Wessex Formation

Wessex Formation
Stratigraphic range: Berriasian–Barremian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Exposure of the Wessex Formation west of Chilton Chine
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Wealden Group
Sub-units	Coarse Quartz Grit (in Dorset)
Underlies	Vectis Formation
Overlies	Durlston Formation
Thickness	up to 1000 m near Swanage
Lithology
Primary	mudstone
Other	sandstone, ironstone & conglomerate
Location
Region	Southern England
Country	UK
Extent	Dorset, Isle of Wight, offshore Wessex Basin
Type section
Named for	Wessex
Named by	Daley and Stewart
Location	Bacon Hole, Mupe Bay
Year defined	1979
Exposure of the Wessex and Vectis Formations on the South Coast of the Isle of Wight, shown in turquoise, exposures in Dorset not shown.

The Wessex Formation is a fossil-rich English geological formation that dates from the Berriasian to Barremian stages of the Early Cretaceous. It forms part of the Wealden Group and underlies the younger Vectis Formation and overlies the Durlston Formation. ^[1] The dominant lithology of this unit is mudstone with some interbedded sandstones. It is part of the strata of the Wessex Basin, exposed in both the Isle of Purbeck and the Isle of Wight. While the Purbeck sections are largely barren of vertebrate remains, the Isle of Wight sections are well known for producing the richest and most diverse fauna in Early Cretaceous Europe.

Nomenclatural history

The Wessex Formation has historically alternately been called the "Variegated Marls and Sandstones", a name used by W. J. Arkell in his 1947 map of the Isle of Purbeck ^[2] as well as the "Wealden Marls" ^[3] It was given its current formal name by Daley and Stewart in 1979. ^[4]

Stratigraphy and lithology

Introduction

Position of the Wessex Formation within the Wessex Basin succession

The Wessex Formation forms part of the Wealden Group within the Wessex Basin, an area of subsidence since Permo-Triassic times. The basin is located along southern half of the Isle of Wight and Purbeck, extending offshore into the English Channel. The Wealden Group is also exposed significantly in the Weald Basin, which has a separate stratigraphic succession. The Wealden Group is not widely present elsewhere in Britain, as these areas were tectonic highs where little to no sediment deposition was taking place. The formation has limited exposure as it has been deeply buried beneath the subsequent Lower Greensand. Selbourne and Chalk Groups, as well as being very vulnerable to erosion. It has been exposed at the surface due to the creation of anticlinal structures as a distant effect of the formation of the Pyrenees as part of the Alpine Orogeny during the Paleogene. ^[5] The major source rocks for the sediments were from the Cornubian Massif to the west, an upland region roughly equivalent to the extent of Cornwall and Devon, with occasional large dropstones transported in tree roots being found in Wealden sediments over 100 kilometres from where they originated. ^[6]

The Wessex Formation in the Isle of Purbeck

The exposure in of the Wessex Formation in the Isle of Purbeck is largely confined to a thin belt on the south side of the Purbeck Ridge and is best exposed at Swanage, ^[7] Lulworth Cove ^[8] and Worbarrow Bay. ^[9] One notable persistent horizon within the Purbeck sections of the formation is the "Coarse Quartz Grit", an up to 6 metre thick sequence of conglomeratic ironstone, with many beds including numerous centimetre sized subangular to rounded pebbles predominantly of vein derived quartz, hence the name. This horizon is present throughout the Purbeck outcrops of the Wessex Formation. ^[9] The transition to the Vectis Formation at Swanage is obscured by a landslip. ^[10]

The Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight

Wessex Formation mudstones

The Isle of Wight succession has two primary exposures, The major one being the several kilometre long section along the South West coastline around Brighstone Bay, and another smaller exposure on the South East coast near Yaverland. While the formation taken as a whole dates from the Berriasian to the Barremian, only the uppermost part of the formation is exposed on the Isle of Wight. With less than 200 metres of exposed composite stratigraphic thickness, and which dates from Hauterivian to Barremian. ^[11] A radiometric date has been obtained from the lower part of the succession, estimated to be 127.3 ± 2.7 million years ago. ^[12] This makes the formation coeval with upper portion of the Weald Clay in the Weald Basin. The primary lithology of the exposed portion of the formation on the Isle of Wight consists of featureless purple-red overbank mudstone, interbedded with sandstones. The environment of deposition was a floodplain within a narrow, east–west oriented valley. ^[13] The climate at the time of deposition is considered to be semi-arid, based on the presence of pedogenic calcrete nodules within the mudstones. ^[14] The "Pine Raft" horizon found near the base of the exposed portion of the formation includes calcitized conifer trunks up to metre in diameter and 2–3 metres long. ^[15]

Cast of a dinosaur footprint, Wessex Formation

Plant debris beds

Close up of L6 plant debris bed, showing charcoalised plant matter suspended in grey mudstone

A notable feature of the formation are the so-called "plant debris beds". These consist of a basal matrix supported conglomerate, grading upwards into grey mudstone with lignitic plant debris, including large trunk fragments of the extinct conifer Pseudofrenelopsis present in the upper portion. These were formed by sheet flood deposits induced by storms that filled pre-existing topographic lows like oxbow lakes and abandoned channels in the floodplain depositional environment. ^[16] The debris beds do not form a continuous horizon throughout the formation, but are laterally extensive over tens of metres. Many of the wood fragments in the debris beds are cemented together with large nodules of pyrite, suggesting depositional conditions were anoxic. ^[17] Most fossils within the formation are associated with the debris beds. Vertebrate fossils are mostly disarticulated individual bones and teeth, suggesting a long subaerial exposure prior to burial, though the bones lack abrasion, suggesting that they had not been significantly transported. Partial skeletons also sometimes occur, but are uncommon. Autochthonous siderite nodules are also present, which encase some of the fossils. ^[16] Plant debris beds also exist within the Swanage section, and one of these horizons has yielded microvertebrate remains. ^[10]

"Hypsilophodon bed"

Skeleton of Hypsilophodon

While most fossils are associated with the plant debris beds, a notable exception is the "Hypsilophodon bed" present near the top of the formation, an up to 1 metre thick bed of silty red-green mudstone, with two separate horizons that have produced almost exclusively over a hundred complete and articulated skeletons of the dinosaur Hypsilophodon , sometimes even with preserved tail tendons. The bed is laterally extensive, being persistent for over a kilometre. It has been recently suggested that the accumulation of skeletons were a mass mortality event caused by a crevasse splay. Just above the " Hypsilophodon bed" the red mudstones of the Wessex Formation change to the transitional light coloured sandstone "White rock" and overlying laminated grey mudstones of the Vectis Formation, caused by the changing of environmental conditions from that of a floodplain to coastal lagoon conditions. ^[18]

Palaeoenvironment

The palaeoenvironment of the Wessex Formation is considered to have been semi-arid, and has variously been compared to chaparral ^[13] or macchia ^[10] Mediterranean shrubland. The dominant trees were conifers of the extinct family Cheirolepidiaceae belonging to the genera Pseudofrenelopsis and Watsoniocladus , both of which have reduced xerophytic leaves adapted to arid conditions. ^[10] Tree cover is thought to have been thin, and concentrated near waterways. ^[19] The ground cover is thought to have consisted of xerophytic ferns. ^[10] Wildfires were common occurrences, as evidenced by preserved charred vegetation. ^[16]

Fauna

Life restoration of dinosaurs discovered in Wessex Formation

Invertebrates

Invertebrates are commonly preserved in the Wessex Formation. Freshwater bivalves can be found including unionids such as Margaritifera , Nippononaia , and Unio . These bivalves help reconstruct what the freshwater paleoenvironment may have been like during the formation's deposition. Specimens of Viviparus , a genus of freshwater snail, have also been found. While compression fossils of insects are found in the overlying Vectis Formation, all insect fossils in the Wessex Formation are found as inclusions in amber. Amber can be found present as a rare component in plant debris beds in the Wessex formation both on the Isle of Wight and the Isle of Purbeck, however, the only significant concentration and where all of the inclusions have been found is a lag channel in the L6 plant debris horizon just south-east of Chilton Chine. Only four species from the amber have been formally described, Cretamygale chasei a mygalomorph spider, Dungeyella gavini ^[20] Libanodiamesa simpsoni, both chironomid midges, as well as Embolemopsis maryannae, a embolemid parasitic wasp. However a table of undescribed taxa has been given, ^[20] and several images of some of the undescribed taxa have been released from various sources, including multiple chironomids, and a therevid dipteran. ^[21]

Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon		Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Arthropods

Arthropods of the Wessex Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Abundance	Note	Images
Cypridea [22]	C. wicheri, C. brevirostrata	Dungy Head	Base of the formation		An ostracod belonging to Cypridoidea
Cretamygale	C. chasei [23]	Chilton Chine	L6 plant debris bed	Single specimen	Mygalomorph spider, has been described from a specimen found in amber.	See article
Dungeyella	D. gavini [24]	Chilton Chine	L6 plant debris bed	Multiple specimens	A tiny buchonomyiine chironomid midge	See article
Embolemopsis	E. maryannae [25]	Chilton Chine	L6 plant debris bed	Single specimen	Embolemid parasitic wasp, genus also known from the Zaza Formation. Specimen previously described as a dryinid in a 2015 conference abstract. [21]
Protopangu	P. valdensis [26]	Chilton Chine	L6 plant debris bed	Single specimen	A panguid parasitic stinging wasp
Libanodiamesa	L. simpsoni [27]	Chilton Chine	L6 plant debris bed	Single specimen	Prodiamesinae chironomid, genus also known from the Lebanese amber
Chironomidae	Indeterminate	Chilton Chine	L6 plant debris bed	44% of all arthropod inclusions	Uncertain how many taxa represented, likely at least two. At least one is a tanypodian with a wingspan twice that of Dungeyella .
Therevidae	Indeterminate	Chilton Chine	L6 plant debris bed	At least one specimen	At least one specimen figured
Diptera	Indeterminate	Chilton Chine	L6 plant debris bed	Multiple specimens	Uncertain how many taxa represented
Hymenoptera	Indeterminate	Chilton Chine	L6 plant debris bed	Multiple specimens	Uncertain how many taxa represented
Blattodea	Indeterminate	Chilton Chine	L6 plant debris bed	Single specimen
Coleoptera	Indeterminate	Chilton Chine	L6 plant debris bed	Single specimen
Curculionoidea?	Indeterminate				Represented by a boring in a gymnospermous seed. [28]

Cartilaginous fishes

Cartilaginous fishes of the Wessex Formation [29]
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Abundance	Note	Images
Egertonodus	H. basanus				Hybodontid hybodont shark
Hybodus	Indeterminate 1		Yaverland bed 38, L9
	Indeterminate 2		Yaverland bed 38, L9
	Indeterminate 3		Yaverland bed 38, L9
Lonchidion	L. breve		Yaverland bed 38		Lonchidiid hybodont shark
	L. striatum		Yaverland bed 38, L9	51.43% of total chondrichthyan taxa in L9
	Indeterminate 1		Yaverland bed 38, L9
	Indeterminate 2		Yaverland bed 38, L9	35.86% of total chondrichthyan taxa in Yaverland bed 38
	Indeterminate 3		Yaverland bed 38, L9
Hylaeobatis	H. problematica
Palaeoscyllium	Indeterminate				Catshark
Parvodus	P. heterodon				Lonchidiid hybodont shark
Protospinax	Indeterminate				Selachimorph shark
Vectiselachos	V. ornatus				Lonchidiid hybodont shark

Ray-finned fish

Ray-finned fishes of the Wessex Formation [29]
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Abundance	Notes	Images
Belonostomus	Indeterminate			Aspidorhynchiformes	Known from isolated teeth	Full skeleton of the related Belonostomus tenuirostris
Caturus	Indeterminate			Amiiform fish
Coelodus	Indeterminate			Pycnodontid fish
Coccolepis [30]	Indeterminate			Coccolepidid fish
Lepidotes	Indeterminate
Ocloedus	Indeterminate
Pachythrissops	Indeterminate
Pycnodontiformes	Indeterminate
Scheenstia	Indeterminate			Lepidotid fish

Lissamphibians

Amphibians of the Wessex Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Abundance	Notes	Images
Wesserpeton [31]	W.evansae		L2 and Yaverland 38		Albanerpetontid amphibian
Anura [32]	Indeterminate	Multiple	1: Yaverland 38 2: L2 and Yaverland 38 3: L2 and Yaverland 38 4: Yaverland 38 5: Yaverland 38	At least 5 distinct taxa distinguished by characters in their ilium
Urodela	Indeterminate	Multiple	1: L2, L14 and Yaverland 33 and 38 2: L9 and Yaverland 38 3: unnamed bed in Compton bay and Yaverland 38	At least 3 distinct taxa distinguished by their atlas vertebrae

Squamates

Squamates of the Wessex Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Abundance	Notes	Images
Meyasaurus [31]	Indeterminate	Yaverland	Yaverland bed 38	Teeth and a partial lower jaw	Genus also known from Spain
Anguimorpha [32]	indeterminate	Multiple plant debris beds	1st taxon L14 and L2, 2nd L2 and Yaverland bed 38, 3rd Yaverland bed 38	At least 3 distinct taxa represented by isolated teeth, maxilla and lower jaw fragments, alongside a possible fourth taxon. [33]
Scincomorpha [32]	indeterminate	Multiple plant debris beds	1: L14 and Yaverland 38 2: Yaverland 38, 3: L2 and Yaverland 38 4,5: Yaverland bed 38 6:L2, L14 and Yaverland 38 7,8,9: Yaverland 38 10: L2, L14 and Yaverland 38	At least 10 distinct taxa represented by isolated teeth, maxilla and lower jaw fragments, some of which are paramacellodids based on the common occurrence of osteoderms typical of this clade. [33]

Turtles

Turtles of the Wessex Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Helochelydra	H. nopcsai			Shell and skull material	Helochelydrid
Brodiechelys	B. brodiei			Shell fragments	Xinjiangchelyid, previously known by the synonyms Plesiochelys brodiei Lydekker, 1889; Plesiochelys valdensis Lydekker, 1889 and Plesiochelys vectensis Hooley, 1900 [34]
Eodortoka [12]	E. cf. morellana			Partial shell with associated vertebrae and limb bones	A dortokid panpleurodiran turtle.

Neosuchians

Neosuchians of the Wessex Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Abundance	Notes	Images
Anteophthalmosuchus [35]	A. hooleyi		Disputed, either uppermost Wessex or lowermost Vectis
	A. epikrator [36]	Hanover Point		Mostly complete skull and partial dentaries and associated postcranial material
Bernissartia	Indeterminate			40 Isolated teeth
Hulkepholis	H. willetti
Koumpiodontosuchus [37]	K. aprosdokiti [37]
Theriosuchus	Indeterminate
Vectisuchus	V. leptognathus	Barnes High	Just below base of Vectis formation	"Partial semi-articulated skeleton"

Plesiosaurs

Plesiosaurs of the Wessex Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Abundance	Notes	Images
Elasmosauridae [38]	Indeterminate	Compton Bay		Vertebra
Plesiosauroidea [38]	Indeterminate	Tie pits, atherfield		Propodial	Leptocleididae?

Mammals

Mammals of the Wessex Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Eobaatar	E. clemensi [39]	Multiple debris beds	L9, Yaverland bed 38 and CL3	Teeth	Eobaatarid multituberculate
? Gobiconodon	Indeterminate	Yaverland	Yaverland bed 38	A lower right premolariform [40]	Gobiconodontid
Loxaulax	?L. valdensis [39]			Teeth	Eobaatarid multituberculate
Yaverlestes [41]	Y. gassoni	Multiple debris beds	Mandible from Yaverland bed 38, isolated teeth from L2, L9 and L14	Mandible Fragment and isolated teeth	Spalacotheriid
Dryolestidae [32]	Indeterminate	Multiple debris beds	Yaverland bed 38 and L9	A lower right molar (NHMUK.M45558) C, an upper left molar (NHMUK.M45564)., a tentatively referred lower left or upper right premolar (NHMUK.M45484) [40]
Eutriconodonta	Indeterminate	Yaverland	Yaverland bed 38	Lower left molariform
Zatheria [32]	Indeterminate			Premolars	Eutheria?

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs of the Wessex Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Caulkicephalus	C. trimicrodon			Skull and rostrum fragments	An ornithocheirid
Ctenochasmatidae	Indeterminate			Tooth, potentially a gnathosaurine
Istiodactylus	I. latidens			Partial skeleton and skull, and referred mandible fragment	An istiodactylid
Istiodactylidae	Indeterminate		Found throughout the sub basin	Teeth	Two other species, distinct from I.latidens
Neoazhdarchia	Indeterminate			Humerus
Ornithocheiridae	Indeterminate			"partial distal left metacarpal IV" [42]	Estimated wingspan of 5.6 metres
Uktenadactylus	U. rodriguesae			Rostrum fragment	An ornithocheirid, distinct from Coloborhynchus
Wightia [43]	W. declivirotris			Rostrum fragment	A tapejarid

Dinosaurs

Ornithischians

Ankylosaurs

Ankylosaurs reported from the Wessex Formation
Genus	Species	Synonyms	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Polacanthus	P. foxii	Polacanthoides ponderosus ?		Dorsal vertebrae, dorsosacral vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, caudosacral vertebra, caudal vertebrae, dorsal ribs, ilia, pubes, ischia, femora, tibia, distal end of fibula, astragalus, metatarsals, ungual phalanx, sacral shield and osteoderms.	An ankylosaur
Vectipelta	V. barretti			Partial skeleton	An ankylosaur. Referred to as the "Spearpoint ankylosaur" prior to its original description. Only distantly related to Polacanthus.

Neornithischians

Neornithischians reported from the Wessex Formation
Genus	Species	Synonyms	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Brighstoneus	B. simmondsi			Partial skeleton [44]	A hadrosauriform iguanodontian
Hypsilophodon	H. foxii		Hypsilophodon bed	Many partial skeletons	A hypsolophodontid
Heterodontosauridae?	Indeterminate			Teeth	Resemble the cheek teeth of the heterodontosaurid Tianyulong. [33]
Iguanodon	I. bernissartensis				A hadrosauroid iguanodontian. Specimens classified as Iguanodon seelyi are referable to this species
Mantellisaurus	M. atherfieldensis	Dollodon bampingi, Proplanicoxa ? [45]			A hadrosauroid iguanodontian
Valdosaurus	V. canaliculatus			Multiple partial skeletons	A dryosaurid
Vectidromeus [46]	V. insularis		Lower part of the formation	Associated elements of the dorsal vertebrae, pelvis, hindlimbs, and tail, from a juvenile specimen	A hypsilophodontid

Saurischians

Sauropods

Sauropods reported from the Wessex Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Chondrosteosaurus	C. gigas			"Several cervical vertebrae." [47]
Eucamerotus	E. foxi			"Dorsal vertebra." [47]	Perhaps a somphospondylan? [48]
Iuticosaurus	I. valdensis			"Several caudal vertebrae." [47]
Oplosaurus	O. armatus			"Tooth." [49]
Ornithopsis	O. eucamerotus			"Ischia and pubis.", [47] regarded as an "undiagnostic titanosauriform of uncertain affinities."
	O. hulkei			One dorsal vertebra. [50]
Undescribed Sauropod (Barnes High sauropod)	Indeterminate			"Partial postcranial skeleton, including presacral vertebrae, anterior caudal vertebrae, girdle and limb elements" [51]	Currently in private collection and unavailable to researchers. Known informally as "the Barnes High sauropod". Possibly the same as Eucamerotus [51]
"Angloposeidon" (informal)	Indeterminate			One cervical vertebra and possible associated centrum [52]	Represents a large animal 20 metres or greater in length. Known informally as "Angloposeidon". Perhaps a somphospondylan?
Rebbachisauridae	Indeterminate			Scapula, radius and ulna, several cervical sacral and caudal vertebrae and isolated teeth from multiple individuals [53]	Taxon has close affinities with Demandasaurus and Nigersaurus [54]
Titanosauria	Indeterminate			Two isolated large middle caudal vertebra, one isolated large cervical vertebra, BMNH R5333, two articulated caudal vertebrae with an articulated fragment of a third

Theropods

Theropods reported from the Wessex Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Avialae	Indeterminate			Isolated teeth	Possibly an Enantiornithe and a Hesperornithid present
Aristosuchus	A. pusillus			"Sacrum and pubis." [55]	A compsognathid
Calamosaurus	C. foxi			"Vertebrae." [56]	A compsognathid
Calamospondylus	C. oweni			"Vertebrae." [56]	A possible oviraptorosaur
Ceratosuchops	C. inferodios			Partial skull material [57]	A spinosaurid, formerly considered remains of Baryonyx.
Eotyrannus	E. lengi			"Partial skull and skeleton." [58]	A tyrannosauroid
Neovenator	N. salerii			Cranial and postcranial remains of at least four individuals.	A carcharodontosaurian
Ornithodesmus	O. cluniculus				A species of dromaeosaurid, once misidentified as a pterosaur
Richardoestesia ?	Indeterminate			Teeth	Dubious, uncertain referral on the genus level
Riparovenator	R. milnerae			Partial skull and referred caudal material [57]	A spinosaurid, formerly considered remains of Baryonyx.
Tetanurae	Indeterminate	Chilton Chine		Partial pubis and femur [59]	Distinct from Neovenator and Baryonyx. Currently in private collection.
Thecocoelurus	T. daviesi			"Cervical vertebrae." [60]	A theropod of uncertain classification, possibly an ornithomimosaur (this assignment has been questioned by both Mortimer and Naish). [61] [62]
Undescribed coelurosaur	Indeterminate			Partial associated skeleton	Apparently small. In private collection and undescribed. Referred to as "That Which Cannot Be Named" by Darren Naish [61] Has been suggested to be a tyrannosauroid. [63] [33]
Coelurosauria ( Calamospondylus ?)	Indeterminate (or possibly C. oweni)			Tibia	Previously referred to Hypsilophodon , Aristosuchus , Calamosaurus , Ornithomimosauria indet. and Coelurosauria indet.
Velociraptorinae	Indeterminate			Isolated teeth	May belong to a proceratosaurid, [64] or alternatively they may belong to Vectiraptor .
Vectiraptor	V. greeni			Dorsal vertebrae and sacral vertebrae	A large bodied Eudromaeosaur
Yaverlandia	Y. bitholus	Yaverland		Known from a "partial skull roof comprising both frontals and parts of the right postorbital and left orbitosphenoid". A second specimen is known but has not been formally published.	A maniraptoran of uncertain classification, originally identified as an ornithischian.

Flora

Spermatophytes

Spermatophytes reported from the Wessex Formation
Family	Genus	Species	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Araucariaceae	Agathoxylon ?	Indeterminate		Wood	Reported as "Dadoxylon" Considered a dubious referral[ citation needed ]
Araucariaceae	Brachyphyllum	B. obesum		Leaves
Cheirolepidiaceae	Pseudofrenelopsis	P. parceramosa		Leaves and abundant, occasional segments of trunk
Cheirolepidiaceae	Watsoniocladus	W. valdensis		Leaves
Cupressaceae	Sphenolepis			Leaves	"taxodiaceous"
Pinaceae	Pityites	P. solmsii

Pteridophytes

Pteridophytes reported from the Wessex Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Polypodiopsida	Indeterminate
Tempskya	Indeterminate				May actually originate from the underlying Purbeck Group. [10]
Weichselia	W. reticulata			Multiple specimens

See also

• Earth sciences portal
• Paleontology portal
• Dinosaurs portal

• List of fossil sites
• List of stratigraphic units with dinosaur body fossils
• Dinosaurs of the Isle of Wight

References

1. "Wessex Formation". The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Survey.
2. Arkell, W. J. (1947). "The Geology of the country around Weymouth, Swanage, Corfe and Lulworth". Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.
3. Osbourne White, H. J. (1921). "A short account of the geology of the Isle of Wight". Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.
4. Daley, B.; Stewart, D. J. (1979). "Weekend field meeting: The Wealden Group in the Isle of Wight". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 90: 51–54. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(79)80031-0.
5. Parrish, Randall R.; Parrish, Claire M.; Lasalle, Stephanie (May 2018). "Vein calcite dating reveals Pyrenean orogen as cause of Paleogene deformation in southern England". Journal of the Geological Society. 175 (3): 425–442. Bibcode:2018JGSoc.175..425P. doi:10.1144/jgs2017-107. ISSN   0016-7649. S2CID   134690307.
6. Sweetman, Steven C.; Goodyear, Matthew (August 2020). "A remarkable dropstone from the Wessex Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, southern England". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 131 (3–4): 301–308. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.06.005. S2CID   198408317.
7. West, Ian. "Swanage Bay and Ballard Cliff". Geology of the Wessex Coast of Southern England.
8. West, Ian. "Lulworth Cove, Dorset". Geology of the Wessex Coast of Southern England.
9. West, Ian. "Worbarrow Bay". Geology of the Wessex Coast of England.
10. Penn, Simon J.; Sweetman, Steven C.; Martill, David M.; Coram, Robert A. (November 2020). "The Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Lower Cretaceous) of Swanage Bay, southern England". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 131 (6): 679–698. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.07.005. S2CID   228820795.
11. Hughes, N.F.; McDougall, A.B. (January 1990). "New Wealden correlation for the Wessex Basin". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 101 (1): 85–90. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80208-8.
12. Jacobs, M. L.; Pérez-García, A.; Martín-Jiménez, M.; Mottram, C. M.; Martill, D. M.; Gale, A. S.; Mattsson, O.; Wood, C. (2023). "A well preserved pan-pleurodiran (Dortokidae) turtle from the English Lower Cretaceous and the first radiometric date for the Wessex Formation (Hauterivian-Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom". Cretaceous Research. 150. 105590. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105590 .
13. Insole, Allan N.; Hutt, Stephen (September 1994). "The palaeoecology of the dinosaurs of the Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Early Cretaceous), Isle of Wight, Southern England". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 112 (1–2): 197–215. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1994.tb00318.x.
14. Robinson, Stuart A.; Andrews, Julian E.; Hesselbo, Stephen P.; Radley, Jonathan D.; Dennis, Paul F.; Harding, Ian C.; Allen, Perce (March 2002). "Atmospheric pCO 2 and depositional environment from stable-isotope geochemistry of calcrete nodules (Barremian, Lower Cretaceous, Wealden Beds, England)". Journal of the Geological Society. 159 (2): 215–224. Bibcode:2002JGSoc.159..215R. doi:10.1144/0016-764901-015. ISSN   0016-7649. S2CID   55188160.
15. Radley, Jonathan D.; Allen, Percival (April 2012). "The Wealden (non-marine Lower Cretaceous) of the Wessex Sub-basin, southern England". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 123 (2): 319–373. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2012.01.002.
16. Sweetman, Steven C.; Insole, Allan N. (June 2010). "The plant debris beds of the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England: their genesis and palaeontological significance". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 292 (3–4): 409–424. Bibcode:2010PPP...292..409S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.055.
17. Radley, Jon D. (January 1994). "Stratigraphy, palaeontology and palaeoenvironment of the Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Lower Cretaceous) at Yaverland, Isle of Wight, southern England". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 105 (3): 199–208. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80119-8.
18. Coram, Robert A.; Radley, Jonathan D.; Martill, David M. (March 2017). "A Cretaceous calamity? The Hypsilophodon Bed of the Isle of Wight, southern England". Geology Today. 33 (2): 66–70. doi:10.1111/gto.12182. S2CID   133499912.
19. Radley, Jonathan D.; Allen, Percival (April 2012). "The southern English Wealden (non-marine Lower Cretaceous): overview of palaeoenvironments and palaeoecology". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 123 (2): 382–385. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2011.12.005. ISSN   0016-7878.
20. Jarzembowski, E.; Azar, D.; Nel, A. (2009-04-24). "A new chironomid (Insecta: Diptera) from Wealden amber (Lower Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight (UK)". Geologica Acta. 6 (3): 285–291. doi:10.1344/105.000000257. ISSN   1696-5728.
21. Jarzembowski, E. A. (27 March 2015). "Fossil resins from England (Conference abstract)" (PDF). Amberif 2015: SUCCINITE AND SELECTED FOSSIL RESINS OF EUROPE: LOCALITIES, PROPERTIES, ARCHAEOLOGY: 18–20.
22. Penn, Simon J.; Sweetman, Steven C. (March 2023). "Microvertebrate-rich gutter casts from the basal Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Lower Cretaceous) of Dungy Head, Dorset: Insights into the palaeoecology and palaeoenvironment of a non-marine wetland". Cretaceous Research. 143: 105397. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105397. S2CID   253401972.
23. "FIRST BRITISH MESOZOIC SPIDER, FROM CRETACEOUS AMBER OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT , SOUTHERN ENGLAND". 26 September 2001.
24. "Fossil specimen : MIWG IWCMS.1994.99 – Holotype". GB3D Type Fossils.
25. Perkovsky, Evgeny E.; Olmi, Massimo; Müller, Patrick; Guglielmino, Adalgisa; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Capradossi, Leonardo; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P. (2020-11-21). "A review of the fossil Embolemidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), with description of seven new species and history of the family". Cretaceous Research. 121: 104708. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104708. ISSN   0195-6671. S2CID   229502829.
26. Zhuang, Yuhui; Li, Jiahao; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Wang, Bo; Zhang, Qingqing (2024-02-12). "A new genus of Panguoidea in Lower Cretaceous Wealden amber". Historical Biology: 1–4. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2309637. ISSN   0891-2963.
27. Baranov, Viktor; Giłka, Wojciech; Zakrzewska, Marta; Jarzembowski, Edmund (March 2019). "New non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Lower Cretaceous Wealden amber of the Isle of Wight (UK)". Cretaceous Research. 95: 138–145. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.11.012. S2CID   131766366.
28. Legalov, A & A. Jarzembowski, Edmund. (2017). First record of a weevil (Coleoptera: Nemonychidae) from the Lower Cretaceous (Wealden) of southern England. Cretaceous Research. 82. 10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.006.
29. Sweetman, Steven C.; Goedert, Jean; Martill, David M. (November 2014). "A preliminary account of the fishes of the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, southern England: Wealden Group fishes". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (3): 872–896. doi: 10.1111/bij.12369 .
30. FOREY, P. and SWEETMAN S. C. 2011. Bony fishes. 225–235. In Batten D. J. (Ed.) Palaeontological Association Field Guide to Fossils, 14. English Wealden fossils. The Palaeontological Association, London, 769 pp.
31. "A new albanerpetontid amphibian from the Barremian (Early Cretaceous) Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica". www.app.pan.pl. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
32. Sweetman, S. C. 2006. The tetrapod microbiota of the Wessex Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, UK. 127-129. In: Barrett, P. M. and Evans, S. E. (eds.) 2006. Ninth international symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems and biota, abstracts and proceedings. 187 pp.
33. Sweetman, Steven C. (March 2016). "A comparison of Barremian–early Aptian vertebrate assemblages from the Jehol Group, north-east China and the Wealden Group, southern Britain: the value of microvertebrate studies in adverse preservational settings". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 96 (1): 149–167. doi:10.1007/s12549-015-0217-9. ISSN   1867-1594. S2CID   129956539.
34. Pérez-García, A. (August 2012). "High diversity of pancryptodiran turtles in the Lower Cretaceous of Europe". Cretaceous Research. 36: 67–82. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.02.004.
35. Salisbury, S.W.; Naish, D. (2011). "Crocodilians". In Batten, D.J. (ed.). English Wealden Fossils. The Palaeontological Association. pp. 305–369.
36. Ristevski, Jorgo; Young, Mark T.; de Andrade, Marco Brandalise; Hastings, Alexander K. (April 2018). "A new species of Anteophthalmosuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Goniopholididae) from the Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom, and a review of the genus". Cretaceous Research. 84: 340–383. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.008. ISSN   0195-6671.
37. Sweetman, S.C.; Pedreira-Segade, U.; Vidovic, S.U. (2014). "A new bernissartiid crocodyliform from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, southern England" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00038.2013. S2CID   54789464. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-23. Retrieved 2017-09-23.
38. KEAR, B. P. and BARRETT, P. M. (2011), Reassessment of the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) pliosauroid Leptocleidus superstes Andrews, 1922 and other plesiosaur remains from the nonmarine Wealden succession of southern England. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161: 663–691. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00648.x
39. Sweetman, Steven C. (September 2009). "A New Species of the Plagiaulacoid Multituberculate MammalEobaatarfrom the Early Cretaceous of Southern Britain". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (3): 373–384. doi: 10.4202/app.2008.0003 . ISSN   0567-7920. S2CID   53975359.
40. SWEETMAN S. C. and HOOKER, J. J. 2011. Mammals. 560–580. In Batten D. J. (Ed.) Palaeontological Association Field Guide to Fossils, 14. English Wealden fossils. The Palaeontological Association, London, 769 pp.
41. SWEETMAN, STEVEN C. (November 2008). "A Spalacolestine Spalacotheriid (Mammalia, Trechnotheria) from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of Southern England and ITS Bearing on Spalacotheriid Evolution". Palaeontology. 51 (6): 1367–1385. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00816.x . ISSN   0031-0239. S2CID   129073740.
42. Martill, David M.; Coram, Robert A. (August 2020). "Additional evidence for very large wing-span pterosaurs in the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) of southern England". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 131 (3–4): 293–300. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.05.002. S2CID   182649986.
43. Martill, David M.; Green, Mick; Smith, Roy; Jacobs, Megan; Winch, John (April 2020). "First tapejarid pterosaur from the Wessex Formation (Wealden Group: Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the United Kingdom". Cretaceous Research. 113: 104487. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104487. S2CID   219099220.
44. Lockwood, Jeremy A. F.; Martill, David M.; Maidment, Susannah C. R. (2021-11-10). "A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 19 (12): 847–888. doi: 10.1080/14772019.2021.1978005 . ISSN   1477-2019. S2CID   244067410.
45. McDonald, Andrew T. (2011). "The status of Dollodon and other basal iguanodonts (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the upper Wealden beds (Lower Cretaceous) of Europe". Cretaceous Research. 33: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.03.002.
46. Longrich, Nicholas R.; Martill, David M.; Munt, Martin; Green, Mick; Penn, Mark; Smith, Shaun (2023-09-13). "Vectidromeus insularis, a new hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, England". Cretaceous Research. 154: 105707. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105707. ISSN   0195-6671.
47. "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 271.
48. Campbell, Amy, Paul Upchurch, and Phillip D. Mannion. The anatomy and relationships of Eucamerotus foxi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of England. No. e3247v1. PeerJ Preprints, 2017.
49. "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 261.
50. "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 266.
51. "Sauropod dinosaurs". Field Guide to English Wealden Fossils. Palaeontological Association. 2011.
52. Naish, Darren; Martill, David M.; Cooper, David; Stevens, Kent A. (December 2004). "Europe's largest dinosaur? A giant brachiosaurid cervical vertebra from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England". Cretaceous Research. 25 (6): 787–795. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2004.07.002.
53. Larkin, N. R., Green, M., Lomax, D. R., Cocks, A. and Schouten, R. 2019. Making a complete record of early Cretaceous (late Barremian early Aptian) rebbachisaur Sauropoda, Rebbachisauridae) remains found on the Isle of Wight, UK, including unpublished material. The Annual Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy. Vol 67.
54. Mannion, Philip D.; Upchurch, Paul; Hutt, Stephen (December 2011). "New rebbachisaurid (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) material from the Wessex Formation (Barremian, Early Cretaceous), Isle of Wight, United Kingdom". Cretaceous Research. 32 (6): 774–780. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.05.005.
55. "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 76.
56. "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 78.
57. Barker CT, Hone DW, Naish D, Cau A, Lockwood JA, Foster B, Clarkin CE, Schneider P, Gostling NJ (2021). "New spinosaurids from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, UK) and the European origins of Spinosauridae". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): Article number 19340. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1119340B. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97870-8 . PMC   8481559 . PMID   34588472.
58. "Table 5.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 112.
59. Benson, Roger B. J.; Brusatte, Stephen L.; Hutt, Stephen; Naish, Darren (2009). "A new large basal tetanuran (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Wessex Formation (Barremian) of the Isle Of Wight, England". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (2): 612–615. doi:10.1671/039.029.0202. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   83869634.
60. "Table 8.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 167.
61. Naish, D. (2014, June 3). "Ostrich dinosaurs invade Europe! Or do they?". Retrieved from https://blogs.scientificamerican.com
62. Mortimer, M. (2014, May 26). "Is Thecocoelurus an ornithomimosaur?". Retrieved from http://theropoddatabase.blogspot.co.uk
63. Darren, Naish (23 March 2020). "Theropod Dinosaurs of the English Wealden, Some Questions (Part 1)". Tetrapod Zoology. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
64. Rauhut, O.W.M.; Milner, A.C.; Moore-Fay, S. (2010). "Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Woodward, 1910) from the Middle Jurassic of England". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 158 (1): 155–195. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00591.x .

• Batten, D. J. (ed.) 2011. English Wealden Fossils. The Palaeontological Association, London.

External links

• Discovery of shark teeth