Valdosaurus

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Valdosaurus
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, 140–121  Ma
Valdosaurus.png
Assigned skeleton at Dinosaur Isle Museum
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade:† Ornithischia
Clade:† Ornithopoda
Family:† Dryosauridae
Genus:† Valdosaurus
Galton, 1977
Species:
†V. canaliculatus
Binomial name
†Valdosaurus canaliculatus
Galton, 1977 (Galton, 1975)
Synonyms

Valdosaurus ("Weald lizard") is a genus of bipedal herbivorous dryosaurid dinosaur known from the Early Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight and elsewhere in England. Originally its remains were believed to belong to Hypsilophodon. In 1889, Richard Lydekker assigned them to Camptosaurus, alongside a partial lower jaw, and applied the name Camptosaurus valdensis. In the 1970s, Peter Galton reassigned these remains to a new species of Dryosaurus, then to an entirely new genus and species, that being Valdosaurus proper. The type and only species of Valdosaurus, named by Galton, is V. canaliculatus.

Contents

Numerous specimens have been assigned to Valdosaurus over the years. Some, namely those found in Niger (now Elrhazosaurus ), have been reassigned to different genera, while others have simply been redesignated as indeterminate. With that said, additional specimens of V. canaliculatus have been discovered. The most complete is a specimen discovered in 2012 at Compton Bay on the Isle of Wight, which consists of a largely articulated rear half of the animal. Whereas the type specimens were very small, with a femur (thigh bone) length of just 14 cm (0.46 ft) and an estimated body mass of 10 kg (22 lb), larger specimens such as the Compton specimen may have reached body lengths of around 4 m (13 ft) and body masses of roughly 400 kg (880 lb).

Discovery and naming

At some point in the 19th century, the Rev. William Fox collected two small femora (upper leg bones) near Cowleaze Chine on the south-west coast of the Isle of Wight. In 1888, these specimens, BMNH R184 and R185, were assigned to Hypsilophodon foxii by Richard Lydekker. [1] The femora were associated with a tibia, and were subsequently assigned to the possible tyrannosauroid genus Calamosaurus . [2] [3] In 1889, Lydekker assigned them to Camptosaurus, alongside a partial mandibular ramus (half of a lower jaw), BMNH R180, applying the species name C. valdensis to all of these remains. [4] The species name, valdensis derives from valdo, a modification of the Old English word weald ("a wood") which refers to the Weald area. [5]

In a 1974 paper, Peter Galton examined the holotype femur of C. valdensis, and came to the conclusion that it belonged to a large specimen of Hypsilophodon; he believed, as had been suggested by Sir Richard Owen more than a century prior, that BMNH R180 belonged to a juvenile Iguanodon. [6] In 1975, Galton re-examined the femora, and concluded that they did not belong to Camptosaurus. He therefore assigned them to Dryosaurus , and applied the name Dryosaurus canaliculatus. The specific name means "with a small channel" in Latin, referring to a distinct groove between the condyles of the lower femora. [2] Two years later, Galton recognised that they were in fact morphologically distinct from Dryosaurus, and erected a new genus for them, Valdosaurus. The type species, D. canaliculatus, was thus renamed V. canaliculatus. Galton speculated that Valdosaurus might have been a direct descendant of Dryosaurus, based on the supposed ubiquity of that genus across Europe, Africa, and Asia. Furthermore, Galton reassigned BMNH R180 to Valdosaurus, after briefly and provisionally considering it a specimen of Vectisaurus . [7] [8]

Additional remains and reassigned species

A second species, V. nigeriensis, was described by Galton and Philippe Taquet from younger rocks from Niger in 1982. [9] In 1998 William Blows inadvertently named another species, Valdosaurus dextrapoda, by including this name in a fauna list. [10] This was an error, and the species has never been supported. [5] [11] In 2009, Galton reviewed the Valdosaurus material. He concluded that no fossils from outside England could be reliably referred to the genus. He thus gave V. nigeriensis its own genus: Elrhazosaurus . Even where many of the English specimens were concerned it was uncertain whether they belonged to Valdosaurus, including all cranial elements and teeth. Some hindlimb and pelvic bones from the Upper Weald Clay Formation (late Barremian) were referable to V. canaliculatus. Some material from the earlier Hastings Beds (Valanginian) were referred to a Valdosaurus sp. Galton established that Richard Owen had in 1842 been the first to describe Valdosaurus thighbones, specimens BMB 004297-004300, assigning them to Iguanodon. [11]

Having a close European relative of the American form Dryosaurus named led to most of the dryosaurid fossil material of Europe being referred to Valdosaurus. Valdosaurus was seen as not only present in England (the Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight and the Hastings Beds of West Sussex). Records from Spain remain questionable. [12] These rock units were deposited between the Berriasian and Barremian stages, between approximately 145 and 125 million years ago. V. canaliculatus would then be known from thigh bones, extensive additional postcranial elements, partial lower jaws, and teeth. [13]

Valdosaurus sp. ilia, NHM 2150, from the Upper Tunbridge Wells Sand of Cuckfield Valdosaurus sp.jpg
Valdosaurus sp. ilia, NHM 2150, from the Upper Tunbridge Wells Sand of Cuckfield

In 1888, Richard Lydekker described an ilium, BMNH R2150 from Sussex, assigning it to Hylaeosaurus. That specimen was subsequently assigned to Valdosaurus canaliculatus. [8] In 2012, a new specimen of Valdosaurus was discovered, in Compton Bay on the Isle of Wight, [14] by Nick Chase; the exact location of its discovery has been withheld to prevent attempts to steal material from the site. The specimen, since designated IWCMS 2013.175, is the most complete Valdosaurus yet found. It was found partly articulated and includes a partial dorsal (back) series, an almost complete caudal (tail) series, pelvic material, and both hind limbs. In life, the specimen would have been around 4 m (13 ft) long. [15]

Description

Size

Size diagram of two Valdosaurus specimens: the holotype, BM R185, and an assigned specimen, IWCMS 2013.175 Valdosaurus size diagram.png
Size diagram of two Valdosaurus specimens: the holotype, BM R185, and an assigned specimen, IWCMS 2013.175

In his 2009 re-examination of Valdosaurus, Peter Galton emphasised that though the type femora were very small, 14 cm (0.46 ft) in length, [11] which has led to estimates of a length of 1.2 m (3.9 ft) and a weight of 10 kg (22 lb), [16] they came from a juvenile individual; an adult would have been a "medium-sized euornithopod", with femora reaching a length of something like 50 cm (1.6 ft), [11] a length attained by specimen MIWG.6879 (a complete hind limb). In 2001, Darren Naish and David Martill suggested based on that specimen that skeletally mature V. canaliculatus would have a maximum body length of about 4 m (13 ft), a shoulder height of about 1.4 m (4.6 ft), and a body mass of 400 kg (880 lb), though most specimens were about 3.5 m (11 ft) in length. [5]

Skeleton

Valdosaurus detail 1.jpg
Tail base, pelvic girdle, dorsal vertebrae, and limbs of the assigned specimen IWCMS 2013.175
Valdosaurus detail 7.jpg
Tail and lower leg of the assigned specimen IWCMS 2013.175

The most complete specimen of Valdosaurus, IWCMS 2013.175, preserves six dorsal (back) vertebrae. The best preserved is the first in the sequence, which perserves a complete centrum (main body) and part of the neural arch, minus the articular processes. Based on this vertebra, the neural arches would have extended for almost the full lengths of the centra. There is no indication that parapophyses were present, suggesting that they had completely fused with the diapophyses, which are unpreserved. At the base of the anterior (front) surface of the neural spine is a small, elliptical fossa. While the sacrum (a bony structure over the hips consisting of fused vertebrae) is preserved, it is largely obscured by the ilia. The exact number of sacral vertebrae is unclear, though was likely between five and six. IWCMS 2013.175 preserves most, if not all of the caudal (tail) vertebrae, 45 in total, and bears the most complete tail of any described dryosaurid. Many of the vertebrae are not only fully preserved, but are also articulated. The caudal vertebrae of Valdosaurus differ from those of other ornithischians in that the vertebrae in the middle of the caudal series have neural spines (the tall, dorsal/upper midline structures) which are lengthened and backswept to such an extent that each overhangs more than one postceding vertebra. The morphology of the caudal vertebrae shifts from the proximal vertebrae to those in the middle, with, for example, the chevrons being far smaller, roughly equal in length to the vertebral centra to which they attach. Several ossified tendons are preserved. [15]

Metatarsals and phalanges of IWCMS 2013.175 Valdosaurus foot.jpg
Metatarsals and phalanges of IWCMS 2013.175

Both of IWCMS 2013.175's ilia are fairly complete. Each is long and low, with a sinuous dorsal (upper) margin. Both ischia are also known, though the femora and surrounding matrix obscure their proximal parts and their shafts are poorly preserved. In other dryosaurids, the obturator notch on the pubis (to which certain obturator muscles attached) is closed, but in V. canaliculatus, it is open. [15] Valdosaurus' hind limbs are well known from various specimens. [15] [17] The fourth trochanter, the structure on the femur to which the caudofemoralis muscle would have attached, is on the proximal (closer) half of the femoral shaft. The lesser trochanter of the femur is rod-like, and is separated from the greater trochanter by a cleft. [2] There is no evidence that V. canaliculatus retained its first or fifth metatarsals. [15]

Classification

Galton assigned Valdosaurus to the Hypsilophodontidae, [2] [7] using an older and broader definition, [18] wherein it is paraphyletic. This definition of hypsilophodontids has been largely abandoned in favour of a more restrictive one. [19] [20] In 1972, before the proper naming of Valdosaurus, Galton suggested that it was the endpoint of a lineage starting with "Camptosaurus" leedsi (now Callovosaurus ), and continued by Dysalotosaurus , Dryosaurus, and then Valdosaurus itself. [18]

A cladogram depicting the ornithischian interrelationships suggested by Galton is as follows: [18]

Ornithischia

Today Valdosaurus is generally considered a member of the Dryosauridae. [5] [13] [21] [22] A particularly close relationship with Elrhazosaurus from the Early Cretaceous of North Africa, (and which was formerly considered a species of Valdosaurus) has been proposed. [23] Cladogram from Madzia, et al. 2020: [24]

Iguanodontia

Palaeoenvironments

Hastings Beds/Lower Wealden

Whilst most remains assigned to Valdosaurus come from the Isle of Wight, [25] remains from the Grinstead Clay Member of the Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation, part of the Lower Wealden (or Hasting Beds) of Sussex, have also been assigned to it, though have also been regarded as indeterminate dryosaurids. [15] Regardless, specimens assigned to Valdosaurus are known from the Hasting Beds. Also known from the Hasting Beds are the theropods "Megalosaurus" dunkeri and Valdoraptor , the indeterminate avialan Wyleyia , the titanosauriform sauropod Pelorosaurus , another indeterminate sauropod, the indeterminate thyreophoran Regnosaurus , the ankylosaurian Hylaeosaurus , and several specimens assigned to Iguanodon . [25] The Lower Wealden has been dated to the late Berriasian–Valanginian. [25] [26]

Wessex Formation

Life restoration of Valdosaurus (midground, left) with contemporary dinosaurs: Eucamerotus (background), Baryonyx (left), two Neovenator (right), and Hypsilophodon (foreground). Meeting at the river threshold.jpg
Life restoration of Valdosaurus (midground, left) with contemporary dinosaurs: Eucamerotus (background), Baryonyx (left), two Neovenator (right), and Hypsilophodon (foreground).

The holotype of Valdosaurus heralds from the Wessex Formation, [25] dated from the Hauterivian to the Barremian. [27] Sedimentological data suggests that the depositional environment of the Wessex Formation was a floodplain intersected by fluvial (river) and lacustrine (lake) deposits. Water levels likely varied throughout the year, [28] due to there being more evaporation than precipitation, though precipitation was regardless quite high. The Wessex seems to have regularly experienced extreme storms [27] and periodic flood events, resulting in debris flows which would have deposited dead organisms in ponds. [29] Burned plant and insect material and fusain suggests that the environment experienced frequent wildfires, stifling for the most part the dense growth of gymnosperms. [28] [29] Much of the flora of the formed of low ground cover, consisting primarily of pteridophytes, with occasional stands of conifers, cycads and the tree fern Tempskya . [28] Most vertebrate material from the Wessex Formation originates from plant debris beds, resulting from the aforementioned flooding events. [29]

Aside from Thecocoelurus, the dinosaur fauna of the Isle of Wight includes the theropods Aristosuchus , Calamosaurus , Calamospondylus , Ceratosuchops , Eotyrannus , Neovenator , Ornithodesmus , Riparovenator, Thecocoelurus, and Yaverlandia , the sauropods Chondrosteosaurus , Eucamerotus and Ornithopsis , [30] [31] the thyreophorans Polacanthus [31] and Vectipelta , [32] and the ornithopods Brighstoneus , [33] Comptonatus , [34] Hypsilophodon , Iguanodon , [31] Mantellisaurus , [35] and Vectidromeus. [36] The pterosaur fauna of the Wessex Formation consists of Coloborhynchus , Caulkicephalus , Istiodactylus , [37] Vectidraco , [38] and Wightia ; [39] multiple unnamed pterosaur taxa, including a ctenochasmatid, are also known. [37] Neosuchian crocodyliforms include Bernissartia , Koumpiodontosuchus [40] and Vectisuchus . [41] Limited evidence exists of elasmosaurids and leptocleidid plesiosaurs. [42] The mammal fauna of the Wessex Formation includes the multituberculate Eobataar [43] and the spalacotheriid Yaverlestes . [44] Albanerpetontid amphibians are represented by Wesserpeton . [45] The fish fauna of the Wessex Formation, both bony and cartilaginous, is extensive, including hybodontiform and modern sharks (Selachii), pycnodontiforms, Lepidotes and Scheenstia . [46] Invertebrates are represented by an assortment of non-biting midges, [47] hymenopterans (wasps) including multiple parasitoid taxa, [48] coleopterans (beetles), the avicularoid spider Cretamygale , [49] and the ostracod Cypridea. [50]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lydekker, Richard (1888). Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history). London: Printed by order of the Trustees.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Galton, P.M., 1975, "English hypsilophodontid dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithischia)", Palaeontology18(4): 741-752
  3. ↑ Lydekker. R. (1891). On certain ornithosaurian and dinosaurian remains. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London47:41-44.
  4. ↑ Lydekker, Richard (1889). "Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural History)" (PDF). 4.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Martill, D.M. and Naish, D., 2001, "Ornithopod dinosaurs." Pages 60-132 in Martill, D.M. and Naish, D. (eds.). Dinosaurs of the Isle of Wight, The Palaeontological Association, London.
  6. ↑ Galton, Peter (1974–1975). "The ornithischian dinosaur Hypsilophodon from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight" (PDF). Geology. 25– via Internet Archive.
  7. 1 2 Galton, P.M., 1977. "The Upper Jurassic dinosaur Dryosaurus and a Laurasia-Gondwana connection in the Upper Jurassic", Nature268(5617): 230-232
  8. 1 2 Galton, Peter; Powell, Philip (1980). "The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England" (PDF). Palaeontology. 23 (2): 411–443.
  9. ↑ Galton, P.M. & P. Taquet, 1982, "Valdosaurus, a hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Europe and Africa", Géobios13: 147-159
  10. ↑ Blows, W.T., 1998, "A review of Lower and Middle Cretaceous dinosaurs of England", New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, Albuquerque14: 29-38
  11. 1 2 3 4 Galton, P.M., 2009, "Notes on Neocomian (Late Cretaceous) ornithopod dinosaurs from England - Hypsilophodon, Valdosaurus, "Camptosaurus", "Iguanodon" - and referred specimens from Romania and elsewhere", Revue de Paléobiologie28(1): 211-273
  12. ↑ Galton, Peter M. (2009). "Notes on Neocomian (Late Cretaceous) ornithopod dinosaurs from England – Hypsilophodon, Valdosaurus, "Camptosaurus", "Iguanodon" – and referred specimens from Romania and elsewhere" (PDF). Revue de Paléobiologie. 28 (1): 211–273.
  13. 1 2 Norman, David B. (2004). "Basal Iguanodontia". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 413–437. ISBN   0-520-24209-2.
  14. ↑ Lockwood, Jeremy A. F.; Martill, David M.; Maidment, Susannah C. R. (2024-12-31). "Comptonatus chasei, a new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology . 22 (1) 2346573. Bibcode:2024JSPal..2246573L. doi: 10.1080/14772019.2024.2346573 . ISSN   1477-2019.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Barrett, Paul. (2016). A new specimen of Valdosaurus canaliculatus (Ornithopoda: Dryosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight, England. Memoirs of Museum Victoria. 74. 29-48. 10.24199/j.mmv.2016.74.04.
  16. ↑ Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 283
  17. ↑ Barrett, Paul M.; Butler, Richard J.; Twitchett, R. J.; Hutt, Steve (2011). "New material of Valdosaurus canaliculatus (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England". Special Papers in Palaeontology 86(86):131-163. 86 (86): 131–163.
  18. 1 2 3 Galton, P.M. (1972). "Classification and Evolution of Ornithopod Dinosaurs". Nature. 239 (5373): 464–466. Bibcode:1972Natur.239..464G. doi:10.1038/239464a0. S2CID   4196759.
  19. ↑ Brown, C. M.; Evans, D. C.; Ryan, M. J.; Russell, A. P. (2013). "New data on the diversity and abundance of small-bodied ornithopods (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Belly River Group (Campanian) of Alberta". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (3): 495–520. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33..495B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.746229. S2CID   129160518.
  20. ↑ Poole KE (2022). "Phylogeny of iguanodontian dinosaurs and the evolution of quadrupedality". Palaeontologia Electronica. 25 (3). 25.3.a30. doi: 10.26879/702 .
  21. ↑ Norman, David. (2011). Ornithopod dinosaurs. In Batten, D. J. (ed.) English Wealden Fossils. The Palaeontological Association (London), pp. 407–475.
  22. ↑ Madzia, Daniel; Arbour, Victoria M.; Boyd, Clint A.; Farke, Andrew A.; Cruzado-Caballero, Penélope; Evans, David C. (2021-12-09). "The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs". PeerJ. 9 e12362. doi: 10.7717/peerj.12362 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMID   34966571.
  23. ↑ Escaso, Fernando; Ortega, Francisco; Dantas, Pedro; Malafaia, Elisabete; Silva, Bruno; Gasulla, José M.; Mocho, Pedro; Narváez, Iván; Sanz, JosÉ L. (2014-07-29). "A new dryosaurid ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1102–1112. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.849715. ISSN   0272-4634.
  24. ↑ Madzia, Daniel; Jagt, John W. M.; Mulder, Eric W. A. (2020-04-01). "Osteology, phylogenetic affinities and taxonomic status of the enigmatic late Maastrichtian ornithopod taxon Orthomerus dolloi (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)". Cretaceous Research. 108 104334. Bibcode:2020CrRes.10804334M. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104334 . ISSN   0195-6671.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Early Cretaceous, Europe)". In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 556-563. ISBN   0-520-24209-2.
  26. ↑ Rawson, Peter Franklin, ed. (1978). Cretaceous: a correlation of cretaceous rocks in the British Isles. Special report / Geological Society. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Pr. ISBN   978-0-7073-0221-8.
  27. 1 2 Marsden, Marie K.; Gunn, Joshua; Maidment, Susannah C. R.; Nichols, Gary; Wheeley, James R.; Russell, Catherine E.; Boomer, Ian; Stukins, Stephen; Butler, Richard J. (2025-01-06). "Palaeoenvironment and taphonomy of the Hypsilophodon Bed, Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation, Isle of Wight". Journal of the Geological Society. 182 (1): jgs2024–046. Bibcode:2025JGSoc.182...46M. doi: 10.1144/jgs2024-046 .
  28. 1 2 3 Insole, Allan N.; Hutt, Stephen (1994). "The palaeoecology of the dinosaurs of the Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Early Cretaceous), Isle of Wight, Southern England" . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 112 (1–2): 197–215. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1994.tb00318.x.
  29. 1 2 3 Pond, Stuart; Strachan, Sarah-Jane; Raven, Thomas J.; Simpson, Martin I.; Morgan, Kirsty; Maidment, Susannah C. R. (2023). "Vectipelta barretti , a new ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, UK" . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 21 (1) 2210577. Bibcode:2023JSPal..2110577P. doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2210577. ISSN   1477-2019.
  30. ↑ Barker, C.T.; Hone, D.; Naish, D.; Cau, A.; Lockwood, J.; Foster, B.; Clarkin, C.; Schneider, P.; Gostling, N. (2021). "New spinosaurids from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, UK) and the European origins of Spinosauridae". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 19340. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1119340B. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97870-8. PMC   8481559 . PMID   34588472.
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  32. ↑ Pond, Stuart; Strachan, Sarah-Jane; Raven, Thomas J.; Simpson, Martin I.; Morgan, Kirsty; Maidment, Susannah C. R. (2023-01-01). "Vectipelta barretti, a new ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, UK" . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 21 (1) 2210577. Bibcode:2023JSPal..2110577P. doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2210577. ISSN   1477-2019. S2CID   259393929.
  33. ↑ Lockwood, Jeremy A. F.; Martill, David M.; Maidment, Susannah C. R. (2021-11-10). "A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 19 (12): 847–888. Bibcode:2021JSPal..19..847L. doi: 10.1080/14772019.2021.1978005 . ISSN   1477-2019. S2CID   244067410.
  34. ↑ Lockwood, Jeremy A. F.; Martill, David M.; Maidment, Susannah C. R. (2024-12-31). "Comptonatus chasei, a new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology . 22 (1) 2346573. Bibcode:2024JSPal..2246573L. doi: 10.1080/14772019.2024.2346573 . ISSN   1477-2019.
  35. ↑ Carpenter, K. & Ishida, Y. (2010). "Early and "Middle" Cretaceous Iguanodonts in Time and Space". Journal of Iberian Geology . 36 (2): 145–164. doi: 10.5209/rev_JIGE.2010.v36.n2.3 .
  36. ↑ Longrich, Nicholas R.; Martill, David M.; Munt, Martin; Green, Mick; Penn, Mark; Smith, Shaun (2024-02-01). "Vectidromeus insularis, a new hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, England" . Cretaceous Research. 154 105707. Bibcode:2024CrRes.15405707L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105707. ISSN   0195-6671.
  37. 1 2 Martill, David M.; Coram, Robert A. (2020-08-01). "Additional evidence for very large wing-span pterosaurs in the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) of southern England" . Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 131 (3): 293–300. Bibcode:2020PrGA..131..293M. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.05.002. ISSN   0016-7878.
  38. ↑ Naish, D.; Simpson, M.; Dyke, G. (2013). Farke, Andrew A (ed.). "A New Small-Bodied Azhdarchoid Pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of England and Its Implications for Pterosaur Anatomy, Diversity and Phylogeny". PLOS ONE. 8 (3) e58451. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...858451N. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058451 . PMC   3601094 . PMID   23526986.
  39. ↑ Martill, David M.; Green, Mick; Smith, Roy E.; Jacobs, Megan L.; Winch, John (2020-09-01). "First tapejarid pterosaur from the Wessex Formation (Wealden Group: Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the United Kingdom" . Cretaceous Research. 113 104487. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11304487M. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104487. ISSN   0195-6671.
  40. ↑ Sweetman, Steven; Pedreira-Segade, Ulysse; Vidovic, Steven (2014). "A new bernissartiid crocodyliform from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, southern England". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00038.2013. ISSN   0567-7920.
  41. ↑ Buffetaut, Eric; Hutt, Stephen (1980-07-31). "Vectisuchus leptognathus, n. g. n. sp., a slender-snouted goniopholid crocodilian from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight" . Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte (7): 385–390. doi:10.1127/njgpm/1980/1980/385.
  42. ↑ Kear, Benjamin P.; Barrett, Paul M. (2011-03-01). "Reassessment of the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) pliosauroid Leptocleidus superstes Andrews, 1922 and other plesiosaur remains from the nonmarine Wealden succession of southern England" . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (3): 663–691. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00648.x. ISSN   0024-4082.
  43. ↑ Sweetman, Steven C. (2009). "A New Species of the Plagiaulacoid Multituberculate Mammal Eobaatar from the Early Cretaceous of Southern Britain". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (3): 373–384. doi: 10.4202/app.2008.0003 . ISSN   0567-7920.
  44. ↑ Sweetman, Steven C. (2008). "A Spalacolestine Spalacotheriid (mammalia, Trechnotheria) from the Early Cretaceous (barremian) of Southern England and Its Bearing on Spalacotheriid Evolution" . Palaeontology. 51 (6): 1367–1385. Bibcode:2008Palgy..51.1367S. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00816.x. ISSN   1475-4983.
  45. ↑ Sweetman, Steven; Gardner, James (2013-06-01). "A new albanerpetontid amphibian from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 58 (2): 295–324. doi: 10.4202/app.2011.0109 . ISSN   0567-7920.
  46. ↑ Sweetman, Steven C.; Goedert, Jean; Martill, David M. (2014-11-01). "A preliminary account of the fishes of the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, southern England". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (3): 872–896. doi:10.1111/bij.12369. ISSN   0024-4066.
  47. ↑ Baranov, Viktor; Giłka, Wojciech; Zakrzewska, Marta; Jarzembowski, Edmund (2019-03-01). "New non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Lower Cretaceous Wealden amber of the Isle of Wight (UK)" . Cretaceous Research. 95: 138–145. Bibcode:2019CrRes..95..138B. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.11.012. ISSN   0195-6671.
  48. ↑ Perkovsky, Evgeny E.; Olmi, Massimo; Müller, Patrick; Guglielmino, Adalgisa; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Capradossi, Leonardo; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P. (2021-05-01). "A review of the fossil Embolemidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), with description of seven new species and history of the family" . Cretaceous Research. 121 104708. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12104708P. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104708. ISSN   0195-6671.
  49. ↑ Selden, Paul A. (2002). "First British Mesozoic Spider, From Cretaceous Amber Of The Isle Of Wight, Southern England". Palaeontology. 45 (5): 973–983. Bibcode:2002Palgy..45..973S. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00271. hdl: 1808/8357 . ISSN   1475-4983.
  50. ↑ Penn, Simon J.; Sweetman, Steven C. (2023-03-01). "Microvertebrate-rich gutter casts from the basal Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Lower Cretaceous) of Dungy Head, Dorset: Insights into the palaeoecology and palaeoenvironment of a non-marine wetland" . Cretaceous Research. 143 105397. Bibcode:2023CrRes.14305397P. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105397. ISSN   0195-6671.
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