals tend to patronize a particular company for a particular destination and walk/bike to and from that company's stations, avoiding the need to transfer and pay another fare to a different company that may have a station closer to the desired destination.

Busiest JR stations

Passengers carried in Greater Tokyo stations daily (2017): [6]

  1. Shinjuku Station 778,618
  2. Ikebukuro Station 566,516
  3. Tokyo Station 452,549
  4. Yokohama Station 420,192
  5. Shinagawa Station 378,566
  6. Shibuya Station 370,669
  7. Shimbashi Station 277,404
  8. Ōmiya Station 255,147
  9. Akihabara Station 250,251
  10. Kita-Senju Station 217,838

Japan Railway

JR Yamanote Line 20230911 JR East E235-0 37 entering Shinagawa Station.jpg
JR Yamanote Line

East Japan Railway Company, or JR East, is the largest passenger railway company in the world. It operates trains throughout the Greater Tokyo area (as well as the rest of northeastern Honshū).

In addition to operating some long-haul shinkansen ("bullet train") lines, JR East operates Tokyo's largest commuter railway network. This network includes the Yamanote Line, which encircles the center of Tokyo; the Keihin-Tōhoku Line between Saitama and Yokohama; the Utsunomiya Line (part of the Tōhoku Main Line) to Saitama and beyond; the Chūō Line to western Tokyo; the Sōbu Line, Chūō-Sōbu Line and Keiyō Line to Chiba; and the Yokohama, Tōkaidō, and Yokosuka lines to Kanagawa.

Many additional lines form a network outside the center of the city, allowing inter-suburban travel. Among these are the Hachikō, Itsukaichi, Jōban, Jōetsu, Kawagoe, Musashino, Ōme, Negishi, Nambu, Sagami, Takasaki, and Tsurumi lines. In total, JR alone operates 23 lines within the Greater Tokyo area.

JR East is also the majority shareholder in the Tokyo Monorail, one of the world's most commercially successful monorail lines.

Other railway operators serving Greater Tokyo

Map of operators in Greater Tokyo Area Greater Tokyo rail network.png
Map of operators in Greater Tokyo Area

Regional railways transport commuters from the suburbs to central Tokyo. These include several private railway networks that own and operate a total of 55 lines serving Tokyo. These same operators indirectly operate another 24 lines outside of Tokyo as well as a few tourist-oriented aerial lifts and funiculars.

Some private and public carriers operate within the boundaries of Tokyo.

Subway operators

The Ginza Line, Asia's oldest subway line, first opened in 1927 Tokyo metro 1000 series 1139F 20190318.jpg
The Ginza Line, Asia's oldest subway line, first opened in 1927

Two organizations operate the Tokyo subway network with several other operators in the metropolitan area that operate lines that can be classified as rapid transit:

Other railway operators of Greater Tokyo

Railway companies that serve other parts of Greater Tokyo include:

Ridership

Below is the annual ridership of each major operator as of the 2017 fiscal year. [7] Transfers between operators are not counted unless they pass through a ticketing gate (not simply a platform).

OperatorDaily ridershipAnnual ridership
East Japan Railway Company16,359,9625,971,386,130
Tokyo Metro7,422,0952,709,064,675
Tōkyū Corporation3,171,6601,157,655,900
Toei Subway3,128,7181,141,982,070
Tōbu Railway2,522,067920,554,455
Odakyū Electric Railway2,069,383755,324,795
Keio Corporation1,851,364675,747,860
Seibu Railway1,804,521658,650,165
Keihin Electric Railway (Keikyu)1,316,499480,522,135
Keisei Electric Railway786,063286,912,995
Sagami Railway634,899231,738,135
Total41,067,23114,989,539,315

Buses and trams

Toei bus Tobus S-B101 Fuel Cell Bus.jpg
Toei bus

Public buses in Greater Tokyo usually serve a secondary role, feeding bus passengers to and from train stations. Exceptions are long-distance bus services, buses in areas poorly served by rail (not many exist), and airport bus services for people with luggage. Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation operates Toei buses mainly within the 23 special wards while private bus companies (mostly the subsidiaries of the large train operators listed above) operate other bus routes, as do other city governments, such as Kawasaki City Bus, Yokohama City Bus, etc. Toei buses have a fixed fare of 210 yen [8] per ride, while most other companies charge according to distance. Some train operators offer combined bus/train tickets; special fares apply for children, seniors and the disabled. Some routes feature non-step buses with a kneeling function to assist mobility-impaired users. [9]

Tokyo Toden, Tokyo's tram network, previously boasted 41 routes with 213 kilometers of track. Now Tokyo has one tram line and one light rail line.

Taxis

A Tokyo taxi driver indicating a fare of 50 Sen by holding up five fingers, in 1932 TokyoTaxi-50Sen 1932.jpg
A Tokyo taxi driver indicating a fare of 50 Sen by holding up five fingers, in 1932

Taxis also serve a similar role to buses, supplementing the rail system, especially after midnight when most rail lines cease to operate. People moving around the city on business often choose taxis for convenience, as do people setting out in small groups.

As of December 2007, taxis cost ¥710 (~$7.89 at ¥90/$1 USD) for the first two kilometers, and ¥90 for every 288 meters thereafter, or approximately ¥312.5 per kilometer. Most companies tend to raise fares by 20% between 22:00-5:00, but other companies have kept fares low to compete in a crowded market. [10] [11]

Roads

This marker in Nihonbashi is the place from which distances along highways are reckoned. NihombashiDatum.jpg
This marker in Nihonbashi is the place from which distances along highways are reckoned.

Local and regional highways

National, prefectural and metropolitan, and local roads crisscross the region. Some of the major national highways are:

The datum from which distances are reckoned is in Nihonbashi.

Expressways

The Shuto Expressway network covers central Tokyo, linking the intercity expressways together, while primarily serving commuters and truck traffic. The Bayshore Route bypasses Tokyo by traveling from Kanagawa Prefecture in between, above, and under manmade islands around Tokyo Bay to Chiba Prefecture. The Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line, which goes underneath Tokyo Bay, links Kawasaki to Kisarazu in Chiba Prefecture. Important regional expressways include the Tokyo Inner Circular Expressway, Tokyo Outer Circular Expressway, Third Tokyo-Yokohama Road, and Tokyo-Chiba Road. Presently under construction (with some segments operating), the Central Capital District Expressway will be a major circumferential through the area.

Many long-distance expressway routes converge at Tokyo including the Tōmei Expressway, Chūō Expressway, Kan-Etsu Expressway, and Tōhoku Expressway.

Private/Commercial autos

Private and commercial automobiles account are owned by fewer individuals than in other parts of the country. Tokyo, with a population of over 13 million, in 2014 registered a bit less than 4 million vehicles. Tokyo's average car size is larger than the rest of the country, with only 20.1% being kei cars. However it has followed the national trend of kei car popularity increasing almost every year. [12] Kanagawa prefecture also followed a similar trend but to a lower degree, the other two suburban prefectures were similar to the national averages. This is in contrast to Okinawa (opposite extreme in Japan), where there are almost as many registered vehicles as people, however 55.7% were kei cars in 2014.[ citation needed ]

Maritime transport

Passenger ferries

Tokyo-Wan Ferry Shirahama-maru Tokyo Bay Ferry Shirahama-maru.jpg
Tokyo-Wan Ferry Shirahama-maru

The notable route which serves as internal transport is Tokyo-Wan Ferry, the car-passenger ferry route between Yokosuka, Kanagawa and Futtsu, Chiba, [13] crossing Tokyo Bay. Other passenger services within the bay are mostly used as scenic cruises, such as Tokyo Cruise Ship and Tokyo Mizube Line in Tokyo, The Port Service and Keihin Ferry Boat in Yokohama.

Out of the bay, the car-passenger ferries to the Izu Islands and the Ogasawara Islands, Shikoku, Kyūshū, the Amami Islands and Okinawa serve from the ports of Tokyo or Yokohama. [14] The car-passenger ferries to Hokkaidō serve from Ōarai, Ibaraki. [14] There are some other freight ferries (which can carry less than 13 passengers) serving out of the Bay.

Shipping

Shipping plays a crucial role for inbound and outbound freight, both domestic and international. The Port of Tokyo and Port of Yokohama are both major ports for Japan and Greater Tokyo.

Bicycle

Greater Tokyo is little different from the rest of Japan in regarding other modes of transport. It is home to the majority of Japan's automated bicycle systems with 14% of all commutes by bicycle and has a number of bicycle sharing systems. [15] Docomo Bike Shares, Hello Cycling and Luup are among the most popular bicycle sharing service providers in Greater Tokyo, With Docomo Bike Shares holding the largest share of Bicycle sharing system usage. [16] [17] However, even though Docomo is widely accepted as the dominant shared bicycle supplier, it is viewed as an unreliable and difficult to use system by many, with its app having 2.1 stars on iOS app store and 2 stars on Tripadvisor [18] [19] [20]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transport in Japan</span>

Transport in Japan is modern and highly developed. Japan's transport sector stands out for its energy efficiency: it uses less energy per person compared to other countries, thanks to a high share of rail transport and low overall travel distances. Transport in Japan is also very expensive in international comparison, reflecting high tolls and taxes, particularly on automobile transport. Japan's spending on roads has been large. The 1,200,000 kilometres (750,000 mi) of paved road are the main means of transport. Traffic in Japan drives on the left. A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities, which are operated by toll-collecting enterprises.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saitama Prefecture</span> Prefecture of Japan

Saitama Prefecture is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Saitama Prefecture has a population of 7,338,536 and has a geographic area of 3,797 km2. Saitama Prefecture borders Tochigi Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture to the north, Nagano Prefecture to the west, Yamanashi Prefecture to the southwest, Tokyo to the south, Chiba Prefecture to the southeast, and Ibaraki Prefecture to the northeast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Japan Railway Company</span> Japanese railway company

The East Japan Railway Company is a major passenger railway company in Japan, the largest of the seven Japan Railways Group companies. The company name is officially abbreviated as JR-EAST or JR East in English, and as JR Higashi-Nihon in Japanese. The company's headquarters are in Yoyogi, Shibuya, Tokyo, next to Shinjuku Station. It is listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange, is a constituent of the TOPIX Large70 index, and is one of three Japan Railways Group constituents of the Nikkei 225 index, the others being JR Central and JR West.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater Tokyo Area</span> Metropolitan area in Japan

The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world, consisting of the Kantō region of Japan as well as the prefecture of Yamanashi of the neighboring Chūbu region. In Japanese, it is referred to by various terms, one of the most common being Capital Region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tokyo Metro</span> Subway system in Tokyo, Japan

The Tokyo Metro is a major rapid transit system in Tokyo, Japan, operated by the Tokyo Metro Co. With an average daily ridership of 6.52 million passengers, the Tokyo Metro is the larger of the two subway operators in the city; the other being the Toei Subway, with 2.85 million average daily rides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tokyo subway</span> Part of the rapid transit system in the Greater Tokyo area of Japan

Two major subway systems operate in Tokyo: Tokyo Metro and the Toei Subway. Most of the network is located in the 23 special wards, with portions extending into Chiba and Saitama Prefectures. The subways are one part of Greater Tokyo's passenger rail network, with through service further connecting the subway to suburban railways in Western Tokyo and Kanagawa Prefecture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yokohama Station</span> Major railway and metro station in Yokohama, Japan

Yokohama Station is a major interchange railway station in Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Japan. It is the busiest station in Kanagawa Prefecture and the fifth-busiest in the world as of 2013, serving 760 million passengers a year.

Here is a list of monorails in Japan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rail transport in Japan</span>

Rail transport in Japan is a major means of passenger transport, especially for mass and high-speed travel between major cities and for commuter transport in urban areas. It is used relatively little for freight transport, accounting for just 0.84% of goods movement. The privatised network is highly efficient, requiring few subsidies and running with extreme punctuality, though since privatisation several unprofitable but socially valuable lines have been closed by private operators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pasmo</span> Contactless smart card used in Japan

Pasmo is a rechargeable contactless smart card electronic money system. It is primarily used for public transport in Tokyo, Japan, where it was introduced on 18 March 2007. Pasmo can also be used as a payment card for vending machines and stores. In 2013, Pasmo became usable in all major cities across Japan as part of the Nationwide Mutual Usage Service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saitama (city)</span> Designated city in Kantō, Japan

Saitama is the capital and largest city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Its area incorporates the former cities of Urawa, Ōmiya, Yono and Iwatsuki. It is a city designated by government ordinance. As of 1 February 2021, the city had an estimated population of 1,324,854, and a population density of 6,093 people per km². Its total area is 217.43 square kilometres (83.95 sq mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wakōshi Station</span> Railway and metro station in Wakō, Saitama Prefecture, Japan

Wakōshi Station is an interchange passenger railway station located in the city of Wakō, Saitama, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Tōbu Railway and Tokyo subway operator Tokyo Metro. It is the only Tokyo Metro station located in Saitama Prefecture. It is the westernmost station in the Tokyo subway network, and the northernmost Tokyo Metro station.

Transport in the Keihanshin metropolitan region is much like that of Tokyo: it includes public and private rail and highway networks; airports for international, domestic, and general aviation; buses; motorcycle delivery services, walking, bicycling, and commercial shipping. The nexus is in the central part of Osaka, though Kobe and Kyoto are major centers in their own right. Every part of Keihanshin has rail or road transport services. Sea and air transport is available from a limited number of ports for the general public.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Narita International Airport</span> Major international airport serving the Greater Tokyo Area, Japan

Narita International Airport, also known as Tokyo-Narita International Airport or simply Narita Airport, formerly and originally known as New Tokyo International Airport, is one of two international airports serving the Greater Tokyo Area, the other one being Haneda Airport (HND). It is about 60 km (37 mi) east of central Tokyo in Narita, Chiba. The facility since July 2019, covers 1,137 hectares of land and construction to expand to nearly 2,300 ha is under way.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transport in Greater Nagoya</span> Overview of the transportation network in Greater Nagoya

Transport in Greater Nagoya (Chūkyō) is similar to that of the Tokyo and Osaka, but is more automobile oriented, as the urban density is less than Japan's two primary metropolises, and major automobile manufacturers like Toyota are based here. Still, compared to most cities of its size worldwide it has a considerable rail transport network with 3 million passenger trips daily, with a similar density and extent of passenger rail to London or New York City, complemented with highways and surface streets for private motor transport. It includes public and private rail and highway networks; airports for international, domestic, and general aviation; buses; motorcycle delivery services, walking, bicycling, and commercial shipping. The nexus of the public transport system is Nagoya Station. Every region of Greater Nagoya, also known as the Chūkyō Metropolitan Area (中京圏), has rail or road transport services, and the area as a whole is served by sea and air links.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transport in Fukuoka-Kitakyushu</span> Methods and history of transport in Fukuoka-Kitakyushu, Japan

Transport in Fukuoka-Kitakyushu is similar to that of other large cities in Japan, but with a high degree of private transport. The region is a hub of international ferry services and has a high degree of air connectivity and a considerable rail transport network, complemented with highways and surface streets. It includes public and private rail and highway networks; airports for international, domestic, and general aviation; buses; motorcycle delivery services, walking, bicycling, and commercial shipping. The foci of the public transport system are Hakata Station, Tenjin Station, and Kokura Station, in Fukuoka and Kitakyushu cities respectively. Between these two cities lies a more sparse weblike regional rail network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Station numbering</span> Sign system used by some railway companies

Station numbering is a sign system which assigns station codes consisting of a few letters and numbers to train stations. It aims to facilitate navigation for foreign travelers not familiar with the local language by using globally understood characters. The system is now in use by various railway companies around the world such as in Mainland China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sōtetsu Shin-Yokohama Line</span> Railway line in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan

The Sōtetsu Shin-Yokohama Line is a commuter line operated by Sotetsu between Nishiya Station on the Sōtetsu Main Line to Shin-Yokohama Station. Sōtetsu has put its company names as a formal part of the line names, which is a first for the company.

References

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  3. "New Narita-Tokyo copter service targets rich, famous | the Japan Times Online". Archived from the original on 2010-08-19. Retrieved 2010-09-09.
  4. There are 0.61 commuter rail stations in the Tokyo area per square mile (one for each 1.6 square miles) of developed land area, combined with the high density connecting bus networks, Commuter rail ridership is very dense, at 6 million people per line mile annually, with the highest among automotive urban areas. Urban Transport Factbook, Tokyo-Yokohama Suburban Rail Summary
  5. According to the Shinjuku Station article, the station was used by an average of 3.64 million people per day in 2007. It is registered with Guinness World Records.
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  7. Daily Average Ridership in 2017 Train Media (sourced from JR East) Retrieved March 5, 2019.
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  9. Toei Bus official website: 50% of buses are now non-step buses.
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