This article needs additional citations for verification .(January 2013) |
HMS Black Swan in April 1945 | |
Class overview | |
---|---|
Name | Black Swan class |
Operators | |
Preceded by | Egret class |
Built | 1938–1946 |
In commission | 1939–1981 |
Planned | 42 |
Completed | 12 (original) + 25 (modified) |
Cancelled | 5 |
Lost | 6 |
Retired | 30 |
General characteristics | |
Type | Sloop-of-war |
Displacement |
|
Length | 299 ft 6 in (91.29 m) |
Beam |
|
Draught | 11 ft (3.4 m) |
Propulsion |
|
Speed |
|
Range | 7,500 nmi (13,900 km) at 12 kn (22 km/h) |
Complement |
|
Armament |
|
The Black Swan class and Modified Black Swan class were two classes of sloop of the Royal Navy and Royal Indian Navy. Twelve Black Swans were launched between 1939 and 1943, including four for the Royal Indian Navy; twenty-five Modified Black Swans were launched between 1942 and 1945, including two for the Royal Indian Navy; several other ships were cancelled.
Like corvettes, sloops of that period were specialised convoy-defence vessels. Corvettes were based on a mercantile design with triple expansion engines, sloops were conventional naval vessels with turbines. Sloops were larger and faster with a heavy armament of high angle 4-inch guns which had superior anti-aircraft fire control via the Fuze Keeping Clock, while retaining excellent anti-submarine capability. They were designed to have a longer range than a destroyer at the expense of a lower top speed, while remaining capable of outrunning surfaced Type VII and Type IX U-boats.
In World War II, Black Swan-class sloops sank 29 U-boats. The most famous sloop commander was Captain Frederic John Walker. His sloop Starling became one of the most successful submarine hunters, taking part in the sinking of eleven U-boats. After the war, sloops continued in service with the Royal Navy, Egyptian Navy, Indian Navy, Pakistan Navy and the West German Navy. In April 1949, Amethyst was attacked on the Yangtze River by the Communist People's Liberation Army. Several Black Swan sloops fought in the Korean War.
The first two ships were built under the 1937 Programme, being ordered from Yarrow and Company, Scotstoun, on 1 January 1938. The second pair was built under the 1939 Programme, being ordered from Furness Shipbuilding Company on 21 June 1939. [1] A further ten RN ships were ordered under the 1940 War Programme on 13 April 1940; however six of these (the orders placed with White of Cowes, Thornycroft at Woolston, and Swan Hunter on Tyneside for two ships each) were subsequently replaced by orders for an equal number of Hunt-class escort destroyers.
There were incremental improvements as the building developed, and the Woodcock and Wren when completed were practically indistinguishable from the Modified Black Swan class.
Name | Pennant | Builder | Laid Down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flamingo | L18 later U18 | Yarrow, Scotstoun [2] | 26 May 1938 [2] | 18 April 1939 [2] | 3 November 1939 [2] | Transferred to West Germany as Graf Spee 21 January 1959. Sold for breaking up 25 October 1967. |
Black Swan | L57 later U57 | Yarrow, Scotstoun [2] | 20 June 1938 [2] | 7 July 1939 [2] | 27 January 1940 [2] | Sold for breaking up 13 September 1956. |
Erne | U03 | Furness Sbdg, Haverton Hill-on-Tees | 22 September 1939 [2] | 5 August 1940 [2] | 26 April 1941 [2] | Became RNVR training ship Wessex on the Solent 4 June 1952, broken up October 1965. |
Ibis | U99 | Furness Sbdg, Haverton Hill-on-Tees | 22 September 1939 [2] | 28 November 1940 [2] | 30 August 1941 [2] | Sunk by Italian torpedo bombers off Algiers on 10 November 1942. |
Whimbrel | U29 | Yarrow, Scotstoun | 31 October 1941 | 25 August 1942 | 13 January 1943 | Transferred to Egypt as El Malek Farouq November 1949, renamed Tarik 1954. |
Wild Goose | U45 | Yarrow, Scotstoun | 28 January 1942 | 14 October 1942 | 11 March 1943 | Sold for breaking up 27 February 1956. |
Woodpecker | U08 | Denny, Dunbarton | 23 February 1941 | 29 June 1942 | 14 December 1942 | Sunk by U-256 on 27 February 1944. |
Wren | U28 | Denny, Dunbarton | 27 February 1941 | 11 August 1942 | 4 February 1943 | Sold for breaking up 2 February 1956. |
Two ships were ordered under the 1939 Programme, the order being placed with Denny on 8 September 1939. The second pair were ordered under the 1940 Programme, this order with Thornycroft being placed on 29 August 1940. The first two were used as survey ships after the War. The second pair were transferred to the Pakistan Navy in 1948. The third pair (which were of the Modified Black Swan class – see below)
Name | Pennant | Builder | Laid Down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sutlej | U95 | Denny, Dunbarton | 4 January 1940 | 1 October 1940 | 23 April 1941 | Survey vessel 1955. Paid off at end 1978 and scrapped in 1980. |
Jumna | U21 | Denny, Dunbarton | 28 February 1940 | 16 November 1940 | 13 May 1941 | Survey vessel 1957. Renamed INS Jamuna 1968, paid off at end 1980 and broken up. |
Narbada | U40 | Thornycroft, Woolston | 30 August 1941 | 21 November 1942 | 29 April 1943 | Renamed Jhelum 1948. Sold to be broken up 15 July 1959. |
Godavari | U52 | Thornycroft, Woolston | 30 October 1941 | 21 January 1943 | 28 June 1943 | Renamed Sind 1948. Sold for breaking up 2 June 1959. |
Fourteen sloops for the RN were in the 1940 Supplementary War Programme. The first two were ordered from Denny, Dunbarton, on 9 January 1941, ten more were ordered on 27 March 1941 (two each from Cammell Laird, Scotts, Thornycroft, Yarrow and John Brown), and a final pair from Fairfield, Govan, on 18 July 1941. The contract with John Brown was transferred to Devonport Dockyard on 3 March 1942, and then to Denny on 8 December 1942.
Name | Pennant | Builder | Laid Down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chanticleer | U05 | Denny, Dunbarton | 6 June 1941 | 24 September 1942 | 29 March 1943 | Constructive total loss following torpedoing on 18 November 1943 by U-515 (Henke). Renamed Lusitania 31 December 1943 as a base ship, then broken up at Lisbon 1945. |
Crane | U23 | Denny, Dunbarton | 13 June 1941 | 9 November 1942 | 10 May 1943 | Broken up March 1965. |
Cygnet | U38 | Cammell Laird, Birkenhead | 30 August 1941 | 28 July 1942 | 1 December 1942 | Broken up 16 March 1956. |
Kite | U87 | Cammell Laird, Birkenhead | 25 September 1941 | 13 October 1942 | 1 March 1943 | Sunk by U-344 on 21 August 1944. |
Lapwing | U62 | Scotts, Greenock | 17 December 1941 | 16 July 1943 | 21 March 1944 | Sunk by U-968 on 20 March 1945 just outside Murmansk, USSR. |
Lark | U11 | Scotts, Greenock | 5 May 1942 | 28 August 1943 | 10 April 1944 | Constructive total loss following torpedoing by U-968 off Kola Inlet on 17 February 1945; salvaged by Soviet Navy and added as Neptun, finally broken up 1956. |
Magpie | U82 | Thornycroft, Woolston | 30 December 1941 | 24 March 1943 | 30 August 1943 | Broken up 12 July 1959. |
Peacock | U96 | Thornycroft, Woolston | 29 November 1942 | 11 December 1943 | 10 May 1944 | Broken up 7 May 1958. |
Pheasant | U49 | Yarrow, Scotstoun | 17 March 1942 | 21 December 1942 | 12 May 1943 | Broken up January 1963. |
Redpole | U69 | Yarrow, Scotstoun | 18 May 1942 | 25 February 1943 | 24 June 1943 | Broken up 20 November 1960. |
Snipe | U20 | Denny, Dunbarton | 21 September 1944 | 20 December 1945 | 9 September 1946 | Broken up 23 August 1960. |
Sparrow | U71 | Denny, Dunbarton | 30 October 1944 | 18 February 1946 | 16 December 1946 | Broken up 26 May 1958. |
Starling | U66 | Fairfield, Govan | 21 October 1941 | 14 October 1942 | 1 April 1943 | Broken up July 1965. |
Woodcock | U90 | Fairfield, Govan | 21 October 1941 | 26 November 1942 | 29 May 1943 | Sold for breaking up 28 November 1955. |
Another fourteen ships were authorised in the 1941 Programme, but the last three ships (the names Star, Steady and Trial had been approved) were not ordered under this programme. The first of the eleven actually ordered was contracted with Thornycroft on 3 December 1941, with a further pair from Stephens, Linthouse, on 18 December. Eight more were ordered in 1942, two on 11 February, two on 3 March (originally from Portsmouth Dockyard), two on 12 August and two on 5 October. However the order for two sloops were ordered at Portsmouth was moved to Chatham Dockyard on 21 June 1943, and they were laid down there, but were cancelled on 15 October 1945.
Name | Pennant | Builder | Laid Down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actaeon | U07 | Thornycroft, Woolston | 15 May 1944 | 25 July 1945 | 24 July 1946 | Transferred to West Germany as Hipper 9 December 1958. Hulked July 1964, sold for breaking up 25 October 1967. |
Amethyst | U16 | Alex. Stephen, Linthouse | 25 March 1942 | 7 May 1943 | 2 November 1943 | Broken up 18 January 1957. |
Hart | U58 | Alex. Stephen, Linthouse | 27 March 1942 | 7 July 1943 | 12 December 1943 | Transferred to West Germany as Scheer 1958. Sold for breaking up 17 March 1971. |
Hind | U39 | Denny, Dunbarton | 31 August 1942 | 30 September 1943 | 11 April 1944 | Broken up 10 December 1958. |
Mermaid | U30 | Denny, Dunbarton | 8 September 1942 | 11 November 1943 | 12 May 1944 | Transferred to West Germany as Scharnhorst 5 May 1950. Hulked 1974, and broken up April 1990. |
Alacrity | U60 | Denny, Dunbarton | 4 May 1943 | 1 September 1944 | 13 April 1945 | Broken up 15 September 1956. |
Opossum | U33 | Denny, Dunbarton | 28 July 1943 | 30 November 1944 | 16 June 1945 | Broken up 26 April 1960. |
Modeste | U42 | Chatham Dockyard | 15 February 1943 | 29 January 1944 | 3 September 1945 | Broken up 11 March 1961. |
Nereide | U64 | Chatham Dockyard | 15 February 1943 | 29 January 1944 | 6 May 1946 | Broken up 18 May 1958. |
Nonsuch | U54 | Portsmouth Dockyard, later moved to Chatham Dockyard | 26 February 1945 | — | — | Cancelled 15 October 1945. |
Nymphe | U84 | Portsmouth Dockyard, later moved to Chatham Dockyard | 26 February 1945 |
Two more sloops were authorised in the 1942 Programme; the names would have been Waterhen and Wryneck but they were never ordered in that year's Programme. The 1944 Programme re-instated these two vessels, as well as the twelfth sloop authorised under the 1941 Programme, and now named as Partridge. These three ships were ordered on 9 October 1944, but they were all cancelled on 15 October 1945. These had been intended to be further modified and enlarged, with a beam of 38 feet 6 inches (11.73 m). Two further ships planned under the 1944 Programme would have been named Woodpecker (ii) and Wild Swan, but these were never ordered and the intention to build was dropped when the 1945 Programme was compiled.
Two ships for the Indian Navy were included in the 1941 Programme, the order being placed with Yarrow on 10 September 1941.
Name | Pennant | Builder | Laid Down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kistna | U46 | Yarrow, Scotstoun | 14 July 1942 | 22 April 1943 | 26 August 1943 | Renamed INS Krishna 1968. Paid off at end 1981 and broken up. |
Cauvery | U10 | Yarrow, Scotstoun | 28 October 1942 | 15 June 1943 | 21 October 1943 | Renamed INS Kaveri 1968. Sold 1979. |
German submarine U-462 was a Type XIV supply and replenishment U-boat ("Milchkuh") of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, a sloop-of-war was a warship of the British Royal Navy with a single gun deck that carried up to 18 guns. The rating system of the Royal Navy covered all vessels with 20 or more guns; thus, the term encompassed all unrated warships, including gun-brigs and cutters. In technical terms, even the more specialised bomb vessels and fire ships were classed by the Royal Navy as sloops-of-war, and in practice these were employed in the role of a sloop-of-war when not carrying out their specialised functions.
HMS Black Swan, was the name ship of the Black Swan-class sloops of the Royal Navy. This class was admired for its sea-going qualities.
The Flower-class corvette was a British class of 294 corvettes used during World War II by the Allied navies particularly as anti-submarine convoy escorts in the Battle of the Atlantic. Royal Navy ships of this class were named after flowers.
The V and W class was an amalgam of six similar classes of destroyer built for the Royal Navy under the 9th, 10th, 13th and 14th of fourteen War Emergency Programmes during the First World War and generally treated as one class. For their time they were among the most powerful and advanced ships of their type in the world, and set the trend for future British designs.
Captain Frederic John Walker, was a British Royal Navy officer noted for his exploits during the Second World War. Walker was the most successful anti-submarine warfare commander during the Battle of the Atlantic, and was known popularly as Johnnie Walker.
The Hunt class was a class of escort destroyer of the Royal Navy. The first vessels were ordered early in 1939, and the class saw extensive service in the Second World War, particularly on the British east coast and Mediterranean convoys. They were named after British fox hunts. The modern Hunt-class GRP hulled mine countermeasure vessels maintain the Hunt names lineage in the Royal Navy.
The U and V class was a class of sixteen destroyers of the Royal Navy launched in 1942–1943. They were constructed in two flotillas, each with names beginning with "U-" or "V-". The hull was nearly identical to the preceding ships of the S and T classes, but the U and V class ships had different bridge and armament fits. The flotillas constituted the 7th Emergency Flotilla and 8th Emergency Flotilla, built under the War Emergency Programme. These ships used the Fuze Keeping Clock HA Fire Control Computer.
HMS Kite (U87) was a Modified Black Swan-class sloop of the Royal Navy, once commanded by the famous U-boat hunter Captain Frederic John Walker. She was one of several ships of that class that took part in the famous "six in one trip" in 1944.
HMS Amethyst was a modified Black Swan-class sloop of the Royal Navy. She was laid down by Alexander Stephen and Sons of Linthouse, Govan, Scotland on 25 March 1942, launched on 7 May 1943 and commissioned on 2 November 1943, with the pennant number U16. After the Second World War she was modified and redesignated as a frigate, and renumbered F116.
HMS Starling, pennant number U66, was a Modified Black Swan-class sloop of the Royal Navy. She was active in the Battle of the Atlantic during the Second World War and was the most successful anti-submarine warfare vessel of the Royal Navy, being credited with the destruction of fourteen U-boats.
HMS Wild Goose, pennant number U45, was a Black Swan-class sloop of the Royal Navy. She was one of several ships of that class that took part in the famous "six in one trip" in 1943.
HMS Grenville was the second ship of this name to serve with the Royal Navy in the Second World War. Grenville and seven other U-class destroyers were ordered as part of the Emergency Programme. She was launched at Swan Hunter and Wigham Richardson Ltd., Wallsend-on-Tyne on 12 October 1942 and commissioned on 27 May 1943.
HMS Woodpecker, pennant number U08, was a Black Swan-class sloop of the Royal Navy. She was active during the Second World War and was a successful anti-submarine warfare vessel, being credited with the destruction of six U-boats.
HMS Magpie, pennant number U82, was a Royal Navy Modified Black Swan-class sloop launched in 1943 and broken up in 1959. She was the seventh Royal Navy ship to bear the name. She was reclassified as a frigate in 1947, receiving a new pennant number F82. The ship was the only vessel commanded by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who took command on 2 September 1950, when he was 29.
The 2nd Escort Group was a British anti-submarine formation of the Royal Navy which saw action during the Second World War, principally in the Battle of the Atlantic.
HMIS Godavari was a Black Swan-class sloop which served in the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) during World War II.
HMS Wren (U28) was a Black Swan-class sloop of the Royal Navy. She was active during the Second World War and was a successful anti-submarine warfare vessel, being credited with the destruction of five U-boats.
HMS Peacock was a modified Black Swan-class sloop of the Royal Navy. She was built for service as a convoy escort during the Second World War, serving in the arctic and Atlantic convoys. After the Second World War she saw service in the Mediterranean. She was scrapped in 1958.
HMS Crane was a modified Black Swan-class sloop of the Royal Navy. She was laid down by William Denny and Brothers, Dumbarton on 13 June 1941, launched on 9 November 1942 and commissioned on 10 May 1943, with the pennant number U23. She saw active service during the Second World War, initially performing convoy escort roles in the Atlantic before supporting the Normandy landings. In the final months of the war, Crane joined the British Pacific Fleet and saw service during the Battle of Okinawa. Post-war, Crane remained in south-east Asia and took part in hostilities during the Korean War. She was redeployed to the Middle East during the Suez Crisis before returning to Asia for service during the Malayan Emergency. Crane was withdrawn from service in the early 1960's and was scrapped in 1965.