15 (number)

15 (fifteen) is the natural number following 14 and preceding 16.

← 14 15 16 →
← 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 → List of numbers Integers ← 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 →
Cardinal	fifteen
Ordinal	15th (fifteenth)
Numeral system	pentadecimal
Factorization	3 × 5
Divisors	1, 3, 5, 15
Greek numeral	ΙΕ´
Roman numeral	XV, xv
Binary	11112
Ternary	1203
Senary	236
Octal	178
Duodecimal	1312
Hexadecimal	F16
Hebrew numeral	ט"ו / י"ה
Babylonian numeral	𒌋𒐙

Mathematics

M = 15

The 15 perfect matchings of K₆

15 as the difference of two positive squares (in orange).

15 is:

• The eighth composite number and the sixth semiprime and the first odd and fourth discrete semiprime; ^[1] its proper divisors are 1, 3, and 5, so the first of the form (3.q), ^[2] where q is a higher prime.
• a deficient number, ^[3] a lucky number, a bell number (i.e., the number of partitions for a set of size 4), ^[4]
• the first number to be polygonal in 3 ways: it is the 5th triangular number, ^[5] a hexagonal number, ^[6] and pentadecagonal number. ^[7]
• a centered tetrahedral number.
• the smallest number that can be factorized using Shor's quantum algorithm.
• the magic constant of the unique order-3 normal magic square.
• the number of supersingular primes.
• the smallest positive number that can be expressed as the difference of two positive squares in more than one way: ^[8] ${\displaystyle 4^{2}-1^{2}}$ or ${\displaystyle 8^{2}-7^{2}}$ (see image).

Furthermore,

• 15's prime factors, (3 and 5), form the first twin-prime pair.
• The first 15 superabundant numbers are the same as the first 15 colossally abundant numbers.
• In decimal, 15 contains the digits 1 and 5 and is the result of adding together the integers from 1 to 5 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15). The only other number with this property (in decimal) is 27.
• There are 15 truncatable primes that are both right-truncatable and left-truncatable:

2, 3, 5, 7, 23, 37, 53, 73, 313, 317, 373, 797, 3137, 3797, 739397 (sequence A020994 in the OEIS )

• There are 15 perfect matchings of the complete graph K₆ and 15 rooted binary trees with four labeled leaves, both of these being among the types of objects counted by double factorials.
• If a positive definite quadratic form with integer matrix represents all positive integers up to 15, then it represents all positive integers via the 15 and 290 theorems.
• 15 is the product of distinct Fermat primes, 3 and 5; hence, a regular pentadecagon is constructible with a compass and unmarked straightedge, and ${\displaystyle \cos {\frac {\pi }{15}}}$ is expressible in terms of square roots.
• There are 15 monohedral convex pentagonal tilings, with eight being edge-to-edge.
• There are 15 regular and semiregular tilings when infinite (improper) apeirogonal forms are counted: three are regular (with one self-dual), eight are semiregular (with one chiral), and four are apeirogonal (from a total of 8, in-which 4 are duplicates).
• Full icosahedral symmetry contains 15 mirror planes (2-fold axes). Specifically, the symmetry order for both the regular icosahedron and regular dodecahedron (which is made of regular pentagons) is 120: equal to sum of the first 15 integers, and the factorial of 5, wherein the sum of the first 5 integers itself is 15. Expressed mathematically:

  ${\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{15}i=120}$, while ${\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{5}i=15}$, and ${\displaystyle 5!=120}$.

Seashells from the mollusk Donax variabilis have 15 coloring pattern phenotypes.

Religion

Sunnism

The Hanbali Sunni madhab states that the age of fifteen of a solar or lunar calendar is when one's taklif (obligation or responsibility) begins and is the stage whereby one has his deeds recorded. ^[9]

Judaism

• In the Hebrew numbering system, the number 15 is not written according to the usual method, with the letters that represent "10" and "5" (י-ה, yodh and heh ), because those spell out one of the Jewish names of God. Instead, the date is written with the letters representing "9" and "6" (ט-ו, teth and vav ). ^[10]

References

1. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA001358(Semiprimes (or biprimes): products of two primes.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
2. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA001748(a(n) = 3 * prime(n))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
3. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA005100(deficient numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
4. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA000110(Bell or exponential numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
5. "A000217 - OEIS". oeis.org. Retrieved 2024-11-28.
6. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA000384(Hexagonal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
7. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA051867(pentadecagonal numbers.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
8. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA334078(a(n) is the smallest positive integer that can be expressed as the difference of two positive squares in at least n ways.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
9. Spevack, Aaron (2011). Ghazali on the Principles of Islamic Spiritualit. p. 50.
10. Nestle, E. (1884-01-01). "ו״ט = 15". Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (in German). 4 (Jahresband): 249–250. doi:10.1515/zatw.1884.4.1.249. ISSN   1613-0103.

Further reading

• Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers London: Penguin Group. (1987): 91–93

External links

• Clewett, James. "15: f in hexadecimal". Numberphile. Brady Haran. Archived from the original on 2013-05-16. Retrieved 2013-04-02. – discussing hexadecimals
• Bowley, Roger. "15: Bumfit". Numberphile. Brady Haran. Archived from the original on 2013-05-16. Retrieved 2013-04-01. – discussing the Celtic number as used in Lincolnshire