Amazon Fire TV

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Amazon Fire TV
Amazon Fire TV 2024.svg
FireTV Stick 3rd Gen.jpg
Third generation Fire TV Stick with the newer Alexa Voice Remote
Also known asFire TV with 4K Ultra HD and Alexa
Developer Amazon
Manufacturer Foxconn
Type Digital media player, microconsole
Generation3rd
Released
  • USA: April 12, 2014
Introductory priceUS$99 [7]
Operating system Original: Fire OS 5 "Bellini" [8]
Current: Fire OS 8 or Vega OS
System on a chip Qualcomm Snapdragon 600 APQ8064T [9]
MediaTek MT8173C (2nd Gen)
CPU Qualcomm Krait 300, quad-core up to 1.7 GHz (1st generation) [9]
dual-core ARM Cortex-A72 up to 2 GHz and dual-core ARM Cortex-A53 up to 1.573 GHz (2nd generation)
Memory2 GB LPDDR2 RAM [9]
Storage8 GB internal [9]
Display 1080p and 4K [9]
GraphicsQualcomm Adreno 320 (1st Gen), 51.2 GFLOPS [9]
PowerVR GX6250 (2nd Gen), 57.6 GFLOPS [10]
Sound Dolby Digital Plus 7.1 surround sound [9]
Connectivity HDMI, Bluetooth 4.0, Bluetooth 4.1, USB 2.0, Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n/ac), 10/100 Ethernet, Fire game controller [9]
Power5.5 mm DC [9] (6.25 V 2.5 A power adapter [11] )
Current firmware6.2.1.2
Dimensions115 × 115 × 17.5 mm (4.53 × 4.53 × 0.69 in) [9]
Weight281 g (9.9 oz) [9]
Related Amazon Fire, Amazon Luna
Website amazon.com
The former logo of Fire TV Amazon Fire TV Logo.png
The former logo of Fire TV

Amazon Fire TV (formerly stylized as amazon fireTV) is a line of digital media players and microconsoles developed by Amazon since April 12, 2014. [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] The devices are small network appliances that deliver digital audio and video content streamed via the Internet to a connected high-definition television. They also allow users to access local content and to play video games with the included remote control or another game controller, or by using a mobile app remote control on another device.

Contents

The device is available in two forms, the first being a set-top box, of which the current model is the Fire TV Cube with embedded Amazon Echo smart speaker (which effectively replaced the original Fire TV box model [17] [18] ). The other product is a HDMI plug-in stick with, in general, lesser specifications than the contemporaneous boxes; [12] these are offered in the entry-level Fire TV Stick HD, the Fire TV Stick Lite, the standard Fire TV Stick, and the high-end Fire TV Stick 4K and Fire TV Stick 4K Max (the third of which effectively replaced the third-generation "pendant" Fire TV [19] [20] [21] ). [22] Additionally, Amazon licenses the Fire OS and Fire TV interface to be embedded and built into certain television sets from third parties sold to the public, labeled as Fire TV Edition. [23] [24] [25] [26]

Fire TV hardware

Original model

First generation

Amazon Fire TV with remote (first generation) Amazon Fire TV with remote.JPG
Amazon Fire TV with remote (first generation)

The first Fire TV was made available for purchase in the United States on the same day of the April 12, 2014 announcement for US$99 and was launched with a video game called Sev Zero. [7] Codenamed "Bueller", after the eponymous character from Ferris Bueller's Day Off, [27] [28] it offered HDMI audio, with support for Dolby Digital Plus 7.1 surround sound pass-through, if the user's Internet bandwidth was sufficient. According to Amazon, the Fire TV was designed to outpace competitors like the Apple TV and Roku in performance: the 0.72-inch-thick box featured a 1.7 GHz quad-core CPU (Qualcomm Snapdragon 8064), 2 GB of RAM and 8 GB of internal storage, along with a MIMO dual-band radio for 1080p streaming over 802.11a/b/g/n Wi-Fi and a 10/100 Ethernet connection and USB 2.0 port. Included with the box is a Bluetooth remote control with a microphone for voice search.

The company said that it did not intend the Fire TV to compete with gaming consoles; instead, its gaming capabilities were geared toward people who did not already own a console but may play games on a smartphone or tablet. It has a dedicated controller accessory. [8]

Second generation

Amazon released a second-generation Fire TV, codenamed "Sloane", [27] after the film love interest of Ferris Bueller, [29] in late 2015. This version had 4K resolution support, [10] improved processor performance, and a MediaTek 8173C chipset to support H.265 (HEVC), VP8, and VP9 codecs. Wireless hardware upgrades included 4K capable, a dual-band 802.11a/b/g/n/ac Wi-Fi with 2x2 MIMO and Bluetooth 4.1. [10] [25] It was effectively replaced with the Fire TV Cube. [17]

Third generation

The third-generation Fire TV, also known as the Fire TV with 4K Ultra HD and Alexa Voice Remote, was released in October 25, 2017. It eschewed the previous set-top box design for a small, diamond-shaped "pendant" reminiscent of the Fire TV Stick, which plugs directly into a television set's HDMI port and can be hung from a short HDMI extender cable. It contained a slower processor but more RAM than the second-generation Fire TV, and also had support for 4K resolution streaming, Dolby Atmos, and HDR10, [30] [31] but dropped support for Miracast. [32] Production was discontinued in 2018 in favor of the Fire TV Stick 4K. [19]

Fire TV Cube

The Fire TV Cube was released in June 7, 2018. It is similar in function to the third-generation Fire TV but also includes embedded Alexa functionality similar to the Amazon Echo smart speaker line and can use HDMI-CEC and an IR blaster to control other devices with voice commands. As its voice functionality is integrated into the device, the Fire TV Cube's included remote does not include voice capability. [33] [34] The device uses a 1.5 GHz quad-core ARM 4xCA53 processor, 2 GB RAM, and 16 GB storage. [35]

Second generation

A second-generation model was unveiled in September 4, 2019, featuring a hexa-core processor, "Local Voice Control" (which allows client-side recognition of common voice commands to improve response time), and support for Dolby Vision and HDR10+. [36] [37] It supports 4K output.

Third generation

Amazon Fire TV Cube 3rd generation Amazon Fire Cube with Alexa Voice Remote.jpg
Amazon Fire TV Cube 3rd generation

A third-generation model of the Fire TV Cube was announced on September 28, 2022 for release on October 25, 2022. Notable upgrades to the 3rd-generation model include an octa-core processor (4x 2.2 GHz 4x 2.0 GHz), support for Wi-Fi 6E (IEEE 802.11ax) networking, and Bluetooth 5.0+LE. [38]

Fire TV Stick

On November 19, 2014, Amazon released its Fire TV Stick, a smaller dongle version of the Fire TV that plugs into an HDMI port. Codenamed "Montoya", [27] it retains much of the functionality of the larger Fire TV. [39] It has 1 GB of RAM, 8 GB of internal storage, weighs 0.9 oz (26 g), and it uses a Broadcom BCM28155 1.0 GHz Cortex-A9 processor and a Broadcom VideoCore IV GPU. Wireless hardware includes a dual-band 802.11 a/b/g/n Wi-Fi with 2x2 MIMO and Bluetooth 3.0. [25] [40] The Fire TV Stick is bundled with a remote control, in either of two variants: one with Alexa voice search and one without Alexa.

Second generation

Second generation Fire TV Stick with Alexa remote (with voice search) Fire-TV Stick 2016 (2. Generation) + Alexa Remote.jpg
Second generation Fire TV Stick with Alexa remote (with voice search)

On October 20, 2016, Amazon released the Fire TV Stick with Alexa Voice Remote, codenamed "Tank". [27] [41] Other than the new remote, the updates include MediaTek MT8127D Quad-core ARM 1.3 GHz processor with a Mali-450 MP4 GPU, and support for the H.265 (HEVC) codec. Wireless hardware upgrades includes a dual-band 802.11a/b/g/n/ac Wi-Fi with 2x2 MIMO and Bluetooth 4.1. [25] It retains the 1GB of RAM and 8GB of storage and weighs slightly more at 1.1 oz (31 g). [42] [43]

On January 15, 2019, the second-generation Fire TV Stick was re-issued with the updated remote from the 4K model. [30]

Third generation

On October 15, 2020, a third generation Fire TV Stick models were released. The Fire TV Stick model includes a remote with TV control buttons where the Fire TV Stick Lite model's remote does not include TV controls. Both models include similar internal hardware as the Fire TV Stick 4K, except for a maximum output resolution of 1080p and only 1 GB of RAM. In 2021, the third-generation Fire TV Stick was re-issued with an updated remote "3rd Gen Alexa Voice Remote". [44]

Fire TV Stick HD

On October 17, 2024, Amazon released the Fire TV Stick HD. The two streaming sticks that it replaces were taken off sale then, but you can still pick them up second hand or refurbished for a discounted price.

Second generation

On October 1, 2025, Amazon released the 2nd generationFire TV Stick HD. It is the replacement with the Fire TV Stick HD 1st generation with Vega OS.

Fire TV Stick 4K

On October 31, 2018, Amazon unveiled the Fire TV Stick 4K, codenamed "Mantis," which "effectively replaces Amazon’s Fire TV pendant." [45] It is upgraded to a 1.7 GHz quad-core processor, 1.5 GB RAM, and supports 4K output, HDR10+ and Dolby Vision, Dolby Atmos, hardware-accelerated MPEG-2 decoding, and Miracast through a later update. [32] It also includes an updated voice remote that contains an infrared emitter and buttons for controlling TV power and volume (which can also be controlled with voice commands). The remote is backward compatible with previous Fire TV models, and also sold separately as an upgrade. [46] [47]

Second generation

On October 18, 2023, Amazon released their second generation Fire TV Stick 4K. Notable changes include increase to 2 GB of RAM, an updated MediaTek CPU, and hardware AV1 video decoding support. [48] It was later renamed on October 16th 2025 to the Fire TV Stick 4K Plus.

Fire TV Stick 4K Max

On October 7, 2021, Amazon released the Fire TV Stick 4K Max. [49] It includes the updated 3rd gen Alexa Voice Remote, and has Wi-Fi 6 support. It has a 1.8 GHz Quad-core processor, a 750 MHz GPU, and came with 8GB flash storage. It also has Dolby Vision / Dolby Atmos support. [50] The 4K Max is the first in the line with hardware accelerated AV1 video streaming support.

Second generation

On October 18, 2023, Amazon released their second generation Fire TV Stick 4K Max. Notable improvements include a slightly improved MediaTek 2.0 GHz CPU, an increase to 16 GB of flash storage and Wi-Fi 6E support. [48]

Fire TV Stick 4K Select

On September 30, 2025, Amazon announced the Fire TV Stick 4K Select. Unlike previous generations which ran the Android-based Fire OS, the Fire TV Stick 4K Select runs Vega OS, a proprietary, web-centric operating system based on Linux. It uses a MediaTek 1.7 GHz Quad-core CPU and has 1 GB of RAM. [51]

Fire TV Edition

Fire TV Edition is the product name applied to smart television sets produced by major television manufacturers that include Amazon Fire OS and the Fire TV interface, licensed from Amazon. [26] They offer basic live television program information and minimal recording capabilities. [24] [26] Fire TV Edition television models are available from Best Buy's house brand Insignia and Toshiba (in U.S. and Canadian markets), along with Xiaomi, JVC and Grundig (in European markets), as well as Panasonic, TCL and Hisense. [26]

Fire TV Recast

The Fire TV Recast is a digital video recorder that works with an over-the-air antenna to record shows for later viewing on a Fire TV or an Amazon Echo Show device. [52] [53] It was announced in September 2018 and began shipping in the United States on November 14, 2018. [54]

In August 15, 2022, Amazon confirmed the discontinuation of the Fire TV Recast. [53] Among the downsides: Content stored on a Recast cannot be viewed using other major streaming devices, such as Roku, Apple TV, or Chromecast, limiting its appeal; [53] it also never gained the ability to skip commercials during playback. [53]

Software

Screenshot of Fire TV OS 7.6, after setting it up for the first time Fire TV OS screenshot.png
Screenshot of Fire TV OS 7.6, after setting it up for the first time

The Fire TV series runs Fire OS, [55] which is derived from Android Open Source Project source code. [56] It supports voice commands via either a remote control with an embedded microphone, or integrated microphones inside the device (as is the case of the Fire TV Cube), and can also be controlled with Alexa via Amazon Echo smart speakers. The devices support various Amazon-owned services, including Amazon Prime Video, Twitch, Amazon Freevee, MX Player, Amazon Music and Amazon Luna, as well as other major third-party services, including Netflix, YouTube, YouTube Kids, YouTube TV, The Roku Channel, Howdy, Curiosity Stream, Mubi, Dekkoo, Ameba TV, YuppTV, Chorki, Eros Now, the Apple TV app, Hallmark+, ZEE5, SonyLIV, Crunchyroll, DAZN, Dailymotion, Peacock, Hulu, Hotstar, Disney+, Tubi, Vimeo, HBO Max, Discovery+, Joyn, Philo, Paramount+, Pluto TV, FuboTV, iWant, Sun NXT, WOW Presents Plus, Spotify, TuneIn, iHeartRadio, Tidal, Audacy, BBC Sounds, Qello, Plex, Emby, Jellyfin, Xbox Cloud Gaming, AirConsole and others via Amazon Appstore. [31] [55] [57] [58] [59]

The "X-Ray" feature allows users to view contextual information related to Prime Video content (such as biographies of actors and other trivia), using face recognition, music recognition, and IMDb data. [60]

Most Fire TV devices allow screen mirroring and casting from Miracast or (only on Fire TV Edition sets) AirPlay devices. Third-party applications such as AirScreen can allow AirPlay, Chromecast with Google TV app and Google Cast to be used. [61] Amazon are currently also adding support for a new protocol named Matter Casting. [62]

Models

Previous generationCurrent generation
ModelFire TV
(box) [63] [64]
Fire TV StickFire TV
(box) [65] [64]
Fire TV StickFire TV
(pendant) [21] [66]
Fire TV CubeFire TV Stick 4K [64] Fire TV CubeFire TV StickFire TV Stick 4K MaxFire TV CubeFire TV Stick 4KFire TV Stick 4K MaxFire TV Stick HDFire TV Stick 4K SelectFire TV Stick 4K Plus [67]
Model generation1st1st2nd2nd3rd1st1st2nd3rd1st3rd2nd2nd1st1st1st
Code nameBuellerMontoyaSloaneTankNeedleStarkMantisRavenSheldonKaraGazelleKarat
Model nameAFTBAFTMAFTSAFTTAFTNAFTAAFTMMAFTRAFTSSS/AFTSSAFTKAAFTGAZLAFTKMAFTKRTB0CQN8PP9GAFTCA002AFTMA08C15
Model No. [68] CL1130W87CUNDV83YWLY73PRLDC9WZEX69VWE9L29YA78V3NS3L46NK2R2TEGA5Z9LM3N6RAK3R6ATS3L46NAFTKMAFTMA08C15
Release dateApril 12, 2014November 19, 2014September 29, 2015October 20, 2016October 25, 2017June 21, 2018October 31, 2018October 10, 2019September 30, 2020October 7, 2021October 25, 2022September 27, 2023October 17, 2024October 15, 2025October 16, 2025
MPN B00CX5P8FCB00KAKPZYGB00U3FPN4UB01ETRGSPAB01N32NCPMB01NBTFNVAB079QHMFWCB07KGVB6D6B07ZZVX1F2 B08C1W5N87 (Lite)B08MQZXN1XB09BZZ3MM7B0BP9MDCQZB0BP9SNVH9B0CQN8PP9GB0CN41YQKQB0F7Z4QZTT
OS [69] Fire OS 5 Fire OS 6 Fire OS 7 Fire OS 8 Fire OS 7Vega OS Fire OS 8
Android Version [69] 5.17.1 9 11911
System Version [69] 5.2.7.45.2.9.35.2.9.5 [70] 6.7.0.86.7.0.86.7.0.87.6.8.57.6.8.57.6.8.58.1.2.57.6.8.51.18.1.5.8
CPUMaker Qualcomm Broadcom MediaTek Amlogic MediaTek Amlogic MediaTek Amlogic MediaTek
Family Snapdragon 600 ? Quad-core ARM big.LITTLE ? ARM Cortex-A53 ARM Cortex-A53 ARM Cortex-A73 ARM Cortex-A53 ARM Cortex-A55 ARM Cortex-A73 ARM Cortex-A55 ARM Cortex-A53 ARM Cortex-A55 ARM Cortex-A55
ModelAPQ8064TBCM28155MT8173CMT8127DS905ZMT8695 [71] S922XMT8695D [72] MT8696POP1-G [73] MT8696DMT8696TMT8695DMT8698MT8696D
Cores4x Krait 300 @ 1.7 GHz2x ARM Cortex-A9 @ 1.0 GHz2x ARM Cortex-A72 @ 2 GHz and 2x ARM Cortex-A53 @1.573 GHz4x ARM Cortex-A7 @ 1.3 GHz4x ARM Cortex-A53 @ 1.5 GHz4x ARM Cortex-A53 @1.7GHz [71] 4x ARM Cortex-A73 @ 2.2 GHz and 2x ARM Cortex-A53 @1.9 GHz4x ARM Cortex-A53 @1.7GHz [71] 4x ARM Cortex-A55 @1.8GHz [74] 4x ARM Cortex-A73 @ 2.2 GHz and 4x ARM Cortex-A53 @2.0 GHz4x ARM Cortex-A55 @1.7GHz [75] 4x ARM Cortex-A55 @2.0GHz [76] 4x ARM Cortex-A53 4x ARM Cortex-A55 4x ARM Cortex-A55 @1.7GHz
Width 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit64-bit
Application Binary Interface (ABI)32-bit
GPUDesignerQualcommBroadcom Imagination Technologies ARM Imagination Technologies ARM Imagination Technologies ARM Imagination Technologies ARM Imagination Technologies
Family Adreno VideoCore IV PowerVR MaliPowerVRMali PowerVR Mali PowerVR Mali PowerVR
Model320Capri VC4 GX6250 450 MP4450 MP3IMG GE8300G52 MP2 (3EE) @ 800 MHzIMG GE8300IMG GE9215 @ 750 MHzG52 MP8 @ 800 MHzIMG GE9215 @ 650 MHzIMG GE9215 @ 850 MHzIMG GE8300G310v2 @ 500 MHzGE9215 @ 650 MHz
OpenGL ES3.02.03.12.03.23.13.2
VulkanN/aN/a1.0N/a?1.11.01.11.31.0??1.2??
OpenCL1.1 embedded profileN/a1.2N/a?1.22.01.22.01.2??
Hardware Decode Support [25] MPEG-4, H.263, H.264MPEG-4, H.263, H.264, H.265, VP8, VP9MPEG-4, H.263, H.264, H.265MPEG-4, H.264, H.265, VP9MPEG-4, MPEG-2, H.263, H.264, H.265, VP8, VP9MPEG-4, MPEG-2, H.263, H.264, H.265, VP8, VP9, AV1 MPEG-4, MPEG-2, H.264, H.265, VP9, AV1 MPEG-4, MPEG-2, H.263, H.264, H.265, VP8, VP9, AV1 MPEG-4, MPEG-2, H.263, H.264, H.265, VP8, VP9MPEG-4, MPEG-2, H.264. H.265, VP8, VP9, AV1 MPEG-4, MPEG-2, H.263, H.264, H.265, VP8, VP9, AV1
RAM 2 GB LPDDR2 1 GB LPDDR2 (512 MB system, 512 MB video)2 GB LPDDR3 1 GB LPDDR3 2 GB1.5 GB DDR42 GB DDR41 GB DDR42 GB DDR42 GB LPDDR4X 2 GB LPDDR4 1 GB DDR41 GB LPDDR4 2 GB LPDDR4
StorageInternal8 GB NAND Flash 16 GB8 GB16 GB8 GB16 GB8 GB16 GB8 GB
ExternalUSB up to 128 GBNoUp to 128 GB microSDXC Micro USBNoMicro USBUSB-AMicro USB??
Microphone Mic button on remoteNoMic button on remote
Networking Ethernet RJ45, 10/100 Mbit/sUSB-to-RJ45 adapter (separate) [77] RJ45, 10/100 Mbit/sUSB-to-RJ45 adapter (separate)USB-to-RJ45 adapter (included)USB-to-RJ45 adapter (separate)USB-to-RJ45 adapter (included)USB-to-RJ45 adapter (separate)RJ45, 10/100 Mbit/sUSB-to-RJ45 adapter (separate)
Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.0
HID, SPP Profiles
Bluetooth 3.0
HID, SPP Profiles
Bluetooth 4.1
HID, HFP, SPP profiles
Bluetooth 4.1
A2DP, AVRCP, GAVDP, HID, IOPT profiles
Bluetooth 4.2 + LE
A2DP 1.2-SRC, AVRCP 1.0-TG, HID 1.0-Host, HOGP 1.0-Host
Bluetooth 4.2Bluetooth 5.0 + LEBluetooth 5.2 + BLEBluetooth 5.0 + LEBluetooth 5.0 + BLEBluetooth 5.2 + BLE
Wi-Fi Dual-band 802.11 a/b/g/n
2x2 MIMO
Dual-band 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac
2x2 MIMO dual-antenna
Dual-band 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac/ax
2x2 MIMO dual-antenna
Tri-band 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac/ax
2x2 MIMO dual-antenna
Dual-band 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac/ax
2x2 MIMO dual-antenna
Tri-band 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac/ax
2x2 MIMO dual-antenna
Dual-band 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac
2x2 MIMO dual-antenna
Dual-band 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac/ax
2x2 MIMO dual-antenna
Dimensions115 mm x 115 mm x 17.5 mm84.9 mm x 25.0 mm x 11.5 mm115 mm x 115 mm x 17.8 mm
4.5" x 4.5" x 0.7"
85.9 mm x 30.0 mm x 12.6 mm
3.4" x 1.2" x 0.5"
65.0 mm x 65.0 mm x 15.0 mm
2.6” x 2.6” x 0.6”
86.1 mm x 86.1 mm x 76.9 mm
3.4” x 3.4” x 3.0”
108 mm x 30 mm x 14 mm86.1 mm x 86.1 mm x 76.9 mm
3.4” x 3.4” x 3.0”
108 mm x 30 mm x 14 mm86 mm x 86 mm x 77 mm
108 mm x 30 mm x 14 mm108 mm x 30 mm x 14 mm??
Power Supply6.25 V, 2.5 A, 16 W, DC5 V, 1 A, 5 W, DC15 V, 1.4 A, 21 W, DC5 V, 1 A, 5 W, DC5.2 V, 1.8 A, 9 W, DC5.25 V, 1 A, 5 W, DC [78] 12 V, 1.25 A, 15 W, DC5.25 V, 1 A, 5 W, DC12 V, 1.25 A, 15 W, DC5.25 V, 1 A, 5 W, DC??
Power Plug5.5 mm (outer) x 2.5 mm (inner) (Coaxial power connector) USB micro-B Cable and USB A-Type Power source3 mm (outer) x 1 mm (inner)USB micro-B Cable and USB A-Type Power sourceUSB micro-B Cable and USB A-Type Power source4 mm (outer) x 1.7 mm (inner)USB micro-B Cable and USB A-Type Power source4 mm (outer) x 1.7 mm (inner)USB micro-B Cable and USB A-Type Power source??

Reception

Amazon Fire TV at a retail store in Canada AmazonFireTV.jpg
Amazon Fire TV at a retail store in Canada

Dan Seifert from The Verge reviewed Fire TV on April 4, 2014, giving it an 8.8/10 rating and largely praising its functionality and future potential. [79] [80] Dave Smith from ReadWrite wrote, "Fire TV aims to be the cure for what ails TV set-top boxes." [81] GeekWire editor Andy Liu's review is headlined "Amazon's Fire TV sets a new bar for streaming boxes." [82]

Ars Technica praised the device for specifications that surpassed competitors, good build quality, and a microphone that works very well if you use Amazon content. The reviewer disliked the fact that its media browser puts Amazon content in the front, which makes other applications less convenient to use, limited game selection with many games not optimized, and only 5.16 GB of free space, which limits the number of games that can be installed. [83]

Controversies

Use for illegal streaming

Fire TV Sticks customized with software for online piracy, colloquially called dodgy sticks, have been available for sale on online marketplaces and social media services during the 2020s, [84] This has led to arrests of individuals selling them, including an England-wide series of arrests in late 2025. [85] [86] Nick Herm, the chief operating officer of Sky UK estimated in 2025 that such devices were responsible for half of such copyright infringement in the United Kingdom. [87] Some devices modified for this purpose have also reportedly included malware used for activities including identity theft of the buyers. [88]

See also

Notes

    References

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